Abstract: A method is disclosed for preparing a renewable fuel blend. The method includes subjecting at least two feedstocks of different biological origins to catalytic cracking in a catalytic cracking unit and to hydrotreatment in a hydrotreatment unit to form a fuel blend having an aromatic hydrocarbon content from 26 to 42 wt-% and a paraffinic hydrocarbon content of less than 53 wt-%, as measured according to ASTM D2425-04 (2011). The fuel blend is formed by mixing the at least two feedstocks together before subjecting them to the catalytic cracking and hydrotreatment, or by obtaining a first fuel component and at least one further fuel component from the catalytic cracking and hydrotreatment of the at least two feedstocks, and mixing the first fuel component and the at least one further fuel component together.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for production of a methyl ester based formulation. The method involves: providing a feedstock containing about 1% to about 100% canola oil; removing water from the feedstock; heating the feedstock to at least about 60° C.; mixing a solution of about 90% to about 100% (v/v) methanol and a strong base with the heated feedstock to produce a mixture containing methyl ester; and allowing the mixture containing methyl ester to rest for at least one hour. The composition of the methanol and strong base solution being calculated based on the free fatty acid content of the feedstock. The methyl ester based formulations produced by the method can be used as ecofriendly penetrating oils, lubricating oils, machining fluid or releasing agents.

Abstract: A process for converting triacylglycerides-containing oils into crude oil precursors and/or distillate hydrocarbon fuels is disclosed. The process may include: reacting a triacylglycerides-containing oil-water-hydrogen mixture at a temperature in the range from about 250° C. to about 525° C. and a pressure greater than about 75 bar to convert at least a portion of the triacylglycerides and recovering a reaction effluent comprising water and one or more of isoolefins, isoparaffins, cycloolefins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics; hydrotreating the reaction effluent to form a hydrotreated effluent.

Abstract: A process for converting triacylglycerides-containing oils into crude oil precursors and/or distillate hydrocarbon fuels is disclosed. The process may include: reacting a triacylglycerides-containing oil-water-diatomic hydrogen mixture at a temperature in the range from about 250° C. to about 560° C. and a pressure greater than about 75 bar to convert at least a portion of the triacylglycerides and recovering a reaction effluent comprising water and one or more of isoolefins, isoparaffins, cycloolefins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics; and hydrotreating the reaction effluent to form a hydrotreated effluent.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include apparatus and systems for hydrocarbon synthesis and methods regarding the same. In an embodiment, the invention includes a method for creating a hydrocarbon product stream comprising reacting a reaction mixture in the presence of a catalyst inside of a reaction vessel to form a product mixture, the reaction mixture comprising a carbon source and water. The temperature inside the reaction vessel can be between 450 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius and the pressure inside the reaction vessel can be above supercritical pressure for water. In an embodiment, the invention includes an extrusion reactor system for creating a hydrocarbon product stream. The temperature inside the extrusion reactor housing between 450 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius. Pressure inside the reaction vessel can be above supercritical pressure for water. Other embodiments are also included herein.

Abstract: A process for converting triacylglycerides-containing oils into crude oil precursors and/or distillate hydrocarbon fuels is disclosed. The process may include reacting a triacylglycerides-containing oil-carbon dioxide mixture at a temperature in the range from about 250° C. to about 525° C. and a pressure greater than about 75 bar to convert at least a portion of the triacylglycerides to a hydrocarbon or mixture of hydrocarbons comprising one or more of isoolefins, isoparaffins, cycloolefins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics.

Abstract: Described herein are methods for producing fuels and solvents from fatty acid resources. In general, the pyrolysis products of fatty acids are extracted in order to remove residual fatty acids and produce very pure hydrocarbon compositions composed of alkanes and alkenes. The fatty acids removed from the extraction step can be further pyrolyzed to produce additional hydrocarbons or, in the alternative, the fatty acids can be isolated and used in other applications. Also disclosed herein are fuels and solvents produced by the methods described herein.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of producing olefinic monomers for the production of a polymer. The invention particularly relates to the production of tall oil-based biopolymers, such as polyolefins. In the stages of the method bio oil, with a content of over 50% of fatty acids of tall oil and no more than 25% of resin acids of tall oil, and hydrogen gas are fed into a catalyst bed (7); the oil is catalytically deoxygenated in the bed by hydrogen; the flow exiting the bed is cooled down and divided into a hydrocarbon-bearing liquid phase (10) and a gas phase; and the hydrocarbon-bearing liquid (13) is subjected to steam cracking (4) to provide a product containing polymerizing olefins. The deoxygenation in the bed can be followed by a catalytic cracking or, with a suitable catalyst, the deoxygenation and cracking can be simultaneous. The separated hydrogen-bearing gas phase can be circulated in the process.

