Abstract: A method and apparatus for aging a catalyst includes selecting an initial catalyst conditioning parameter, such as time and temperature and selecting a kinetic parameter, based on the selected time and temperature parameter, for the catalysis of CO and HC oxidation by the catalyst. A prediction of the vehicle tailpipe emission level, based on the selected kinetic parameter is made. The predicted level is then compared to a target level to determine whether the particular parameters chosen are appropriate to age the catalyst. The catalyst is then aged based on the desired selected parameters.

Abstract: A selective catalytic material is used to catalyze selective oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, e.g., olefins, in the presence of carbon monoxide. The catalytic material comprises phosphated ceria containing from 0.1 to 20, preferably from 1 to 5, percent by weight phosphate component (calculated as elemental phosphorus). The phosphated ceria may be made by mixing particles of ceria and a solution containing phosphates to disperse the desired amount of phosphate component on the ceria and calcining the particles after separation of them from the solution. The resulting selective catalytic material is contacted under oxidizing conditions with a gas stream containing an oxidant, e.g., air, carbon monoxide and one or more unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A solid object carrying a catalyzer thereon is placed in a closed reaction chamber into which test gases are supplied and is heated up to a temperature of 1000.degree. C. Adsorbates are formed on the surface of the solid object under the test gas flow in the closed reaction chamber. Infrared radiations radiated from the adsorbates are emitted through an infrared-transmissive window hermetically formed on a wall of the closed reaction chamber, and are analyzed by an infrared radiation spectrometer and observed by a microscope. The infrared-transmissive window is cooled down by a cooling device attached thereto so that the temperature of the window does not exceed a certain level, e.g., 200.degree. C. Thus, the adsorbates formed on the solid object can be detected and analyzed under conditions where the test gas is actually flowing and the temperature of the solid object is elevated up to a high level.

Abstract: A sensor format is based on impedance analysis of polymer coatings of electrodes. A detectable signal is produced by the effect of a reactive or catalytic species at or very near the polymer coated electrode. The reactive or catalytic species directly or indirectly effects a reaction with the polymer layers, whereby the polymer layer becomes porous and thus causes a measurable change in electrical properties of the electrode surface.

Abstract: A system for detecting deterioration of an exhaust gas control catalyst provided in an exhaust gas passage through which a combustion exhaust gas is discharged, including a processing zone communicating with a portion of the passage which is downstream of the catalyst and a pumping cell including an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer and a pair of electrodes one of which is exposed to the processing zone, wherein the pumping cell pumps oxygen out of the processing zone so as to control oxygen partial pressure in the processing zone which corresponds to a monitor voltage, at a value at which the combustible gas component within the processing zone cannot be burned, and the oxygen concentration in the combustion exhaust gas is obtained based on a pumping current flowing between the pair of electrodes of the pumping cell, whereby the degree of deterioration of the catalyst is determined on the basis of the obtained oxygen concentration.

Abstract: A device for testing the development of processes or chemical reactions in the presence of solid catalysts comprising a reactor of cylindrical shape, of inside diameter D and of length L, such that 50<L/D<150. The reactor having a preferred D of 10-40 mm also includes a sheathed thermometer arranged substantially along the axis of the reactor.

Abstract: In order to prevent a catalyst for an internal combustion engine from experiencing decreased efficiency by deterioration after long time use of the catalyst, the decreased efficiency of the catalyst is determined, and the internal engine is controlled based on results of the determination so as to maintain high efficiency of the catalyst. The catalyst is installed in an exhaust pipe of the engine. Sensors for detecting conditions of exhaust gas both at a upstream side and a downstream side of the catalyst are provided, respectively. As for the sensor, for example, an oxygen sensor whose output varies stepwise at .lambda.=1, or a sensor whose output varies in proportion to air-fuel ratio can be used. Detected values of the sensors are taken into a control unit, catalyst efficiency and deteriorating degree of the catalyst are estimated by comparison of the detected values, and the engine is controlled so that the catalyst efficiency is maximized.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for non-intrusively monitoring the chemical and physical processes associated with gas generation in the feed riser of a cat-cracker and the correlation of those changes in these processes to changes in the output product produced the cat-cracker. The method includes the steps of measuring RMS accelerations along a feed riser at one or more positions, determining the initial RMS acceleration at each of these positions when the unit is operating at its desired performance, comparing the measured FRP to the reference FRP when said reactor is operating at its desired performance and determining the reference FRP, and determining the change in the FRP.

