Abstract: This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods to eliminate PFAS from wastewater biosolids through fluidized bed gasification. The gasifier decomposes the PFAS in the biosolids at temperatures of 900-1800° F. Synthesis gas (syngas) exits the gasifier which is coupled to a thermal oxidizer and is combusted at temperatures of 1600-2600° F. This decomposes PFAS in the syngas and creates flue gas. Heat can be recovered from the flue gas by cooling the flue gas to temperatures of 400-1200° F. in a heat exchanger that is coupled with the thermal oxidizer. Cooled flue gas is mixed with hydrated lime, enhancing PFAS decomposition, with the spent lime filtered from the cooled flue gas using a filter system that may incorporate catalyst impregnated filter elements. The apparatus and methods thereby eliminate PFAS from wastewater biosolids and control emissions in the resulting flue gas.

Abstract: A fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and a specific amount of nano-sized zinc oxide particles and a surfactant that does not contain sulfur atoms. The nano-sized zinc oxide particles can be used to either improve combustion or increase catalytic chemical oxidation of fuel.

Abstract: A fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and nano-sized zinc oxide particles. The nano-sized zinc oxide particles can be used to either improve cold start performance of internal combustion engines or lower a flash point temperature of a liquid fuel.

Abstract: A process for making cerium-containing oxide nanoparticles includes providing an aqueous reaction mixture containing a source of cerous ion, optionally a source of one or more metal ions (M) other than cerium, a source of hydroxide ion, at least one monoether carboxylic acid nanoparticle stabilizer wherein the molar ratio of said monoether carboxylic acid nanoparticle stabilizers to total metal ions is greater than 0.2, and an oxidant. The cerous ion is oxidized to ceric ion, thereby forming a product dispersion of cerium-containing oxide nanoparticles, optionally containing one or more metal ions (M), Ce1-xMxO2-?, wherein x has a value from about 0.001 to about 0.95 and ? has a value of about 0.0 to about 0.5. The nanoparticles may have a mean hydrodynamic diameter from about 1 nm to about 50 nm, and a geometric diameter of less than about 45 nm.

Abstract: A fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and a specific amount of nano-sized zinc oxide particles and a surfactant that does not contain sulfur atoms. The nano-sized zinc oxide particles can be used to either improve combustion or increase catalytic chemical oxidation of fuel.

Abstract: A method of improving the combustion of a fuel by adding a catalyst or combustion enhancer at an extremely low concentration, preferably in the range of 1 part catalyst per 200 million parts fuel to 1 part catalyst per 6 trillion parts fuel. The catalyst or combustion enhancer may be selected from a wide range of soluble compounds. The method may comprise the steps of an initial mixing of the catalyst or enhancer with a suitable solvent and then subsequent dilution steps using solvents or fuel. Suitable solvents include water, MTBE, methylketone, methyisobutylketone, butanol, isopropyl alcohol and other hydrophilic/oleophilic compounds.

Abstract: A fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and a specific amount of nano-sized zinc oxide particles and a surfactant that does not contain sulfur atoms. The nano-sized zinc oxide particles can be used to either improve combustion or increase catalytic chemical oxidation of fuel.

Abstract: A diesel fuel composition comprising a performance enhancing additive, wherein the performance enhancing additive is the product of a Mannich reaction between: (a) an aldehyde; (b) a polyamine; and (c) an optionally substituted phenol; wherein the molar ratio of component (c) to component (b) in the reaction mixture used to prepare the performance enhancing additive is at least 1.5:1.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for supplying iron, via the fuel, to the particulate trap of a diesel engine exhaust in a form suitable for promoting trap regeneration. The method involves the addition to the fuel of a defined colloid of iron oxide. Combustion of this colloid produces iron-containing compounds, especially iron oxides, which collect in association with carbonaceous particulate matter in the particulate trap, and function to promote the combustion of this matter. The colloid in particular shows a lower level of associated deposit formation on the fuel injectors than the iron additives of the prior art. The method is thus particularly suitable for modern engines showing increased susceptibility to fuel injector deposits. The colloid also shows a balance of properties providing excellent suitability for use as an additive in fuels, and especially in diesel engine on-board dosing devices.

Abstract: A fuel additive for hydrocarbon fuel that is fueled in fired burners and open flames for enhancing fuel storage, for enhancing fuel combustion by increasing fuel efficiency, and/or for reducing undesirable emissions, such as pollutants, includes an inorganic metal oxide, a metal carboxylate, an acid, and an organic dispersion fluid.

