Abstract: A display device includes a backlight having a discharge tube and a reflector. A heat conduction member is attached to the reflector in contact with the discharge tube, so that a part of the discharge tube is locally cooled by the heat conduction member. Liquid mercury is collected at a first position in the discharge tube, and the backlight is assembled so that the heat conduction member or other cooling device is located at the first position. Also, the display device includes an optical sheet having a diffusion portion having projections containing scattering material particles.

Abstract: On a faceplate having a phosphor layer and a metal back that are formed on a substrate, in a vacuum atmosphere, for instance an active Ba film is deposited as a getter film. Following this, while maintaining the vacuum atmosphere, the faceplate thereon the getter film is deposited and a rear plate having a plurality of electron emitters formed on a substrate are oppositely disposed to form a gap therebetween through a support frame, the gap being hermetically sealed. A flat panel display comprises the active Ba film formed on for instance the metal back as a getter film. Such getter film, while maintaining an activity, is disposed on an image display region in a vacuum vessel, having an excellent getter function.

Abstract: A method of analyzing a first gas in a lamp, including: cooling at least a first portion of a lamp below the condensation temperature of the first gas contained in the lamp while operating the lamp; maintaining the temperature of the first portion below the condensation temperature of the first gas until essentially all the available first gas contained in the lamp condenses on the surface of at least the first portion of the lamp; removing a second portion of the lamp, the second portion containing the condensed first gas; and analyzing at least one of the condensed first gas or the remaining bound gas.

Abstract: A discharge bulb including: an arc tube having a light emitting portion constructed in a manner that a light emitting substance is enclosed therein by pinch-sealing the arc tube, and discharge electrodes are oppositely arranged therein; and a shroud glass tube hermetically sealing and covering the arc tube, so as to form a space between the shroud glass tube and the arc tube. And a water content or pressure of gas enclosed in the sealed space is specified.

Abstract: An evacuated cavity is hermetically sealed between a baseplate and faceplate of a flat panel display. Melting a glass powder, or frit, on the perimeter of the viewing area forms the hermetic seal. After melting the frit, a first fluid is circulated through the cavity to speed cooling. To further expedite the cooling of the flat panel display, a second fluid flows externally along the contour of the flat panel display to insure that the cooling is uniform and thereby avoid thermal shock.

Abstract: In a plant comprising a tunnel oven (2) and a plurality of carts moving around a closed circuit, each cart is equipped with a gripper (3) for gripping the stem of the television tube and with a set for forming the vacuum in the television tube; the gripper (3) is made up of a seat (13) and a gland (14A, 14B) for an O ring seal (11) to provide leaktightness around the stem. The ring seal (11) is protectively cooled by providing at least one block (331A, 431A) that conducts heat well when combined with one of the components (13 and/or 14) of the gripper (3). This block is able to transfer the heat from the gripper (3) out of the oven and give it up to a cold source such as a stream of air, through fins (331B, 431B) or the like. A protective shield (45) is also provided.

Abstract: After evacuating and cleaning a discharge lamp, such as a fluorescent lamp, the lamp is dosed with mercury in the vapor phase. In particular, mercury vapor is introduced into the lamp at a predetermined pressure such that the vapor contained within the lamp corresponds to the required amount of mercury. To this end, the vapor pressure of mercury is controlled by controlling the temperature of the lamp and a reservoir of mercury in a pre-filled mercury container. Alternatively, a pressure regulator is used to directly control the vapor pressure of mercury at a sufficiently high temperature to maintain at least a portion of the mercury in the vapor state. Still another alternative method involves metering a fixed volume of mercury at a predetermined pressure. Finally, the discharge lamp is dosed with the remaining fill ingredients, e.g., at least one inert gas for a fluorescent lamp.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device including a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between plates treated to enforce a particular ferroelectric molecular orientation to the plates. The devices employ alone or in combination non-planar boundary conditions, polar boundary conditions, boundaries with multiple physical states, intrinsic spontaneous splay distortion of the polarization orientation field, combined ferroelectric and dielectric torques, layers tilted with respect to the plates. The plates are spaced by a distance sufficiently small to ensure unwinding of the helix typical in a bulk of the material to form either monostable, bistable or multistable states which exhibit novel electro-optic properties. The liquid crystal is responsive to an externally applied electric field, temperature or the like to make a light valve or other electro-optical device.