Abstract: Polymer or copolymer coated catalytic colloidal metal particles bound to a biomolecule such as an antibody, avidin, or streptavidin and kits containing such polymer or copolymer coated catalytic metal particles are useful for detecting the presence of the biomolecule in an assay such as an immunoassay.

Abstract: An exhaust purification device includes a catalytic converter for purifying exhaust gas from an engine, air-fuel ratio sensors provided on the upstream side and downstream side of the catalytic converter, respectively, for detecting the concentration of a specific component in the exhaust gas, a control device for processing the output of the air-fuel ratio sensors and generating a signal based on the processed output, and a catalyst degradation warning device which operates according to the signal generated by the control device for warning an operator of a degraded catalyst, where the responsiveness of the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor is lower than the responsiveness of the upstream side air-fuel ratio sensor.

Abstract: A method of assay for an enzyme catalysing the release of long chain fatty acids or, conversely, for an ester substrate for such enzymes is applicable to clinical samples and comprises removing substantially all the albumin from the clinical sample, incubating the sample after albumin removal with, for enzyme assay, an ester substrate or, for substrate assay, the enzyme, under conditions effective to release a fatty acid, causing the fatty acid to bind to a fatty acid binding protein and assaying the binding of the fatty acid to the binding protein.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for real time analysis of the intermediates and products of a gas phase chemical reaction catalyzed by a particulate catalyst. Real time analysis is conducted under high vacuum using a detector contained within a high vacuum cheer. The reactor is connected to the vacuum chamber but is outside thereof, allowing the reactor to be operated either at high vacuum or under moderate pressure. Reactors and reactor feed manifolds of varying configuration may be interchangeably connected to the vacuum chamber on an essentially modular basis. Only a single vacuum system is required for the apparatus. Reaction products may also be analyzed by methods such as gas chromatography. Simultaneously with real time analysis of reaction products and intermediates, infrared, ultraviolet other reflected electromagnetic analyses may be conducted on the reacting gases or catalyst surface.

Abstract: A method is provided for evaluating the catalytic activity of carbonaceous chars via the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in contact with such materials. In this method the rise in temperature occasioned by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide under essentially adiabatic conditions is monitored as a function of time. By use of this method, carbonaceous chars having high catalytic activities may be rapidly and conveniently identified.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring an amount of gas adsorbed on or desorbed from a solid and for analyzing and surveying reactions of a gas with a solid. Governing parameters include pressure, temperature and gas flow rate. The apparatus and method provide accurate measurement utilizing temperature programmed characterization and the volumetric method. The method is useful at both very high and very low pressures.

Abstract: An assay method and compositions are provided for determining the presence of an analyte in a sample. The analyte is a member of an immunological pair (mip) comprising ligand and receptor. By providing a first measurement surface capable of specifically binding a labelled reagent in an amount depending upon the presence of analyte in the sample and a second calibration surface capable of binding a second labeled reagent in a manner unaffected by the presence of analyte in the sample, calibration of individual tests can be accomplished simulataneously with the performance of the test itself. A signal producing system includes an enzyme bonded to a mip which defines the first labeled reagent for binding to the measurement surface and the same enzyme conjugated to a ligand capable of binding to the calibration surface. Preferably, both labeled reagents have the same composition and the calibration surface includes anti-(first enzyme).