Abstract: An aviation fuel composition contains an aviation fuel and nano-sized zinc particles. Examples of nano-sized zinc particles include nano-sized metallic zinc particles, nano-sized zinc oxide particles, and nano-sized zinc peroxide particles. The aviation fuel composition can be made by combining an aviation fuel and nano-sized zinc particles. The aviation fuel composition can be used to improve combustion in an aircraft engine.

Abstract: A liquid fuel includes a hydrocarbon-based liquid fuel and an additive mixed with the hydrocarbon-based liquid fuel. The additive includes an endothermic fuel-cracking catalyst.

Abstract: A method of improving the combustion of a fuel by adding a catalyst or combustion enhancer at an extremely low concentration, preferably in the range of 1 part catalyst per 200 million parts fuel to 1 part catalyst per 6 trillion parts fuel. The catalyst or combustion enhancer may be selected from a wide range of soluble compounds. The method may comprise the steps of an initial mixing of the catalyst or enhancer with a suitable solvent and then subsequent dilution steps using solvents or fuel. Suitable solvents include water, MTBE, methylketone, methyisobutylketone, butanol, isopropyl alcohol and other hydrophilic/oleophilic compounds.

Abstract: A fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and a specific amount of nano-sized zinc oxide particles and a surfactant that does not contain sulfur atoms. The nano-sized zinc oxide particles can be used to either improve combustion or increase catalytic chemical oxidation of fuel.

Abstract: A fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and nano-sized zinc oxide particles. The nano-sized zinc oxide particles can be used to either improve cold start performance of internal combustion engines or lower a flash point temperature of a liquid fuel.

Abstract: A fuel additive is disclosed which comprises a suspension of nanoparticle oxides in a fuel miscible liquid carrier, which suspension may be colloidal or otherwise. Methods for enhancing combustion and fuel economy and reducing emissions by employing said fuel additive are also disclosed.

Abstract: A fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and a specific amount of nano-sized zinc oxide particles. The nano-sized zinc oxide particles can be used to either improve combustion or increase catalytic chemical oxidation of fuel.

Abstract: A fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and nano-sized zinc oxide particles. The nano-sized zinc oxide particles can be used to either improve cold start performance of internal combustion engines or lower a flash point temperature of a liquid fuel.

Abstract: A fuel additive comprising a sol containing particles of at least one inorganic-metallic component and at least one organo-metallic component stabilized in a suitable hydrocarbon medium. The components are formed as a metal complex wherein the metallic element comprises at least one metal selected from the elements of Groups VIII to XI in the Periodic Table, preferably platinum, cobalt, nickel, copper, gold, rhodium or, most preferably, palladium. The organo component is an alkyl carboxylate, preferably acetate, and the inorganic component is derived from silicon, titanium, aluminum, and preferably silicate. The additive is preferably formed by (a) forming an aqueous solution of at least one metallic component; (b) forming a colloid of organo-metallic and inorganic-metallic components from said solution; and (c) extracting at least some of the metallic colloidal components from the aqueous solution using a suitable hydrocarbon medium under controlled PH, temperature and time.

Abstract: There is disclosed a composition comprising an alloy represented by the following generic formula (Aa)n(Bb)n(Cc)n(Dd)n( . . . )n; wherein each capital letter and ( . . . ) is a metal; wherein A is a combustion modifier; B is a deposit modifier; C is a corrosion inhibitor; and D is a combustion co-modifier/electrostatic precipitator enhancer; wherein each subscript letter represents compositional stoichiometry; wherein n is greater than or equal to zero; and wherein the alloy comprises at least two different metals; and with the proviso that if the metal is cerium, then its compositional stoichiometry is less than about 0.7. There is also disclosed a fuel additive comprising an alloy; a fuel composition comprising the fuel additive composition; methods of making the fuel additive composition; and methods of using the disclosed alloy.

Abstract: Formulations using tartaric compounds of the present invention in a low sulfur, low ash and low phosphorous lubricant lower wear, and friction and improves fuel economy.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, methods of making the fuel feed stocks, methods of producing energy from the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles and contain a sorbent. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels. In addition, one or more sorbents can be added to the feed stocks in order to reduce the amount of a variety of pollutants present in traditional fuel and feed stocks, including, but not limited, sulfur and chlorine. Further, these feed stocks with added sorbent can mitigate corrosion, improve fuel conversion, extend power generating plant lifetime, reduce ash slagging, and reduced operating temperature.