Abstract: Processes and reactor systems are provided for the conversion of oxygenated hydrocarbons to hydrocarbons, ketones and alcohols useful as liquid fuels, such as gasoline, jet fuel or diesel fuel, and industrial chemicals. The process involves the conversion of mono-oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, furans, carboxylic acids, diols, triols, and/or other polyols, to C4+ hydrocarbons, alcohols and/or ketones, by condensation. The oxygenated hydrocarbons may originate from any source, but are preferably derived from biomass.

Abstract: The industrial fuel comprises the following constituents by weight percent: 65%-70% of methanol, 10%-15% of sugar pressing waste liquid, 5%-8% of rosin water, 1%-3% of oxydol with 27.5% mass concentration, 1.5%-3% of xylene, 1%-3% of phytate, 1.5%-2% of benzotriazole, 3%-5% of acetone, 0.01%-0.05% of ferrocene, 0.1%-0.5% of lavender oil, and 1.5%-2% of rubber swelling inhibitor. The fuel of the invention is a renewable energy, can completely replace the diesel oil, natural gas, liquefied gas, coal and electricity in the industrial pyrolytical combustion field, can obtain the raw materials from various sources at a low cost, is efficient, environmentally-friendly and safe, saves energy, has a stable performance, and can effectively solve the difficult problems of industrial energy shortage and high pollution and cost, thus having significant social and economic benefits.

Abstract: Disclosed is an enrichment method for obtaining components for the production of a diesel like fuel additive or a diesel like fuel from crude tall oil. In the method, lipophilic components, being present in said crude tall oil, are extracted with an organic solvent and the resulting extract is washed with sulfuric acid and water.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward compositions suitable for use as dielectric fluids, lubricant fluids and biodiesel fluids. Compositions described herein are obtained from a saturated, unsaturated or combinations of both monol, diol, triol or polyol acyl ester based fluid and/or a non-ester based fluid and 2,4,6-tris(di-C1-C6-alkylaminomethyl) phenol and/or the carboxylic acid salt of 2,4,6-tris(di-C1-C6-alkylaminomethyl) phenol. These compositions demonstrate improved oxidative stability and/or hydrolytic stability at higher use temperatures.

Abstract: An additive compound comprising a derivative of particular fatty acids and polyamines has been found to be friction reducing, and particularly readily miscible in fuels and lubricants. The fatty acid has more than 12 carbon atoms and at least one carboxylic group. The polyamine residue has more than two nitrogen atoms. The mole ratio of the carboxylic groups to nitrogen atoms used to form the compound is greater than 0.8 carboxylic groups per 1 nitrogen atom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and an apparatus for purifying tall oil material for the production of biofuels and components thereof. The present invention relates further to hydroprocessing of the purified material to obtain biofuels and components thereof.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to fuel additive compositions comprising one or more hydrogen bonding compounds derived from a long chain fatty acid, and one or more esters of a second long chain fatty acid. Such fuel additives improve the lubricity of the fuel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing mixture of fuel components, which process comprises providing a feed of biological origin; subjecting said feed of biological origin and a hydrogen gas feed to a single step of hydroprocessing in the presence of a catalyst system comprising dewaxing catalyst to form a mixture of fuel components. The present invention relates also to an apparatus for producing a mixture of fuel components from a feed of biological origin. The invention relates also to the use of the fuel components.