Abstract: A catalytic converter has an inner region and a jacket surface surrounding the inner region and being disposed approximately parallel to a given flow direction. The inner region conducts a flow of a fluid containing ingredients to be converted in the inner region by a catalyzed exothermic reaction. The flow passes through the inner region in the given flow direction. The reaction zone is defined as a part of the inner region in which a reaction predominantly takes place. A method for detecting a reaction zone in the catalytic converter includes detecting the reaction zone by measuring a distribution of temperature over the jacket surface along a measurement path being aligned approximately parallel to the given flow direction. The reaction zone is determined by a segment of the measurement path at which the temperature deviates by less than a predetermined limit value from a maximum value of the temperature over the measurement path.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for carrying out and studying catalysis and catalyzed chemical reactions. Disclosed is a reactor with a catalyst zone, under vacuum, into which a very rapid pulse of reactant gas is pulsed. The products are analyzed by a real-time method of analysis, such as mass spectrometry. The apparatus and method can detect reaction intermediates and products, and can indicate their sequence of production.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing performance of a catalyst in a gaseous phase catalytic reaction for a given reactant comprises a reactor receiving a predetermined quantity of fluid reactant discharging the reaction mixture, including reaction products, from the reactor after a predetermined residence time. The reactor comprises a confined reactor volume with an upflow zone and a downflow zone. A device circulates fluids upwardly through the upflow zone and downwardly through the downflow zone where particulate catalysts in the upflow zone are fluidized by the upward flow of the fluid. The circulating device is adapted to circulate the fluid about the reactor volume at a rate which provides at any moment during the residence time for the reactants an essentially uniform concentration of reactants throughout the reactor volume to simulate conditions in a catalytic riser reactor.

Abstract: A method is provided for testing the activity of a catalyst for a chemical reaction in which naphthalene is reversibly hydrogenated by gaseous hydrogen into tetralin, which avoids the need to pressurize a test vessel with hydrogen, enables simple apparatus to be used and gives good accuracy. Tetralin and catalyst are introduced into a sealed container, the container is heated to a reaction temperature for a predetermined time, and the amount of naphthalene formed by dehydrogenation is determined. The method is applicable to the measurement of catalyst activity for catalysts used in the production by hydrogenation of coal-derived liquids.

Abstract: An improvement in an apparatus for carrying out chemical reactions is disclosed. The apparatus includes a housing defining a vacuum chamber, with a reactor located within the vacuum chamber. The improvement comprises a device disposed within the housing having a high-pressure outlet tube for engagement with the reactor, a bypass for placing the high-pressure outlet tube in fluid communication with the outside of the vacuum chamber, an orifice for placing the high-pressure outlet tube in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber and at least one valve for selectively opening or closing the bypass and the orifice. The device may be engaged and disengaged with the reactor by a manual shaft and gear arrangement for operating the reactor at higher pressures relative to the normal vacuum operation.

Abstract: A diagnostic test composition for detecting and measuring an analyte possessing biologic activity, the composition comprising(a) A redox catalyst system capable of converting a monomer to a polymer, the monomer capable of undergoing addition polymerization, the redox catalyst system comprising one or more chemical moieties with1) the analyte comprising at least one such moiety or2) in the case that the analyte lacks a redox catalyst property, the analyte is linked by a specific ligand to at least one such moiety or is linked by the specific ligand to a generator of at least one such moiety, and(b) at least one monomer capable of undergoing addition polymerization.

Abstract: A diagnostic test composition for detecting and measuring an analyte possessing biologic activity comprising(a) a photocatalyst system capable of converting a monomer to a polymer upon exposure to light, the monomer capable of undergoing addition polymerization, the photocatalyst system comprising one or more chemical moieties, with(1) the analyte comprising at least one such moiety or generating at least one such moiety or(2) in the case that the analyte lacks a photocatalyst property, the analyte is linked by a specific ligand to at least one such moiety or is linked by the specific ligand to a generator of at least one such moiety and(b) at least one monomer capable of undergoing addition polymerization.

Abstract: For characterizing a catalyst, particularly a catalyst useful in refining of oil residues, by determination of its conversion and coking activities, the steps of:(a) impregnating the catalyst with a hydrocarbon mixture,(b) heating the impregnated catalyst, at a rate of temperature increase ranging from 2.degree. C./min to 50.degree. C./sec, under inert gas in a furnace. up to a temperature .theta..sub.2 ranging from 300.degree. C. to 380.degree. C. and measuring, by means of a hydrocarbon detector 4, a signal Q representative of the hydrocarbons generated during step b,(c) continuing the heating under the inert gas up to a temperature .theta..sub.3 ranging from 500.degree. C. to 1000.degree. C.

