Abstract: A film drying device includes a chamber, a film fixing unit in the chamber and configured to fix a film, and a heater in the chamber and configured to apply heat to the film.

Abstract: A manufacturing apparatus for an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display includes a stage mounted with an organic light emitting display panel and a supporting substrate of the organic light emitting display panel, a porous sheet attachable to and detachable from a thin film encapsulation layer of the organic light emitting display panel, and a porous sheet attaching/detaching apparatus configured to be separable from the organic light emitting display panel and to attach and detach the porous sheet to and from the thin film encapsulation layer of the organic light emitting display panel. The porous sheet attaching/detaching apparatus is configured to remove an attaching/detaching gas from between the porous sheet and the thin film encapsulation layer to attach the porous sheet to the thin film encapsulation layer.

Abstract: A method for establishing a vacuum in a container includes the following steps. The container having an exhaust through hole defined therein is provided. A sealing cover including a connecting material located on the periphery of the sealing cover is provided. The sealing cover is spaced from the exhaust through hole for form at least gaps between the sealing cover and the exhaust through hole. A vacuum is established in the container. The connecting material is heated. The sealing cover covers the exhaust through hole and the connecting material is cooled. After that the container is packaged.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for forming an alignment film are disclosed, comprising: providing a substrate comprising a displaying region and a non-displaying region; spraying an alignment liquid onto the displaying region of the substrate; disposing an interference plate directly above the substrate; moving the interference plate downward in the upper surface of the substrate to a level equal to an average thickness of the alignment liquid so as to promote quick and uniform diffusion of the alignment liquid in the displaying region; and baking the uniformly diffused alignment liquid to form the alignment film. By using the interference plate to limit the height of the alignment liquid after the alignment liquid is sprayed, the thickness of the alignment film is guaranteed and uniform diffusion of the alignment liquid is promoted. This enhances the uniformity of the alignment film and improves both the displaying performance and the production efficiency.

Abstract: The invention relates to a furnace (1) for producing a discharge lamp, comprising an outer furnace wall. It is characterized by a hollow body (2) that surrounds the outer furnace wall and is provided to receive discharge vessel parts (4, 5) and joints of the same to a discharge vessel (8) for the discharge lamp. The hollow body (2) further comprises a discharge gas supply (9) for flooding with a discharge gas such that a discharge vessel (8) provided in the hollow body (2) is filled with the same. The invention further relates to a production method for discharge lamps comprising such a furnace (1).

Abstract: A plurality of liquid crystal cells are formed by encapsulating pieces of liquid crystal material with in a plurality of first sealing members, respectively, between a pair of flexible substrate base materials. Only respective parts of the pair of substrate base materials are contained inside a vacuum container, and the liquid crystal cells are formed inside the vacuum container reduced in pressure.

Abstract: A two chamber system with fill gas in one chamber and vacuum in the other provides a means of burning in one or more vacuum tubes while avoiding contamination from environmental gases. Vacuum tubes are often burned in after being sealed. Some processes burn-in the tubes before sealing them. The burn in process can take days and provide ample opportunity for environmental gases to contaminate the vacuum tube. The vacuum tube's fill tube passes through the vacuum chamber and into the fill gas chamber. Environmental gases leaking past the fill tube are evacuated by the vacuum. Similarly, fill gas leaking past the fill tube is also evacuated to vacuum. As such, the environmental gases are drawn away before contaminating the vacuum tube.

Abstract: A vacuum device includes a main body and an adjustment assembly connected to the main body. The main body includes a frame, a loading member, and an elastic film. The loading member and the elastic film are arranged at opposite end surfaces of the frame. A chamber is cooperatively formed by the frame, the loading member, and the elastic film. The adjustment assembly adjusts the inner air pressure of the chamber. The loading member includes an absorption area connecting the chamber to outside the main body. The absorption area changes the air pressure inside the chamber. Also provided is a bonding apparatus using the vacuum device.

Abstract: Heavier noble gases such as xenon and argon can reduce the run-in period for vacuum tubes and in particular flame detector tubes. The tubes can be filled with a run-in gas and then run-in. The run-in gas can then be exchanged for an end gas, such as neon, and the tube sealed. A final conditioning step of running in the tube with the end gas can further smooth the tube's anode and cathode to thereby improve performance and operating life.