Abstract: The present invention relates to production of fuels or fuel blendstocks from renewable sources. Various embodiments provide a method of producing a hydrocarbon product by hydrotreating a feedstock including at least one of a renewable triacylglyceride (TAG), renewable free fatty acid (FFA), and renewable fatty acid C1-C5 alkyl ester (C1-C5 FAE) in the presence of a nonsulfided hydrotreating catalyst to produce a first product including hydrocarbons. In some examples, the first product can be subjected to further chemical transformations such as aromatization, cracking, or isomerization to produce a second product including hydrocarbons. In various embodiments, the first or second hydrocarbon product with minimal or substantially no further processing can be suitable as a liquid transportation fuel or fuel blendstock, including fuels such as gasoline, naptha, kerosene, jet fuel, and diesel fuels.

Abstract: A fuel oil composition comprises a fuel oil blend, at least one ethylene-vinyl ester polymer and at least one polyalkylmethacrylate polymer. The fuel oil blend comprises a middle-distillate fuel oil and a hydrotreated vegetable, animal or fish oil, wherein the amount of hydrotreated vegetable oil in the fuel oil blend is sufficient to provide the blend with an increase in the C15 to C20 n-alkane distribution of at least 3% by weight over the C15 to C20 n-alkane distribution of the middle-distillate alone.

Abstract: A method of producing a hydrocarbon product by hydrotreating a feedstock comprising triacylglyceride (TAG) and TAG-derived materials such as free fatty acid (FFA) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in the presence of a nonsulfided hydrotreating catalyst to produce a first product comprising hydrocarbons. A method of producing a transportation fuel by selecting an undoped feedstock comprising virgin TAG, used TAG, FFA, and FAME or a combination thereof; hydrotreating the undoped feedstock in the presence of an unsulfided hydrotreating catalyst to produce a first product and subjecting the first product to at least one process selected from aromatization, cyclization, and isomerization to produce a second hydrocarbon product selected from gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, and diesel fuels. A method is described by which fatty acids may be converted to hydrocarbons suitable for use as liquid transportation fuels.

Abstract: A colorimetric test for determining the presence or absence of biodiesel in a diesel fuel sample. The colorimetric test involves adding concentrated sulfuric acid to a sample of diesel fuel and observing any color change of the sample. A darkening of the diesel fuel sample indicates the presence of biodiesel. The degree to which the color changes after the addition of the sulfuric acid is proportional to the amount of biodiesel in the sample and therefore can be used to determine the amount of biodiesel in the sample. The reagent(s), sample containers and any necessary color scale can be provided in a kit for field testing.

Abstract: A system and process for continuous production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from the fatty acid triglycerides of waste oil via transesterification in the presence of a reusable sugar-based catalyst. The system and process incorporates re-cycling and re-use of waste by-product streams to result in a near-zero emissions, with a 97% product yield mix consisting of almost pure biodiesel and a very small percentage of impurities including glycerol.

Abstract: Compositions containing phenolic antioxidant solutions are provided. The invention further provides methods of making and using such compositions as well as compositions that contain both biodiesel and at least one antioxidant concentrate solutions and blended fuel compositions containing biodiesel blended with other fuels.

Abstract: A method of producing a hydrocarbon product by hydrotreating a feedstock comprising triacylglyceride (TAG) in the presence of a nonsulfided hydrotreating catalyst to produce a first product comprising hydrocarbons. A method of producing a transportation fuel by selecting an undoped feedstock comprising virgin TAG, used TAG, or a combination thereof; hydrotreating the undoped feedstock in the presence of an unsulfided hydrotreating catalyst to produce a first product; and subjecting the first product to at least one process selected from aromatization, cyclization, and isomerization; to produce a second hydrocarbon product selected from gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, and diesel fuels.

Abstract: A process of making biodiesel from crude tall oil by reacting crude tall oil with a C1-C6 alkanol in the presence of an acid catalyst or by reacting crude tall oil with an acyl halide in the presence of a C1-C6 alkanol. The reaction product of either of these reactions is separated into a suspension liquid by the addition of a polar liquid. The biodiesel product is recovered from the suspension liquid by addition of an organic solvent which produces a polar liquid phase and an organic liquid phase. The biodiesel is recovered from the organic liquid phase by evaporating the organic solvent, which is recovered for use in subsequent separation processes, and vacuum distilling off the product biodiesel from the organic solvent-free organic liquid phase.