Abstract: A fuel additive is disclosed which comprises a suspension of nanoparticle oxides in a fuel miscible liquid carrier, which suspension may be colloidal or otherwise. Methods for enhancing combustion and fuel economy and reducing emissions by employing said fuel additive are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention provides a composition comprising a dispersion comprising (a) an inorganic metal compound, (b) a quaternary salt surfactant and (c) an organic medium, wherein the metal compounds are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium. The invention also provides fuel compositions comprising said dispersion and methods of operating internal combustion engines and open flame burners utilizing said dispersion.

Abstract: A composition for use as a fuel additive for a hydrocarbon fuel. The additive is in the form of particles of one or more complex oxides having a nominal composition as set out in formula (1): AxB1?yMyOn ??(1) Wherein A is selected from one or more group III elements including the lanthanide elements or one or more divalent or monovalent cations; B is selected from one or more elements with atomic number 22 to 24, 40 to 42 and 72 to 75; M is selected from one or more elements with atomic number 25 to 30; x is defined as a number where 0<x<1 ; and y is defined as a number where 0<y<0.5.

Abstract: A fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and a specific amount of nano-sized zinc oxide particles. The nano-sized zinc oxide particles can be used to either improve combustion or increase catalytic chemical oxidation of fuel.

Abstract: A fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and nano-sized zinc oxide particles. The nano-sized zinc oxide particles can be used to either improve cold start performance of internal combustion engines or lower a flash point temperature of a liquid fuel.

Abstract: A corrosion inhibitor composition for a fuel, comprising a plurality of nanoparticles formed of an inorganic composition having an average longest dimension of 1 nanometer to 100 nanometers, wherein the inorganic active composition is insoluble in the fuel and is adapted to react with a corrosion causing contaminant.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of controlling by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion, comprising corn-busting a fuel containing a dispersion, the dispersion comprises: (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal bases has an average oxidation state of (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein the metal bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium.

Abstract: A method of decomposing an organic azide is provided and comprises allowing an organic azide to contact a catalytic metal halide, main group halide, mixed metal-main group halide, or mixture thereof. Organic azide fuel sources comprising an organic azide/catalyst combination are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides an odorant suitable for use in fuel gases, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), city gas, and LP gas, or methane gas, propane gas, butane gas and hydrogen gas. Preferably, the present invention provides a novel odorant that can also be used for fuel gases for fuel cells, including hydrogen gas. The odorant for fuel gases of the present invention has a perceptual threshold of 1 ppb or less, and includes a compound that has no sulfur atoms and no nitrogen atoms in its molecules. The odorant for fuel gases of the present invention is suitable for use in fuel cells that use hydrogen gas or other gases as a fuel.

Abstract: A fuel or fuel additives is disclosed which includes particles of cerium oxide which have been doped with a divalent or trivalent metal or metalloid which is a rare earth metal, a transition metal or a metal of group IIA, IIIB, VB, or VIB of the Periodic Table.

Abstract: A fuel additive is directed to preventing slagging, a phenomenon caused by the ash in a fuel particularly during the combustion of a fuel having such a large ash content as is typically found in coal or oil coke, for example. It is formed of a composition having one or more compounds selected from among aluminum compounds, silica compounds, titanium compounds and zirconium compounds invariably of the form of ultrafine particles having a particle diameter in the range of 3 to 200 nm and no less than 2 wt. % of an alkali metal (R═Na or K) compound as reduced to the R2O concentration dispersed in a stable state in water and/or oil. When a liquid fuel oil and/or a solid fuel is made to incorporate the fuel additive therein and then subjected to combustion, the deposited ash can be easily peeled and shed from the surface of the furnace wall or the water pipes.

Abstract: A fuel composition of the present invention exhibits minimized hydrolysis and increased fuel stability, even after extended storage at 65° F. for 6-9 months. The composition, which is preferably not strongly alkaline (3.0 to 10.5), is more preferably weakly alkaline to mildly acidic (4.5 to 8.5) and most preferably slightly acidic (6.3 to 6.8), includes a lower dialkyl carbonate, a combustion improving amount of at least one high heating combustible compound containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, or mixture, and a hydrocarbon base fuel.

