Abstract: Sorbent compositions containing halogen and calcium are added to coal to mitigate the release of sulfur and/or other harmful elements, including mercury, into the environment during combustion of coal containing natural levels of mercury.

Abstract: Sorbent compositions containing halogen and calcium are added to coal to mitigate the release of sulfur and/or other harmful elements, including mercury, into the environment during combustion of coal containing natural levels of mercury.

Abstract: A biofuel product comprises a slurry of pulverized combustible solid biomass material in a combustible liquid product of vegetable origin. In accordance with the invention, the product of vegetable origin is glycerol, and a mixture ratio between the glycerol and the pulverized solid biomass material is such, that the slurry at least upon heating to around 90° C. has a low viscosity and is pumpable. The glycerol utilized is obtained as a byproduct in the production of biodiesel fuel or soap, fatty acids, fatty alcohols or alkyl esters, and the pulverized combustible solid biomass material preferably is lignin powder, and/or wood powder and/or other pulverized vegetable solid biomass material, such as peat, and/or powder of carbon from vegetable material. The biofuel product may be used as a replacement for heavy fuel oil, for example.

Abstract: A method comprising applying a chemical change reagent to coal prior to combustion of the coal is provided. In some instances, the chemical change reagent can include an effective amount of a material to reduce NOx emissions, SOx emissions, or both from combustion of the coal.

Abstract: Sorbent compositions containing halogen and calcium are added to coal to mitigate the release of sulfur and/or other harmful elements, including mercury, into the environment during combustion of coal containing natural levels of mercury.

Abstract: Sorbent compositions containing halogen and calcium are added to coal to mitigate the release of sulfur and/or other harmful elements, including mercury, into the environment during combustion of coal containing natural levels of mercury.

Abstract: Sorbent compositions containing halogen and calcium are added to coal to mitigate the release of sulfur and/or other harmful elements, including mercury, into the environment during combustion of coal containing natural levels of mercury.

Abstract: The present invention relates to solid compounds which generate hydrogen by combustion, and to a method for generating hydrogen based on the combustion of said compounds. Said compounds have a composition which includes at least one inorganic borohydride, selected from alkali borohydrides, alkaline-earth borohydrides and mixtures thereof, and at least one inorganic oxidant. Characteristically, said composition comprises sulfur. Said method is advantageously implemented for supplying hydrogen to a fuel cell.

Abstract: High surface area iron oxides that can be ferroxane-derived iron oxides are described, as well as methods of using the same to remove at least a portion of one or more sulfur-containing species from a gas stream or liquid stream.

Abstract: Processes and compositions are provided for decreasing emissions of mercury upon combustion of fuels such as coal. Various sorbent compositions are provided that contain components that reduce the level of mercury and/or sulfur emitted into the atmosphere upon burning of coal. In various embodiments, the sorbent compositions are added directly to the fuel before combustion; are added partially to the fuel before combustion and partially into the flue gas post combustion zone; or are added completely into the flue gas post combustion zone. In preferred embodiments, the sorbent compositions comprise a source of halogen and preferably a source of calcium. Among the halogens, iodine and bromine are preferred. In various embodiments, inorganic bromides make up a part of the sorbent compositions.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a coal product having reduced sulfur emissions including the steps of grinding coal into a powder form having a desired particle size; blending the ground coal with hydrated lime; adding water to the blend so as to have a moisture content of between 10 and 30 weight percent and drying the water-added blend so as to have a desired reduced moisture content. The desired reduced moisture content is less than 1% of the total weight of the coal powder and the hydrated lime. The step of drying includes heating the water-added blend to a temperature of between 300 and 400° F. in an externally heated oven. Waste heat form a power plant can be used so as to head the blend.

Abstract: A process is provided for removing sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxides and thiols, out of fluids, such as natural gas or natural gas liquids, by contacting the fluid with a physical mixture of iron oxide, zinc oxide or mixtures thereof and an activator, such as platinum oxide, gold oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide, copper metal, copper carbonate, copper alloy, cadmium oxide, nickel oxide, palladium oxide, lead oxide, mercury oxide, tin oxide and cobalt oxide, preferably copper oxide wherein the activator is present in an amount equal to 0.125% by wt. to 5% by wt. of the total physical mixture. The contacting is conducted at a temperature of 300° C. or less.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a process for forming a sorbent-metal complex. The process includes oxidizing a sorbent precursor and contacting the sorbent precursor with a metallic species. The process further includes chemically reacting the sorbent precursor and the metallic species, thereby forming a sorbent-metal complex. In one particular aspect of the invention, at least a portion of the sorbent precursor is transformed into sorbent particles during the oxidation step. These sorbent particles then are contacted with the metallic species and chemically reacted with the metallic species, thereby forming a sorbent-metal complex. Another aspect of the invention is directed to a process for forming a sorbent-metal complex in a combustion system. The process includes introducing a sorbent precursor into a combustion system and subjecting the sorbent precursor to an elevated temperature sufficient to oxidize the sorbent precursor and transform the sorbent precursor into sorbent particles.

Abstract: A method of reducing acid emissions and ozone deletion precursors from a flue gas produced by the combustion of sulphur-or nitrogen-containing fuel or acid emissions and ozone deletion precursors from chemical plants. The method comprises introducing into a flue containing the gas, an additive derived from the chemical reaction of pyrolysis liquor with an alkaline earth metal compound in the presence of an oxidant. This reaction produces a hydrophobic/hydrophilic mixture containing a plurality of thermolabile alkaline earth metal compounds. These compounds are able to decompose at flue gas temperature to produce an alkaline compound able to react with sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen to eliminate them from the gas.