Abstract: In a substrate processing apparatus for processing a substrate in a hermetic container equipped with an exhaust tube and a gas introducing tube, an introducing port of the gas introducing tube is positioned inside the exhaust tube to make uniform an atmosphere in the hermetic container, in the vicinity of an exhaust port of the exhaust tube.

Abstract: A flat display panel comprising exhaust holes in a display region is provided. In the flat display panel, a front substrate comprising X and Y electrodes a rear substrate comprising an address electrode are sealed at a predetermined interval in parallel. Vacuum exhaust and gas discharge are performed on a space between the sealed substrates through the exhaust holes in the display area, thereby reducing a non-radiation area of the panel to less than 1 mm. As a result, the flat display panel is effective in formation of an indefinite extension multi-PDP because a seam between the panels is removed when a multi-PDP comprising a plurality of panels is formed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a furnace (1) for producing a discharge lamp, comprising an outer furnace wall. It is characterized by a hollow body (2) that surrounds the outer furnace wall and is provided to receive discharge vessel parts (4, 5) and joints of the same to a discharge vessel (8) for the discharge lamp. The hollow body (2) further comprises a discharge gas supply (9) for flooding with a discharge gas such that a discharge vessel (8) provided in the hollow body (2) is filled with the same. The invention further relates to a production method for discharge lamps comprising such a furnace (1).

Abstract: A method of sealing a photonic assembly comprising several substrate plates and a sealing material disposed therebetween using a frame that may be positioned over and about a perimeter of the assembly. The frame and the assembly form a free space region between the frame and the assembly. A vacuum is applied to the free space region, for example through a passage formed in the frame, thereby causing a force to be applied against the frame and the assembly, via ambient atmospheric pressure, that facilitates the formation of a seal between the substrates when the sealing material is cured. An apparatus for performing the method is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a flat-panel display device, includes: laminating a thermosetting resin film on a sealing substrate; stacking the sealing substrate having the thermosetting resin film laminated thereon, and an element substrate having a light-emitting element together under a vacuum atmosphere with the thermosetting resin film and the light-emitting element facing inwardly, and with a frame-shaped sealing material around the thermosetting resin film interposed between the two substrates; joining the sealing substrate and the element substrate together under a vacuum atmosphere by the sealing material situated between the sealing substrate and the element substrate stacked together; and heat-curing the thermosetting resin film situated between the sealing substrate and the element substrate stacked together, under an air atmosphere.

Abstract: Broadband radiation may be generated by supplying a gas mixture containing hydrogen and/or deuterium and/or helium and/or neon to an enclosure, generating a plasma inside the enclosure with the gas mixture. Broadband radiation generated as a result of the plasma discharge to a substrate may be optically coupled to a substrate located outside the enclosure.

Abstract: A cassette assembly and a method of manufacturing fluorescent lamps using the cassette assembly are provided. The cassette assembly includes a housing defining a process chamber and having a plurality of holes in which glass tubes for the fluorescent lamps are inserted to communicate with the chamber, a carrying unit including two or more porous plates through which the glass tubes are fitted, a plurality of ring members disposed on the porous plates to preliminarily fix the glass tubes to the carrying unit by allowing the outer circumferences of the glass tubes to contact, and a locking unit for changing the glass tubes from the preliminary fixing status to a lockup status by varying contact pressure applied between the ring members and the glass tubes.

Abstract: A plasma display panel that includes a first plate and a second plate that are sealed to each other to form discharge cells. The discharge cells generate images by gas discharge. The plates include an exhaust port that is formed along an edge of the first plate to define a path to connect to the discharge cells, an exhaust tube on the outside of the first plate that is connected to the discharge cells through the exhaust port, and a pad that is formed around the exhaust port and the exhaust tube of the first plate. This structure effectively blocks a noise path around the exhaust port and the exhaust tube formed in the rear plate.

Abstract: A plurality of liquid crystal cells are formed by encapsulating pieces of liquid crystal material with in a plurality of first sealing members, respectively, between a pair of flexible substrate base materials. Only respective parts of the pair of substrate base materials are contained inside a vacuum container, and the liquid crystal cells are formed inside the vacuum container reduced in pressure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sealing apparatus of discharge lamps, and more particularly, to a sealing apparatus adapted to be applied at a sealing structure of an enclosure, such as a plasma display and a gas-filling bottle, for permanently sealing the same, which is substantially a multiunit tube, primarily comprising at least an evacuated metal tube and an evacuated alloy tube coupled to the evacuated metal tube by an airtight manner, being adapted to interface with an end of a tube connecting to a glass substrate of an enclosure, such as a plasma display or a discharge lamp.

