Abstract: In a method for thermal processing of catalytically active waste plastics mixture, the mixture is subjected in a receiving tank to a cracking temperature to undergo a cracking reaction. The mixture is transferred to a mixer pump to produce a reaction mixture which is directed into an outgassing chamber of an intermediate tank to produce an outgassed fraction and a non-outgassed liquid fraction. The outgassed fraction to produce fuel is cooled down, and a first portion of the non-outgassed liquid fraction is returned and subjected again to the cracking temperature in the receiving tank. A second portion of the non-outgassed liquid fraction is conducted in a bypass to the outgassing chamber of the intermediate tank for outgassing while fresh mixture is added. Residual matter settling in the intermediate tank is periodically removed.

Abstract: This invention relates to low sulfur marine/bunker fuel compositions and methods of making same. Contrary to conventional marine/bunker fuel compositions/methods, the inventive lower sulfur compositions/methods focus on use of mostly uncracked components, such as (cat feed) hydrotreated gasoils, and/or can also have reduced contents of residual components.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for intensifying the energy content of an organic material by converting the material into hydrocarbons and the resulting product thereof. A method for converting an organic material into hydrocarbon fuels is disclosed. The method comprising the steps of pressurising said organic material being in a fluid to a pressure above 225 bar, heating said organic material in said fluid to a temperature above 200 C in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IA of the periodic table of elements. The disclosed method further comprises the steps of contacting said organic material in said fluid with a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IVB of the periodic table and/or alpha-alumina assuring that said fluid has initially a pH value of above 7.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and device to produce esterified, olefinated/esterified, or thermochemolytic reacted bio-oils as fuels. The olefinated/esterified product may be utilized as a biocrude for input to a refinery, either alone or in combination with petroleum crude oils. The bio-oil esterification reaction is catalyzed by addition of alcohol and acid catalyst. The olefination/esterification reaction is catalyzed by addition of resin acid or other heterogeneous catalyst to catalyze olefins added to previously etherified bio-oil; the olefins and alcohol may also be simultaneously combined and catalyzed by addition of resin acid or other heterogeneous catalyst to produce the olefinated/esterified product.

Abstract: In the processes for treating municipal sewage and storm water containing biosolids to discharge standards, biosolids, even after dewatering, contain typically about 80% water bound in the dead cells of the biosolids, which gives biosolids a negative heating value. It can be incinerated only at the expense of purchased fuel. Biosolids are heated to a temperature at which their cell structure is destroyed and, preferably, at which carbon dioxide is split off to lower the oxygen content of the biosolids. The resulting char is not hydrophilic, and it can be efficiently dewatered and/or dried and is a viable renewable fuel. This renewable fuel can be supplemented by also charging conventional biomass (yard and crop waste, etc.) in the same or in parallel facilities. Similarly, non-renewable hydrophilic fuels can be so processed in conjunction with the processing of biosolids to further augment the energy supply.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for intensifying the energy content of an organic material by converting the material into hydrocarbons and the resulting product thereof. A method for converting an organic material into hydrocarbon fuels is disclosed. The method comprising the steps of pressurizing said organic material being in a fluid to a pressure above 225 bar, heating said organic material in said fluid to a temperature above 200 C in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IA of the periodic table of elements. The disclosed method further comprises the steps of contacting said organic material in said fluid with a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IVB of the periodic table and/or alpha-alumina assuring that said fluid has initially a pH value of above 7.

Abstract: A method of integration of concentration-dehydration and aerobic air-drying of sewage sludge comprises the following steps: (a) conditioning by an organic agent (3); (b) gravitationally concentrating (5) the residual sludge conditioned by the organic agent; (c) conditioning by inorganic agents (7); (d) mechanically dehydrating (8); (e) crushing and dispersing (10); and (t) aerobically air-drying (11).

Abstract: A method is disclosed for treating gaseous effluent from a hydrocarbon pyrolysis unit to provide steam cracked tar of reduced asphaltene and toluene insolubles content. The method is suitable for preparing reduced viscosity tar useful as a fuel blending stock, or feedstock for producing carbon black, while reducing or eliminating the need for externally sourced lighter aromatics additives to meet viscosity specifications. The method comprises drawing steam cracked tar from a separation vessel, e.g., a primary fractionator or tar knock-out drum, cooling the tar, and returning it to the separation vessel to effect lower overall tar temperatures within the separation vessel, in order to reduce viscosity increasing condensation reactions. An apparatus for carrying out the method is also provided.

Abstract: A pyrolysis oil derived from a lignocellulosic biomass material is converted into precursors for liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels by contacting the oil with water and carbon monoxide at elevated temperature, typically from 280 to 350° C., an elevated pressure, typically a total system pressure of 12 to 30 MPa and a CO partial pressure from 5 to 10 MPa and a weight ratio of water:biomass oil from 0.5:1 to 5.0:1, to dissolve the oil into the reaction mixture and depolymerize, deoxygenate and hydrogenate the oil, so converting it into liquid transportation fuel precursors.