Abstract: The effectiveness of a palladium-tin catalyst for subsequent plating thereon is determined by employing cyclic voltammetry.

Abstract: In an apparatus for removing NOx from a flue gas comprising an ammonia injection tube in a flue gas duct, an NOx removal reactor containing a catalyst at the downstream side of the ammonia injection tube, and a bracket casing catalyst test pieces being provided in the reactor and fixed to the reactor in a detachable manner from the outside of the reactor apart from the catalyst, deterioration of catalyst can be monitored during the operation of the boiler plant and sampling of catalyst can be carried out through the catalyst sample pieces without discontinuing the operation of the apparatus for removing NOx.

Abstract: Temperature programmed spectroscopy wherein particles of a substrate under investigation are attached in a non-overlapping manner to a heating filament. The temperature of the filament is increased in a controlled manner, thus increasing the temperature of the attached substrate particles as well. An instrument for analyzing the gases is a mass spectrometer. Gases desorbed from the particles can be studied according to this technique, or the nature of heterogeneous catalytic chemical reactions of a gaseous atmosphere on the particles' surface may alternatively be detected and studied.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for carrying out and studying catalysis and catalyzed chemical reactions. Disclosed is a reactor with a catalyst zone, under vacuum, into which a very rapid pulse of reactant gas is pulsed. The products are analyzed by a real-time method of analysis, such as mass spectrometry. The apparatus and method can detect reaction intermediates and products, and can indicate their sequence of production.

Abstract: A reactor tube of a microreactor assembly including a first central temperature sensor and a channel formed in its outer surface to circulate a coolant. A tightly fitting conductive core surrounds the cooling channel and is sealed to the reactor tube at both ends to confine the coolant except for inlet and outlet holes. Around that core a metallic tube is fitted having a longitudinal slot to which a second temperature sensor is fixed. A heating element to heat the tube and the reactor tube is disposed on the slotted tube and second sensor so that temperature changes on the outer wall of the reactor tube-core sub-assembly can be detected. Both the first and second temperature sensors are adapted to feed output signals to a controlling data processing unit.

Abstract: A method of determining the proportion of the surface area of a coated substrate that is covered by the coating comprising passing a known volume of an adsorbate gas under controlled flow conditions over a coated substrate and measuring the volume of adsorbate gas adsorbed on the surface area at different temperatures between the liquefaction temperature of the adsorbate gas and ambient temperature; similarly measuring the volume of the adsorbate gas adsorbed on the surface area of the substrate in the absence of the coating in the same temperature range; similarly measuring the volume of the adsorbate gas adsorbed on said coating in the absence of said substrate in the same temperature range; comparing the above volumes at identical temperatures and calculating therefrom the proportion of surface area of said substrate covered by said coating; and an apparatus for practicing said method.

Abstract: A method of analyzing fuel oil for a catalyst component which comprises dissolving a sample amount of the oil in an organic solvent, filtering the oil solution, bringing the filtration residue into contact with hydrofluoric acid to dissolve the silicon contained in the residue into the acid, and then subjecting the silicon solution to colorimetric analysis for the determination of the Si ion content.

Abstract: Apparatus for investigating the performance of a catalyst used in a catalytic cracking process includes a single fluidized bed reactor charged with the catalyst to be investigated and a digital computer which controls the supply of hydrocarbon feed stock and regenerating air in successive and repeated catalytic cracking intervals and catalyst regeneration intervals.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for testing the performance of a sample charcoal orbent material. The apparatus comprises means for supplying a gaseous sample containing toxic contaminants to a filtering means. The filtering means includes a filter tube containing a sample charcoal adsorbent material for adsorbing the toxic contaminants. Chemical analysis means are included for detecting toxic contaminants remaining in the gaseous effluent from the filtering means. Test animal chambers are also provided for exposing test animals contained therein to the gaseous effluent to determine the toxic effects and breathing rate changes on the test animals caused by toxic or irritating contaminants remaining in the gaseous effluent.