Abstract: A method of secondarily welding one end of a shroud glass tube covering an arc tube body having a discharge emitting portion, having the other end welded primarily to one of the arc tube body ends, to the other end side of the arc tube body, while discharging air from, and introducing an inactive gas into, the tube through the opening end of the glass tube to hold a negative pressure. Heating and melting from a side is carried out. The opening end of the glass tube is connected to a piping passage component for discharging air and introducing an inactive gas through a rotatable magnetic fluid seal unit. Secondary welding is carried out with the rotation of the glass tube around an axis. The glass tube rotated with respect to secondary side heater is uniformly heated, molten and softened circumferentially, and welded along the arc tube body outer periphery.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device includes a unitary vacuum processing chamber, a upper stage affixing a second substrate and a lower stage affixing a first substrate, and a substrate receiving system provided within the vacuum processing chamber, moving along a first direction of the second substrate, and receiving the second substrate.

Abstract: Provided are a producing apparatus and a producing process which make it possible to obtain effectively an organic EL display device capable of suppressing the generation of dark spots for a long time even in a high temperature environment. Therefore, an apparatus for producing an organic EL display device comprises a first unit for carrying a supporting substrate in, a second unit for heating at least the supporting substrate before forming an organic luminescence medium, thereby performing a dehydration treatment, a third unit for forming the organic luminescence medium and an upper element, and a fourth unit for sealing the periphery of the apparatus with a sealing member, wherein the first unit is arranged between the second unit and the third unit, a first carrying device is set up in the first unit, and a second carrying device is arranged between the third unit and the fourth unit.

Abstract: A ceramic arc tube for high intensity discharge (HID) lighting applications is provided wherein the arc tube contains a high buffer gas pressure. A method and apparatus for making the arc tube are also provided wherein RF induction heating is used to melt a frit material to form a hermetic seal.

Abstract: An FPD encapsulation apparatus at least comprises a chamber and a pressing mechanism. In this case, the chamber has an airtight space to provide a low-pressure environment, and the low-pressure environment is located inside the airtight space. The pressing mechanism is disposed within the chamber, and the pressing mechanism is operated in the low-pressure environment for pressing a second substrate to bind a first substrate and the second substrate. Furthermore, a method for encapsulating an FPD is disclosed. The method comprises providing a first substrate, forming an adhesive on the first substrate, providing a second substrate to align the first substrate and face to the adhesive, providing a low-pressure environment for the first and second substrates, and binding the first and second substrates to form the FPD.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a PDP includes the steps of carrying a PDP under manufacture into an apparatus having a plurality of firing zones, and performing a firing step and/or a drying step under circulating hot air supplied in the respective firing zones. Organic components generated in the firing step and/or the drying step are oxidatively decomposed in a path for circulating the hot air.

Abstract: The apparatus for manufacturing a plasma display panel having a first mechanism for supplying a cover member formed by a metal sheet to which low-melting-point glass is applied to a first location within the gas introduction and sealing chamber, a second mechanism provided in the gas introduction and sealing chamber for moving the cover member from the first location to a second location which is over a heating apparatus provided in the gas introduction and sealing chamber, a third mechanism provided in the gas introduction and sealing chamber for performing vacuum exhausting an inside of the plasma display panel and then introducing a luminescent gas into the plasma display panel, and a fourth mechanism provided in the gas introduction and sealing chamber for heating the metal sheet to which the low-melting-point glass is applied by using the heating apparatus, so that the gas introduction port is sealed by the low-melting-point glass.

Abstract: A method is provided to steadily produce a gas discharge panel, such as a PDP, in which a panel and the top of the barrier ribs are in intimate contact in entirety. First a surrounding unit for the gas discharge panel is formed, then a process for sealing the surrounding unit with a sealing material inserted between two panels at the rim is performed while pressure is adjusted so that pressure inside the surrounding unit is lower than pressure outside. With this construction, the panels constituting the surrounding unit are bonded together while they are pressurized from outside. As a result, a panel and the top of the barrier ribs on the other panel are bonded together while they are in intimate contact in entirety. To fully acquire these effects, it is preferable that the adjustment of pressure starts before the sealing material hardens.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for manufacturing a spark plug which avoids depth insufficiency of the weld metal portion or thickness insufficiency of the spark portion and which thus enhances the weld strength and service life of the spark portion. According to the method, a noble metal chip is attached to a chip joint face formed on a distal end of a center electrode of a spark plug workpiece, along the direction of the longitudinal axis of the workpiece, so as to form a chip-attached assembly. The chip-attached assembly is irradiated with a laser beam LB so as to form a laser-beam weld metal portion intruding into the noble metal chip and into the chip joint face, thereby forming a noble-metal spark portion having a discharge face.