Abstract: To eliminate the necessity for supervising the composition of a fill being ntroduced to a halogen incandescent lamp bulb, so that the proportion of halogen containing additive and inert gas will be at a predetermined ratio, by spectroscropic and other similar means, the halogen containing additive (8) is placed, in solid or liquid phase, in a mixing vessel at a temperature (T.sub.1) which is in excess of a temperature (T.sub.2) which is necessary to result in the vapor pressure to enrich the inert gas at the predetermined quantity. The inert gas is conducted into the vessel and thereby excessively enriched. The excessively enriched inert gas is passed through a condenser, the temperature of which is accurately controlled to the temperature (T.sub.2) to thereby condense out the excess halogen additive, so that the mixture then will have the desired relationship of halogen containing additive and inert gas; this mixture is then being filled into the lamp.

Abstract: A metal halide lamp provides exceptional color rendition because of a high calcium iodide partial pressure. A long-arc ellipsoidal arc tube provides a high "cold spot" temperature.The method of manufacture of the lamp includes heating the arc tube tubulation while burning the lamp after dosing, and then an evacuation step to eliminate moisture due to the hygroscopic calcium iodide.

Abstract: A method of making a high pressure, tungsten halogen lamp wherein a predetermined quantity of a gas mixture including an inert gas (e.g., argon) and halogen compound (e.g., methyliodide) are introduced into the retained tubular member which eventually comprises the sealed envelope of the lamp. This gas mixture is then cooled sufficiently to form either a pool of liquified gas or, alternatively, a frozen, solidified member. A quantity of nitrogen gas established at a predetermined atmospheric pressure is then introduced into the tubular member through the remaining open end while a press sealing operation is accomplished to seal the end. The result is a finished lamp possessing an elevated internal pressure (e.g., three atmospheres) of the described inert gas, halogen and hydrogen.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a gas-filled discharge tube, designed, e.g., as transient protector, containing tube components comprised of at least two electrodes and an insulating body holding the electrodes joined vacuum-tight, with the electrodes and the insulating body dimensioned and arranged in such a way that at least one discharge gap is present in the tube, is disclosed.

Abstract: Gas-filled discharge tube for use as transient protection, with at least two electrodes separated by a discharge gap and an insulating body which is joined to the electrodes and, jointly with them, forms a discharge chamber. The sealing of the tube occurs at atmospheric pressure and a suitable temperature, in a mixture of a light and a heavy gas suitable for the purpose, after which the tube is enveloped in a suitable heavy gas at atmospheric pressure, while the temperature is adjusted in such a manner that the light gas enclosed in the tube, through diffusion and a partial pressure difference, exits through the insulating body, whereas the heavy gases can only to an insignificant degree diffuse through the insulating body. The gas diffusion brings about a reduction in the total gas pressure inside the tube and the process is interrupted when the desired pressure drop is obtained.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device including a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between plates treated to enforce a particular ferroelectric molecular orientation to the plates. The devices employ alone or in combination non-planar boundary conditions, polar boundary conditions, boundaries with multiple physical states, intrinsic spontaneous splay distortion of the polarization orientation field, combined ferroelectric and dielectric torques, layers tilted with respect to the plates. The plates are spaced by a distance sufficiently small to ensure unwinding of the helix typical in a bulk of the material to form either monostable, bistable or multistable states which exhibit novel electro-optic properties. The liquid crystal is responsive to an externally applied electric field, temperature or the like to make a light valve or other electro-optical device.