Abstract: A light guide plate includes a main body and a number of micro protrusions. The main body includes a light emitting surface, a bottom surface, and a light incident surface. The bottom surface is opposite to the light emitting surface. The light incident surface connects the light emitting surface and the bottom surface. The protrusions are randomly positioned on the light emitting surface, and are used for reflecting light rays towards random directions.

Abstract: An energy saving gas discharge lamp, and method of making same, is provided. The gas discharge lamp includes a light-transmissive envelope, and an electrode within the light-transmissive envelope to provide a discharge. A light scattering reflective layer is disposed on an inner surface of the light-transmissive envelope. A phosphor layer is coated on the light scattering reflective layer. A discharge-sustaining gaseous mixture is retained inside the light-transmissive envelope. The discharge-sustaining gaseous mixture includes more than 80% xenon, by volume, at a low pressure.

Abstract: A dense cathode electrode layer having a step coverage is to be formed on an electron injection layer. The electron injection layer in which fine particles of an electron injection material is dispersed in an organic thin film having an electron transport property is formed by vapor co-depositing the electron transport material and the electron injection material; and a cathode electrode layer made of an alloy layer of MgAg is formed by a sputtering method. Since lower portions of the fine particles of the electron injection material dispersed in the surface of the organic thin film are buried in the organic thin film, the electron injection particles are not peeled off even if sputtering particles collide with the electron injection particles, and the upper portions are in contact with the cathode electrode layer formed by sputtering particles.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a display apparatus which comprises a plurality of display pixels including light emitting elements having a carrier transport layer includes first causing a surface of an electrode formed in a forming region of the plurality of display pixels by being enclosed by a partition wall which is provided on a substrate to have a lyophilic characteristic, making a surface of the partition wall have a repellency characteristic and second causing the surface of the electrode to have the lyophilic characteristic again by carrying out a plasma treatment in an inert gas atmosphere.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent device (OELD) and a method of manufacturing the OELD are provided. The OELD includes a substrate, an anode electrode stacked on the substrate, an organic light emitting layer that is stacked on the anode electrode and has a plurality of protrusions on the organic light emitting layer, and a cathode electrode that covers the protrusions formed on the organic light emitting layer and is formed of a metal.

Abstract: A substrate for an organic EL display including an insulating layer, in which release of a substance derived from a material for the insulating layer by heating at a temperature equal to or lower than a temperature obtained by subtracting 20° C. from a decomposition temperature of the material for the insulating layer is detected by mass spectrometric detection at an S/N ratio smaller than 3/1.

Abstract: An image display unit having a structure in which a heat-resisting fine particle layer is formed on a metal back layer disposed on a phosphor layer, and a getter layer is deposited/formed on the heat-resisting fine particle layer by vapor-depositing. The fine particle layer is desirably formed in a specified pattern, and a filmy getter layer is formed in a pattern complementary to the former pattern. The average particle size of heat-resisting fine particles which may use SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 is 5 nm to 30 ?m. Since abnormal discharging is restricted, the destruction and deterioration of an electron emitting element and a phosphor screen are prevented to provide a high-brightness, high-grade display.

Abstract: An LED lamps capable of composing a display panel that is installed at any outdoor place and capable of displaying an image thereon with a high contrast under any working conditions at any place. The LED lamp comprises at least one LED chip for emitting visible light, a lead frame comprising a common part and separate parts for supplying electric power to each of electrode terminals of the LED chip and a transparent resin part disposed on the common lead frame for mounting the LED chip and converging light emitted from the LED chip, wherein the LED-chip-mounted surface is provided with an anti-reflection black-colored layer for absorbing light. The LED chip may be a four-element LED chip composed of an active layer of AlGaInP and the light-absorbing layer formed from any of black silver sulfide, silver oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, black silver paste and black copper paste.

Abstract: A process of efficiently transforming polymer films arranged on an electron source substrate into carbon films is provided. A light is irradiated onto a region of the substrate where a plurality of polymer films, associated electrodes and part of wirings are arranged so that the plurality of polymer films are simultaneously transformed into lower resistance films such as carbon films through heating by the irradiated light, wherein for the irradiating light, a light absorptance of the wirings is lower than that of the electrodes.

Abstract: A method for optimizing the photo-response of a photocathode having a gallium-arsenide layer and a cesium-oxide surface coating includes the steps of overcesiating the photocathode, sealing it in a vacuum tube and baking the assembly in an oven. The photo-response of the photocathode is measured while it is baked, such measurements comprising an input to a microprocessor which controls the baking process by varying the temperature and/or time of baking. The rate of increase of photo-response due to heating and optimizing the photo-response attributable to the cesium-oxide coating is determined by utilizing a formula which relates temperature and photo-response and permits room temperature photo-response to be projected from a measurement taken during the baking process. When the rate of increase shows a characteristic diminishing pattern, the photo-response has been maximized and the baking is terminated.

Abstract: A protective beryllium oxide coating of suitable thickness is applied to the inner surface of the arc tube of a high-intensity, metal halide discharge lamp in order to avoid a substantial loss of the metallic portion of the metal halide fill and hence a substantial buildup of free halogen, thereby extending the useful life of the lamp. A preferred lamp structure includes a fused silica arc tube. The beryllium oxide coating is preferably applied to the arc tube by evaporating beryllium in the arc tube under non-oxidizing conditions, and then heating in an oxidizing atmosphere.

Abstract: Reduced ion feedback in an electron multiplier (EM) is achieved by applying a higher than normal bias voltage to the EM and degassing the EM with a relatively high concentration of self-generated particles as a result of the applied bias voltage.

Abstract: The electric lamp has a lamp vessel (1) of which a wall portion (4) is mirror-coated at its inner surface with an aluminum layer. This wall portion (4) has a boundary (5) near the largest diameter (2) of the lamp vessel (1). This boundary (5) is adjoined by a zone (10) coated with a transparent aluminum oxide layer. In the lamp, a dark zone caused by a very thin aluminum layer adjoining the boundary (5) is avoided.

Abstract: A method of processing a bialkali-antimonide photoemissive cathode to remove trace quantities of alkali metal impurities is disclosed. The cathode is formed by heating alkali vapor sources comprising the chromates of two alkali materials which include trace impurities of two other alkali materials of higher vapor pressures than the aforementioned two alkali materials to sufficiently high temperatures to produce alkali vapors. The temperature of the substrate onto which the various alkali vapors condense is maintained at a sufficiently high temperature for a sufficiently long period of time to drive off the trace quantities of the higher vapor pressure other alkali materials from the substrate. Additionally, after the alkali vapor sources are heated to temperatures sufficient to vaporize the alkali chromates therein, the temperatures of the sources are lower and maintained at sufficient levels to accelerate the removal of reduced alkali vapors from the sources and from the photomultiplier tube.

Abstract: A method is provided for making a lithium-sodium-antimony photocathode including the step of forming a base layer including antimony on a substrate. Sodium is then deposited onto the base layer at an elevated temperature to a first peak value of responsivity, thereby forming a sodium-antimony surface. Next, at room temperature, lithium is deposited onto the substrate containing the sodium-antimony surface until the lithium-sodium-antimony photocathode develops a hazy brown color. The photocathode is sensitized by heating the substrate to an elevated temperature until a second peak value of responsivity, greater than the first peak value, is obtained. Antimony, sodium and lithium are then alternately deposited on the photocathode in order to stabilize the second responsivity peak.