Abstract: Provided are a producing apparatus and a producing process which make it possible to obtain effectively an organic EL display device capable of suppressing the generation of dark spots for a long time even in a high temperature environment. Therefore, an apparatus for producing an organic EL display device comprises a first unit for carrying a supporting substrate in, a second unit for heating at least the supporting substrate before forming an organic luminescence medium, thereby performing a dehydration treatment, a third unit for forming the organic luminescence medium and an upper element, and a fourth unit for sealing the periphery of the apparatus with a sealing member, wherein the first unit is arranged between the second unit and the third unit, a first carrying device is set up in the first unit, and a second carrying device is arranged between the third unit and the fourth unit.

Abstract: A bonding machine for fabrication of a large size LCD having an upper stage and a lower stage provided in a bonding chamber to face each other, for adsorbing the first and second substrates carried in the bonding chamber, and bonding the substrates together. The bonding machine having supporting means in the bonding chamber, lifting means, and process supplementing means fitted in the bonding chamber so as to be rotatable and movable up/down. The method including loading the first and second substrates on respective stages, driving the supporting means to support the second substrate loaded on the upper stage, and evacuating the bonding chamber, the upper stage adsorbing the second substrate and bonding the first and second substrates together, and lifting the bonded first and second substrates from the lower stage by using the lifting means, and unloading the first and second substrates.

Abstract: Supplying pellets without the risk of enlarging the apparatus size or moisture absorption of the pellets by disposing a rotation drum provided with a pellet storage room in a sealed case with an inert gas supply. The apparatus according to the present invention has a main body case with a rotation drum storage part formed therein, a lid mounted on the front surface opening part of the main body case, a rotation drum disposed rotatably in the rotation drum storage part, and a pellet supply nozzle elongating from the main body. Through holes having a size capable of inserting a pellet are provided on the circumferential wall of the rotation drum with an equal interval in the circumferential direction as well as the side wall of the main body case to be contacted slidably with the circumferential wall of the rotation drum.

Abstract: An image display appratus is manufactured by processing a panel member through a plurality of chambers including ones for a bake processing and a getter processing. The getter processng is performed at a temperature lower than a temperature of the panel member subjected to the bake processing, to prevent degrading of a getter film.

Abstract: A multi-functional vacuum processing apparatus for luminous tubes (especially for neon tubes), glass containers, food containers, and cosmetic containers, generally includes a body fame, a vacuum pump, a main pipe, a plurality of valves, a plurality of gas tanks, a thermometer, an adjustable current controller and high voltage transformer, a turbine vacuum pump, a turbine controller, an inspector, safety sensors, and a control panel, whereby one whereby one can carry out vacuum processing procedures with fully or semi-automatic operations so that no skilful operators are required and ordinary operators can increase quality, working efficiency, service life and production rate, and decrease costs, and can provide protection, safety, troubleshooting and inspection functions.

Abstract: To attain an increase in production speed and suitable for mass production in a substrate processing operation such as film formation requiring a hermetic atmosphere. A substrate processing method for performing a predetermined processing on a substrate is provided, which includes the steps of: arranging a surface of the substrate to be processed in a hermetic atmosphere; evacuating said hermetic atmosphere; and performing a predetermined processing on the substrate, in which the processing step is conducted after moving the evacuated hermetic atmosphere from the station for evacuation to a ifferent station.

Abstract: A multi-functional vacuum processing apparatus for luminous tubes (especially for neon tubes), glass containers, food containers, and cosmetic containers, generally includes a body frame, a vacuum pump, a main pipe, a plurality of valves, a plurality of gas tanks, a thermometer, an adjustable current controller and high voltage transformer, a turbine vacuum pump, a turbine controller, an inspector, safety sensors, and a control panel, whereby one whereby one can carry out vacuum processing procedures with fully or semi-automatic operations so that no skilful operators are required and ordinary operators can increase quality, working efficiency, service life and production rate, and decrease costs, and can provide protection, safety, troubleshooting and inspection functions.