Abstract: A method of reducing acid emission from a flue gas produced by combustion of a sulphur-containing fuel. A pyrolysis liquor containing a thermolabile alkaline earth metal compound is introduced into a flue containing the flue gas. The alkaline earth metal compound is able to decompose at flue gas temperature to produce an alkaline compound able to react with sulphur dioxide in the flue gas. A liquor additive to inject into a flue gas resulting from a combustion of a sulphur containing fuel to reduce the acid content of the flue gas is also described. The liquor comprises a pyrolysis liquor, initially acidic but at least partially neutralized by basic alkaline earth metal compounds. The resulting liquor contains at least one thermolabile alkaline earth metal compound able to decompose at flue gas temperature to produce an alkaline compound able to react with sulphur dioxide. A method of producing the liquor is also described.

Abstract: An improved process for reducing sulfur oxide emissions from the combustion of coal is disclosed wherein a fuel mixture comprising calcium-containing sorbent and coal is fed to the burners and sulfur oxides react with calcium from the sorbent in a high temperature sulfur capture region, followed by additional sulfur capture in a lower temperature, high humidity sulfur capture region prior to separation of particulates from the flue gas. Sulfur capture using calcium-containing sorbents can be combined with aggressive coal beneficiation techniques to further enhance reduction of sulfur oxide emissions. The process of the invention provides a process for reducing sulfur oxides that efficiently uses calcium-containing sorbents to enhance sulfur capture while reducing the need for expensive equipment or process modifications.

Abstract: Solid, finely divided fuels based on coal with a particle size distribution according to which at least 90% of the particles have a size of less than 90 .mu.m, whereby the fuel contains 0.1 to 5 wt % calcium compounds and 0.01 to 1 wt % of a halogen-free and sulfur-free water-soluble iron compound, each based on dry weight, plus calcium and iron, permit an effective reduction n nitrogen oxide emissions in combustion gases when produced in such a way that the coal is impregnated with a 5 to 60 wt % aqueous solution of the iron salt and separately from that is also impregnated with a 10 to 75 wt % solution or suspension of calcium hydroxide and water in the absence of briquetting or pelletizing binders and then is milled in a milling and drying installation and dried to a water content of less than 1 wt %.

Abstract: Methods are described for impregnating coal with calcium carbonate by utilizing an aqueous phase ionic reaction between calcium acetate, calcium hydroxide, and water with CO.sub.2 contained within the coal. The coal is enriched in CO.sub.2 by contacting it with CO.sub.2 at high pressure, in either a continuous or pulsed mode. The inclusion of CO.sub.2 in the coal during the process does not involve evacuating the coal and subsequently absorbing CO.sub.2 onto the coal as in prior methods. Rather, the coal is treated with carbon dioxide at high pressure in a practical and viable approach. The impregnation of coal by calcium compounds not only reduces sulfur emissions by effectively tying up the sulfur as calcium sulfide or sulfate, but also increases the gasification or combustion rate. The invention also encompasses the use of other Group IIA elements, as well as the coal products resulting from the methods of treatment described.

Abstract: A method for improving utilization of sulphur-absorbent containing calcium, in a power plant burning fuel in a fluidized bed (12) of particulate material in a combustion chamber (11). When fresh absorbent is prepared it is crushed and the crushed material is subsequently divided into a fine and a coarse fraction. The fine fraction is calcinated, mixed with crushed coal (41) and used as drying agent. The invention also relates to a power plant having equipment (28) for calcinating a fine-particled fraction of fresh sulphur-absorbent, and also equipment for mixing coal (41) and the calcinated absorbent and equipment (46, 48) for feeding the mixture of absorbent and coal into the bed. (FIG. 3).

Abstract: This invention relates to the reduction of oxidized sulfur compound (SOX) emissions produced during combustion of sulfur (S)-containing combustible compounds. More particularly, this invention provides a method for reducing such emissions wherein the combustible compound is mixed with an admixture of a water soluble and a water insoluble sulfur sorbent. Use of such admixtures, remarkably, produces a reduction in the SOX level far greater than would be expected based on the activity of each sorbent alone. Extremely viscous hydrocarbons can be burned as preatomized fuels, which can also be mixed with sorbent admixtures. Clean burning fuels comprising sulfur-containing combustible compounds and sorbent admixtures are also provided.

Abstract: A method of preparing a sulfur-containing composite fuel is provided to utilize some high-sulfur content solid and semi-solid fuels such as tar sand coke and refinery tank sludges by reducing their sulfur emission on combustion. The method comprises the steps of making an aqueous slurry including a finely divided carbonaceous material, a comminuted sulfur capture agent and an oily agglomeration aid obtained from the refinery or tailing sludges and coagglomerating these components and an optional conditioning agent. The resulting agglomerated composite fuel has a reduced content of inorganic impurities and is suitable for fluidized-bed combustion.

Abstract: A method and composition are provided for decreasing emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides upon combustion of carbonaceous fuel material. In particular, the composition comprises a refined coal, having low ash-forming material and inorganic sulfur content, a sulfur sorbent, a sulfation promoter, and a catalyst for the reaction of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide. Reduced emissions of sulfur oxides are achieved by combusting the composition in an oxygen restricted burner to lessen the effect of sorbent sintering while obtaining other advantages associated with mixing a sulfur sorbent with the carbonaceous material prior to combustion. Nitrogen oxides emissions are reduced by use of an oxygen restricted burner which lowers the flame temperature. Nitrogen oxides emissions are also reduced by lower flame temperatures resulting from endothermic reactions which are undergone by the sulfur sorbent and promoter.