Abstract: A triglyceride-to-fuel conversion process including the steps of (a) preconditioning unsaturated triglycerides by catalytic conjugation, cyclization, and cross-link steps; (b) contacting the modified triglycerides with hot-compressed water containing a catalyst, wherein cracking, hydrolysis, decarboxylation, dehydration, aromatization, or isomerization, or any combination thereof, of the modified triglycerides produce a crude hydrocarbon oil and an aqueous phase containing glycerol and lower molecular weight molecules, and (c) refining the crude hydrocarbon oil to produce various grades of biofuels.

Abstract: Methods for recovery of concentrates of lubricating compounds and biologically active compounds from vegetable and animal oils, fats and greases that allow separation of triglycerides, from components with higher lubricity or biological activity or enrichment protocols that increase the concentration of high lubricity or biologically active compounds in the triglyceride. The triglycerides are transesterified with a lower alcohol to produce alkyl esters. Following the conversion process the esters are separated from high molecular weight high lubricity compounds and biologically active compounds by distillation. The esters have some lubricity and may be sold as pollution reducing fuel components.

Abstract: The use of mixtures of (A) aliphatic saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acids having from 12 to 24 carbon atoms or their dimerization or trimerization products, or their ammonium salts, amides, esters or nitrites, and (B) polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds which are obtainable from distillation residues of natural oils which have been extracted from tree resins for improving the storage stability of fuel additive concentrates which comprise at least one detergent and at least one cetane number improver, the mixtures of components (A) and (B) being used in a concentration of from 0.7 to 20% by weight based on the total amount of the fuel additive concentrate.

Abstract: The process for preparing a refinery feedstock from black liquor soap comprising adding excess alcohol (preferably methanol) to black liquor soap. Acid is then added to the mixture to drop the pH of the mixture to approximately 2 to convert carboxylate salt of fatty and resin acids to the free fatty and resin acids. In the reaction process, the free fatty and resin acids react with the alcohol, with the aid of the acid catalyst, to yield the desired ester products. The resulting feedstock can be distilled or refined to yield sterols and related alcohols, biodiesel and other fuels.

Abstract: A chemical change agent containing water, tall oil, glycerides, and surfactants is used to create synthetic fuels. An alternate composition contains water, glycerides, and surfactants. The chemical change agent is formed by heating the tall oil; combining water, fatty acids, and surfactant; and adding the heated tall oil and the water, fatty acid, and surfactant to form an emulsion. The synthetic fuel contains coal and the chemical change agent. The synthetic fuel is formed by mixing coal with the chemical change agent and pressing the two components into a briquette or other suitable treatment to create a finished product.

Abstract: The invention concerns a fuel for diesel engines, with a sulphur content of less than 500 ppm containing in a major proportion at least one average distillate from a straight-run distilling cup of crude oil, with temperature ranges between 150 and 400° C. and in a minor proportion a lubricating additive containing monocarboxylic and polycyclic acids.

Abstract: The invention concerns an additive for motive fuel additive, in particular with low sulphur content not more than 500 ppm, consisting for the most part of a combination comprising 5 to 95 wt. % of a glycerol monoester R1—C(O)—O—CH2—CHO—CH2OH or R1—C(O)—O—CH(CH2OH)2, R1 being an alkyl chain containing 8 to 60 carbon atoms, or a monocyclic or polycyclic group comprising 8 to 60 carbon atoms, and from 5 to 95 wt % of a compound of formula R2—C(O)—X, R2 being an alkyl chain containing 8 to 24 carbon atoms, or a monocyclic or polycyclic group comprising 8 to 60 carbon atoms, and X being selected among (i) the groups OR0, R0 being a hydrocarbon radical comprising 1 to 8 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by one or several esters; and (ii) the groups derived from primary or secondary amines and alkanolamines with aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, comprising 1 to 18 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method for preparing fuel from tall-oil soap. The tall-oil soap is mixed with diesel oil. The tall-oil soap and the diesel oil are then reacted with carbon dioxide, thereby forming a reaction product and a mixture of diesel oil, tall oil and tall-oil soap. The mixture is separated from the reaction product and recovered. The mixture may then be burned as a fuel.