Abstract: The invention concerns inhibition of vanadium corrosion of thermal equipment materials burning vanadium-contaminated liquid fuels using nickel compounds. The invention is applicable in particular to liquid fuel combustion in gas turbines.

Abstract: A process is provided for removing sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxides and thiols, out of fluids, such as natural gas or natural gas liquids, by contacting the fluid with a physical mixture of iron oxide, zinc oxide or mixtures thereof and an activator, such as platinum oxide, gold oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide, copper metal, copper carbonate, copper alloy, cadmium oxide, nickel oxide, palladium oxide, lead oxide, mercury oxide, tin oxide and cobalt oxide, preferably copper oxide wherein the activator is present in an amount equal to 0.125% by wt. to 5% by wt. of the total physical mixture. The contacting is conducted at a temperature of 300° C. or less.

Abstract: Storage-stable colloidal organic sols comprise suspended tetravalent metal oxide particulates in an organic diluent medium, notably cerium dioxide particulates, the tetravalent metal oxide particulates having a particle size d90 no greater than 200 nanometers and being complexed with at least one amphiphilic organic acid, and either said tetravalent metal oxide particulates comprising agglomerates of crystallites, the d80 of which being no greater than 5 nanometers and at least 90% of said agglomerates comprising from 1 to 5 crystallites, and/or said at least one amphiphilic organic acid has from 11 to 50 carbon atoms and is branched in at least one of the &agr;-, &bgr;-, &ggr;- or &dgr;-positions relative to the atom bearing the acidic hydrogen.

Abstract: Catalyzed lower alcohol-water based fuels are presented which are suitable for use in internal combustion engines, said fuels flowing from renewable carbon resources and providing a clean burn which is environmentally safe as compared to conventional fossil fuels. The internal combustion engines can be run on alcohol fuels containing significant amounts of water and a catalyst comprised of the oxides of selected Group IIA and Group IIB elements; and even though the energy densities of the catalyzed lower alcohol-water based fuels are less than gasoline, the catalyzed lower alcohols-water based fuels provide combustion which is more complete which potentially renders these fuels much more environmentally friendly.

Abstract: A composition for enhancing combustion of hydrocarbon fuels such as LPG, gasoline and diesel fuel comprises at least one metal oxide catalyst dispersed in a liquid organic carrier compatible with the hydrocarbon fuel. The metal oxide catalyst preferably includes at least one of chromium oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, iron oxide and mixtures thereof; and the liquid organic carrier preferably includes Stoddard solvent together with at least one of a high temperature lubricant, a surfactant, and a polar organic solvent. The composition permits the hydrocarbon fuel to be combusted substantially completely so as to reduce emissions associated with incomplete oxidation, and also permits the combustion to occur at lower temperatures for avoiding formation of NO.sub.x.

Abstract: Platinum group metal fuel additives are effective in fuel environments which make the exclusion of water impractical. The fuels additives comprise a platinum group metal compound and a water-functional composition selected from the group consisting of lipophilic emulsifiers, lipophilic organic compounds in which water is miscible and mixtures of these. The additives are preferably effective in fuel compositions having water contents of at least about 0.01% water by weight.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for reducing nitrogen oxides emissions from a diesel engine, which comprises preparing an emulsion of water in diesel fuel which contains a catalytically effective amount of catalyst composition and a lubricity additive, and supplying said emulsion to a diesel engine for combusting therein, whereby combustion of the emulsion leads to a reduction in the nitrogen oxides emissions from the diesel engine when compared with combustion of diesel fuel alone.

Abstract: Fuel additive compositions for improving the combustion efficiency of an internal combustion engine, and thereby substantially reducing undesirable motor vehicle exhaust emissions as well as fuel consumption. The composition is composed of a bicyclic aromatic component selected from the group consisting of naphthalene, substituted naphthalene, biphenyl, biphenyl derivatives, and mixtures thereof, zinc oxide, and at least one Group 8-11 metal oxide selected from the group consisting of iron oxide, copper oxide, cobalt oxide, ruthenium oxide, osmium oxide, and palladium oxide, all dispersed in a carrier liquid selected from the group consisting of a hydrocarbon fraction in the kerosine boiling range having a flash point of at least 100.degree. F. and an auto-ignition temperature of at least 400.degree. F., a C.sub.1-C.sub.3 monohydric, dihydric or polyhydric aliphatic alcohol, and mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment the composition also contains magnesium oxide.