Abstract: An image display appratus is manufactured by processing a panel member through a plurality of chambers including ones for a bake processing and a getter processing. The getter processng is performed at a temperature lower than a temperature of the panel member subjected to the bake processing, to prevent degrading of a getter film.

Abstract: An electron source/image display device manufacturing apparatus according to this invention includes (A) a support which supports a substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface on which a conductor is arranged, and includes a plurality of electrostatic chucks each having a conductive member, (B) a vessel which has a gas inlet port and an exhaust port, and covers part of the first major surface, (C) a valve connected to the inlet port to introduce gas into the vessel, (D) an exhaust system connected to the exhaust port to exhaust the gas from the vessel, and (E) a power supply for applying a predetermined potential difference between the conductor and the conductive member. This apparatus arrangement enables easy, stable processing in the “forming” and “activation” steps.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for manufacturing an image displaying apparatus having a display panel are provided. A first substrate of the display panel on which phosphor exciting means is disposed and a second substrate of the display panel on which phosphors emitting light by the phosphor exciting means is provide are prepared under the vacuum atmosphere. Then, the first and the second substrates are carried in a getter processing chamber or bake processing chamber, and getter processing or bake processing is applied thereto under the vacuum atmosphere. After the processing, the first and the second substrates are carried in a seal processing chamber, where the substrates are heat sealed under the vacuum atmosphere. Thus, reduction of vacuum exhaust time and a high vacuum degree in manufacturing an image displaying apparatus is attained and efficiency of manufacturing is improved.

Abstract: A neon lamp including a sealed glass bulb, electrodes and leads connected to the electrodes has a flat head whose center region descends into the interior of the sealed glass bulb. A method of producing the neon lamp includes steps of charging neon gas into a glass tube through a fine glass tube at the head of the glass tube, sealing the fine glass tube to obtain a sealed glass bulb having a projecting tip portion, removing excess glass of the projecting tip portion, and shaping the projecting tip portion into a substantially flat or lenticular head portion. A system for producing the neon lamp includes a shaping head for accommodating the sealed glass bulb with its projecting tip portion exposed outside the shaping head, heating means for melting the projecting tip portion, a projecting tip cutter for removing excess glass of the projecting tip portion, and a head presser for shaping the projecting tip portion into a substantially flat or lenticular shape.

Abstract: The apparatus for manufacturing a plasma display panel comprising comprising: a first mechanism for supplying a cover member formed by a metal sheet to which low-melting-point glass is applied to a first location within the gas introduction and sealing chamber, a second mechanism provided in the gas introduction and sealing chamber for moving the cover member from the first location to a second location which is over a heating apparatus provided in the gas introduction and sealing chamber, a third mechanism provided in the gas introduction and sealing chamber for performing vacuum exhausting an inside of the plasma display panel and then introducing a luminescent gas into the plasma display panel, and a fourth mechanism provided in the gas introduction and sealing chamber for heating the metal sheet to which the low-melting-point glass is applied by using the heating apparatus, so that the gas introduction port is sealed by the low-melting-point glass.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a partition wall of a plasma display device includes (a) providing a substrate and a block in which partition wall forming grooves having the same pattern as that of partition walls are formed; (b) positioning the substrate on the block; (c) pressing the substrate against the block such that part of the substrate is inserted into the partition wall forming grooves to form the partition walls; and (d) separating the substrate from the block.

Abstract: In the present invention, the vacuum packaging of a field emission display (FED) is achieved in a high vacuum apparatus using a glass-to-glass bonding. The apparatus may eliminate the problems encountered in the conventional art in which a ventilation tube is used, so that vacuum degree of the interior of panels of the FED is affected (decreased) by the gases generated in sealing the ventilation tube. Furthermore, in the prior art, a part of the ventilation tube remains on the panel of the FED for thereby increasing the thickness of the panels, and the ventilating of gases is not effectively performed by the extension of the tube and a big size hole.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a field emission display is disclosed. The method includes the steps of arranging a sealing layer between a face plate and a substrate, heating the sealing layer until the sealing layer adheres to the face plate and the substrate, and then pulling the face plate away from the sealing layer so that the vacuum is improved. The sealing layer may be constructed from glass and heated with a heating coil made from ni-chrome wire. The elements can be positioned using industrial robots using common manufacturing techniques.