Abstract: Biomass material is converted into precursors for hydrocarbon transportation fuels by contacting the biomass with liquid superheated water or supercritical water to depolymerize and deoxygenate the biomass into the transportation fuel precursors. Temperatures above 200° C. and preferably above 300° C. are preferred with supercritical water at temperatures above 374° C. and pressures above 22 MPa providing a capability for higher conversion rates.

Abstract: In the processes for treating municipal sewage and storm water containing biosolids to discharge standards, biosolids, even after dewatering, contain typically about 80% water bound in the dead cells of the biosolids, which gives biosolids a negative heating value. It can be incinerated only at the expense of purchased fuel. Biosolids are heated to a temperature at which their cell structure is destroyed and, preferably, at which carbon dioxide is split off to lower the oxygen content of the biosolids. The resulting char is not hydrophilic, and it can be efficiently dewatered and/or dried and is a viable renewable fuel. This renewable fuel can be supplemented by also charging conventional biomass (yard and crop waste, etc.) in the same or in parallel facilities. Similarly, non-renewable hydrophilic fuels can be so processed in conjunction with the processing of biosolids to further augment the energy supply.

Abstract: The Wastewater sludge processing system takes sludge directly from the municipal waste water treatment plant and processes it using a low-temperature, low pressure process that has no waste products. The process dries the sludge and separates it into oil that is turned into biodiesel feedstock, cellulose/minerals that are used for heating the process, and water that is reused in the process.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for extracting useful energy from biomass fuels as part of a hybrid electricity generating thermal power plant, utilising both a primary heat source, such as coal, gas, oil or nuclear power, and a secondary heat source in the form of biomass, whereby the biomass is oxidised in aqueous solution in a supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process utilising energy from the primary heat source to heat and compress a feed stream of water to a temperature and pressure at or beyond its critical point.

Abstract: Processes for converting organic material into renewable fuel products. A feedstock containing organic material is processed at an elevated pressure and temperature to lyse, decarboxylate, and carbonize cell structures. A portion of the processed slurry may be recirculated and mixed with cool, pressurized feedstock prior to reaching a mechanical mixing device to preheat and reduce the viscosity of the feedstock. The pressure and temperature are reduced, which may occur simultaneously to flash volatile materials, such as ammonia, out of the slurry, thereby reducing the presence of the materials in the final product and allowing recovery of the materials. The processed slurry may be treated with a halide to reduce mercury emissions in the final product. The treated slurry is mechanically and thermally dewatered resulting in a renewable fuel product in dried particulate or pelletized form that is a viable energy source having a positive heating value.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device (35) for converting carbonaceous raw materials and in particular biomass into fuels. In this method, firstly an allothermic gasification of the raw materials is performed in a gasifier (1) using heated water steam (3). After purification of the synthesis gas produced during the gasification and cooling of the synthesis gas, the synthesis gas is converted into a liquid fuel using a catalyzed chemical reaction. According to the invention, the heated water steam is used both as a gasification agent and also as a heat carrier for the gasification and has a temperature which is greater than 1000 DEG C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for intensifying the energy content of an organic material by converting the material into hydrocarbons and the resulting product thereof. A method for converting an organic material into hydrocarbon fuels is disclosed. The method comprising the steps of pressurising said organic material being in a fluid to a pressure above 225 bar, heating said organic material in said fluid to a temperature above 200 C in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IA of the periodic table of elements. The disclosed method further comprises the steps of contacting said organic material in said fluid with a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IVB of the periodic table and/or alpha-alumina assuring that said fluid has initially a pH value of above 7.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for intensifying the energy content of an organic material by converting the material into hydrocarbons and the resulting product thereof. A method for converting an organic material into hydrocarbon fuels is disclosed. The method comprising the steps of pressurising said organic material being in a fluid to a pressure above 225 bar, heating said organic material in said fluid to a temperature above 200 C in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IA of the periodic table of elements. The disclosed method further comprises the steps of contacting said organic material in said fluid with a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a compound of at least one element of group IVB of the periodic table and/or alpha-alumina assuring that said fluid has initially a pH value of above 7.

Abstract: A method for producing a combustion product that involves dewatering raw paint sludge from spray paint booth operations and adding a de-sulfuring agent thereto. The resulting material can provide significant and economical fuel value and sulfur emissions control to combustion processes such as for power plants while also obviating the need to dispose of waste paint sludge in landfills. Additionally the process is inexpensive, safe and free of most problems associated with paint sludge drying.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for thermal processing of slurry, the slurry is combined with a bio-mass to produce a mixture which is then subjected to a cracking temperature in a receiving tank, thereby liquefying and allowing the mixture to catalytically undergo a cracking reaction. The cracking reaction which the liquefied mixture undergoes is continued in a mixer pump to thereby produce a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is outgased in an intermediate tank to separate an outgased fraction from a non-outgased fraction. Subsequently, the outgased fraction is allowed to cool down, thereby producing fuel, while the non-outgased fraction is returned to the receiving tank and subjected again to the cracking temperature. Residual matter of the non-outgased fraction settles in the intermediate tank and is periodically removed.