Abstract: A flat display screen includes a cathode (1) with microtips (2) for the electron bombardment of the anode (5) having phosphor elements (7r, 7g, 7b), the cathode (1) and the anode (5) separated by a vacuum space (12) containing a progressive hydrogen release source comprised of a thin layer of hydrogenated material. The progressive hydrogen release source may comprise a resistive layer (11) of the cathode (1) on which the microtips (2) are arranged. The progressive hydrogen release source provides the microtips (2) with a substantially constant emitting power.

Abstract: A hybrid tubeless process has been developed for creating a high vacuum spool-shaped glass frits plug to be used for low cost, high throughput manufacturing of flat panel display devices. This is accomplished by using a 3-port exhaust tube which allows high vacuum sealing of the FED with minimum contamination hence protects the device from early failure.

Abstract: An apparatus for connecting a vacuum pump stand with an electronic tube and including guide rails along which guide rolls mounted on the stand suction flange are displaced upon movement of the suction flange toward the electronic tube, and pivotal levers connected with the guide rails and supporting roller mounts of rollers for centering the electronic tube neck, with the suction flange including a gasket ring into which the electronic tube exhaust tube, which projects from the tube neck, extends in the upper end position of the suction flange, and with the guide rails having a variable profile such that the levers move, upon the upward displacement of the suction flange, from a position, in which the centering rollers are spaced from the electronic tube neck, into a position in which the centering rollers firmly engage the electronic tube neck, and then back into a position in which the centering rollers are again spaced from the electronic tube neck.

Abstract: An emitter structure 12 for use in a field emission display device comprises a ballast layer 17 overlying an electrically conductive coating 16 (cathode electrode), which is itself formed on an electrically insulating substrate 18. A gate electrode comprises a coating of an electrically conductive material 22 which is deposited on an insulating layer 20. Cone-shaped microtips 14 formed within apertures 34 through conductive layer 22 and insulating layer 20. In the present invention, insulating layer 20 comprises a dielectric material capable of desorbing at least ten atomic percent hydrogen, which may illustratively comprise hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ). HSQ is an abundant source of hydrogen which keeps deleterious oxides from forming on microtip emitters 14. HSQ also reduces the capacitance formed by cathode electrode 16 and gate electrode 22, since its relative dielectric constant is less than 3.5.

Abstract: Improved systems and methods are disclosed for exhausting and combined exhausting and seasoning of x-ray tubes having metal envelopes for high performance x-ray systems having a rotating anode therein. The methods and systems for sealing a metal tubulation, having a diameter greater than about 20 mm and operatively connected to the x-ray tube metal envelope, to a metal disk positioned inside the metal tubulation, the metal disk having a smaller diameter than at least one portion of the metal tubulation include providing a vacuum connection to the metal tubulation and a heater positioned on the outside of the metal tubulation; heating the anode of the x-ray tube to temperatures inside the x-ray tube metal envelope of about 1500.degree. C.

Abstract: Improved systems and methods are disclosed for exhausting and combined exhausting and seasoning of x-ray tubes having glass envelopes for high performance x-ray system having a rotating anode therein. The systems and methods include using a metal tubulation having a diameter greater than about 20 mm operatively connected to a glass tubulation having a diameter greater than about 20 mm which is in turn connected to a glass x-ray tube envelope; positioning a metal disk inside the metal tubulation, the metal disk having a smaller diameter than at least one portion of the metal tubulation, and connecting a vacuum pump to the metal portion of the tubulation; positioning heating means on the outside of the metal portion of the tubulation, heating the anode of the x-ray tube to a temperature inside the x-ray tube envelope to about 1500.degree. C.

Abstract: An emitter structure 12 for use in a field emission display device comprises a ballast layer 17 overlying ah electrically conductive coating 16 (cathode electrode), which is itself formed on an electrically insulating substrate 18. A gate electrode comprises a coating of an electrically conductive material 22 which is deposited on an insulating layer 20. Cone-shaped microtips 14 formed within apertures 34 through conductive layer 22 and insulating layer 20. In the present invention, insulating layer 20 comprises a dielectric material capable of desorbing at least ten atomic percent hydrogen, which may illustratively comprise hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ). HSQ is an abundant source of hydrogen which keeps deleterious oxides from forming on microtip emitters 14. HSQ also reduces the capacitance formed by cathode electrode 16 and gate electrode 22, since its relative dielectric constant is less than 3.5.