Abstract: An energy fortified diesel fuel is provided containing a hydrocarbon additive wherein greater than 50% vaporizes at or above about 650.degree. F. and diesel fuel of which about 90% of the diesel fuel vaporizes at or below about 640.degree. F. or about 95% of the diesel fuel vaporizes at or below about 698.degree. F. This energy fortified diesel fuel is made by distilling a heavy hydrocarbon fraction such as slurry oil or heavy cycle oil obtained from an FCC unit or a heavy hydrocarbon fraction obtained from a steam cracker unit at a temperature of between about 500 and 750.degree. F. and at a pressure of between about 1 mm Hg and 10 psig to remove contaminants, removing distillate from this distillation, and mixing the distillate with diesel fuel, wherein about 90% of the diesel fuel vaporizes at or below about 640.degree. F. or about 95% of the diesel fuel vaporizes at or below about 698.degree. F., to form an energy fortified diesel fuel.

Abstract: A method for the removal of sulfur from sulfur-bearing materials such as coal and petroleum products using organophosphine and organophosphite compounds is provided.

Abstract: A process for producing a fuel composition from a waste stream containing a liquid, organic component, water and a mixture of inorganic and organic solids wherein the waste stream is separated into an oil fraction, a water fraction and a solids fraction, the solids fraction being de-watered to produce a de-watered solids fraction containing less than about 60% by weight water, the de-watered solids fraction being admixed with oil and heated in a heating apparatus wherein the de-watered solids fraction and oil are subjected to heat exchange conditions at a temperature and for a time sufficient to evaporate water and produce a fuel composition containing less than about 15% by weight water, the apparatus having means for inducing forced convection condition in the mixture of de-watered solids and oil to prevent solids settling and enhance heat exchange heating.

Abstract: A method of treating and using waste products and to products produced thereby is described. The method comprises agitating the sewage sludge mixture and waste products with a co-agent to bind the mixture in a mixing chamber (1) having paddles (2). The mixture is fed via a controlled feed (3) to a worm pump (4) leading to the base of cyclone (5) where it is broken down into a coarse particles using air from a blower fan (6). The coarse particled mixture is passed to a cyclone dryer/disinfector (7) for sterilisation by steam from an injector (8). The treated sludge mixture may be fed via a hopper (9) to an auger press (10) from which it is extruded and passed for radiation and sterilisation in a microwave oven (12) and then cut into bricketts. Alternatively, the treated sludge mixture can be passed to hopper (16) via a controlled feed (17) to plank molds (19). The moulds pass under a press (20) to form bio-degradable planks (21) for building shuttering.

Abstract: A method for utilizing landfill-prohibited solid hazardous waste material as an energy source in a cement kiln is provided. The method comprises obtaining landfill-prohibited solid hazardous waste materials suitable for use in a cement kiln, combining the solid waste materials with a liquid fuel in a milling apparatus to form a mixture, grinding the mixture in the milling apparatus in a manner reducing the particulate size of the solid hazardous waste material to form a fuel slurry, and delivering the fuel slurry directly into the flame of the cement kiln. The grinding of the solid hazardous waste material in the milling apparatus prior to its introduction into the kiln provides for a rapid and instantaneous ignition of the solid hazardous waste materials thereby not adversely affecting the forming clinker or the operating parameters of the kiln.

Abstract: The sulfur in bituminous coal can be converted to calcium sulfate instead of sulfur dioxide during combustion when it is mixed with petroleum pitch and calcium oxide, calcium carbonate or dolomite.

Abstract: A method of compatibilization asphaltenes containing bituminous liquids which process comprises:a) reacting an asphaltene with phosphorous trichloride in the presence of a liquid to form a phosphochlorinated asphaltene containing from about 0.01 wt % to about 20 wt. % phosphorous;b) reacting the phosphochlorinated asphaltene with an equimolar amount of aliphatic or aromatic alcohols and phenols selected from the group consisting of:i) an aliphatic alcohol;ii) a naphthyl alcohol;iii) an alkyl quinizarin;iv) an oligomeric mixed polyether aliphatic terminal diol; andv) an oligomeric polyalkene terminal diol to produce a compatibilized asphaltene; andc) recovering the compatibilized asphaltene product.

Abstract: A meltable pumpable homogeneous carbonaceous mixture is produced by mixing powdered coal into molten petroleum pitch.