Abstract: An automatic power level control circuit provides output power control of a transmitter device as used in wireless LAN applications in that an output signal is detected and a corresponding control voltage of a DAC in the base band section is corresponding adjusted. Preferably, the measurement of the output power is carried out during a first transmit cycle and the DAC is adjusted after completion of the first transmit cycle and prior to the begin of a subsequent transmit cycle. Thus, a reliable output level control is obtained with a minimum number of radio frequency components, wherein the control loop shows an enhanced stability due to the time-discrete control operation.

Abstract: Transceiver architectures for supporting multi-band radio frequencies are disclosed. According to one aspect of the present invention, a number of processing channels are designed, each for one specified carrier frequency. A number of switching means is provided to ensure that a processing channel is properly selected for a specified carrier frequency. Each of the processing channels includes at least an amplified and a low-pass filter, where the low-pass filter is automatically programmable in response to a wireless standard (e.g., Wi-Fi or WiMAX). A single voltage oscillator (VCO) is used to support operations of each of the processing channels.

Abstract: A method for estimating and measuring error vector magnitude (EVM) is provided by correlating a transmitter compression level to an EVM.

Abstract: A radio-frequency receiver. The radio-frequency receiver includes a first and second low noise amplifier (LNA), a local oscillating module, and a first, second, and third mixer. The first LNA amplifies a first RF signal. The local oscillating module generates a first, second and third local oscillating signals. The first local oscillating signal is generated according to the second local oscillating signal. The first mixer mixes the first RF signal with the first local oscillating signal to generate an intermediate frequency signal. The second LNA amplifies a second RF signal. The second and third mixers can be operated in two modes. The second and third mixers mix the intermediate frequency signal to generate a first and second baseband signal respectively in the first mode, and the second and third mixers mix the second RF signal with the second and third oscillating frequency respectively in a second mode.

Abstract: The invention provides a dual band transmitter available for a mobile communication terminal such as mobile phone, in which a first RF amplifier 111 amplifies the power of a high band signal BS1 at a first amplification factor that is determined according to a first bias voltage. A second RF amplifier 121 amplifies the power of a low band signal BS2 at a second amplification factor determined according to a second bias voltage. A first coupling capacitor C11 couples an output signal from the first RF amplifier 111. A second coupling capacitor C21 couples an output signal from the second RF amplifier 121. A filtering coupler 140 has a high pass filter FT1 for a first coupled signal from the first coupling capacitor C11 and a low pass filter FT2 for a second coupled signal from the second coupling capacitor C21.

Abstract: In a power amplifier, a serial bus interface is provided for sending and receiving information to other devices, such as a baseband controller. The power amplifier includes several control pins that can be used as a serial interface, or alternately, with a direct pin control interface. The serial bus interface can be used with digital power control techniques that provide various advantages over conventional power amplifiers.

Abstract: A data transmitter includes (a) first communication means performing data transmission according to IrDA Standard, (b) second communication means performing data transmission that does not comply with the IrDA Standard and (c) means for switching between a process performed by the first communication means and a process performed by the second communication means. The second communication means includes (a) management information transmitting means for sending management information for managing transmission target data according to a data transmission prosecution command from a user, (b) communication capability information receiver means for receiving communication capability information indicating communication capability of a device that has responded to the transmission of the management information and (c) data transmission means for transmitting a packet including the transmission target data on the basis of the communication capability information.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for partitioning and downloading executable memory images in low-powered computing devices comprised of multiple processors and a mobile station modem. The general computing subsystem 102 handles tasks generally related to a personal digital assistant (PDA) as well as activating the modem computer subsystem 104 and one or more shared memory modules 108-110. The modem computing subsystem 104 handles tasks associated with a mobile station modem. Power is conserved by not clocking the modem computer system 104 and the shared memory 108-110 during times when modem functions are not needed. The shared memory modules 108-110 are loaded with a binary memory image for use by the modem computer subsystem 104 from a memory 222 under control of the general computing subsystem 102. When needed, the modem computing subsystem 104 is activated to monitor a paging channel, and disabled when it is no longer desired to monitor the paging channel.

Abstract: In a communication semiconductor integrated circuit device using offset PLL architectures and including an oscillator circuit and a frequency divider circuit generating an intermediate frequency signal, the oscillator circuit includes an oscillator, a programmable frequency divider which frequency-divides the oscillation signal in accordance with frequency division information, a phase comparator detecting a phase difference between an output signal of the programmable frequency divider and a reference signal, and a frequency control unit for outputting a signal indicative of the phase difference and controlling the oscillation frequency of the oscillator, wherein a frequency division ratio generator circuit generates an integer part I and a fraction part F/G based on band information concerning the use frequency band and mode information along with channel information and for producing the frequency division ratio information to thereby give it to the programmable frequency divider.

Abstract: In a communication semiconductor integrated circuit device using offset PLL architectures and including an oscillator circuit and a frequency divider circuit generating an intermediate frequency signal, the oscillator circuit includes an oscillator, a programmable frequency divider which frequency-divides the oscillation signal in accordance with frequency division information, a phase comparator detecting a phase difference between an output signal of the programmable frequency divider and a reference signal, and a frequency control unit for outputting a signal indicative of the phase difference and controlling the oscillation frequency of the oscillator, wherein a frequency division ratio generator circuit generates an integer part I and a fraction part F/G based on band information concerning the use frequency band and mode information along with channel information and for producing the frequency division ratio information to thereby give it to the programmable frequency divider.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for power detection in a multi-mode communication device configured for operation in different modes or frequency bands. A detector monitors the power level of an amplified outgoing signal. The detector may be configured with a switch and two or more samplers. Responsive to the mode of operation, the detector adopts an optimal configuration to generate a power level feedback signal, which is provided to a digital signal processor or controller. Comparison of the power level feedback signal to a target value may occur to generate an amplifier control signal. The amplifier control signal controls the gain, applied by an amplifier, to the outgoing signal. During operation, the system monitors for a change in the mode of operation and upon responsive to a change, generates a switch control signal to reconfigure the detector configuration to match the new mode of operation.

Abstract: A dual band direct conversion architecture for both the receive (RX) and transmit (TX) path of a communications transceiver that minimizes the transceiver area by sharing common circuits used in both RX and TX paths is disclosed. The transceiver also allows the use of extensive digital calibration in order to achieve performance adequate to support high bit rate modulation schemes.

Abstract: In an electronic apparatus which is equipped with a first transmission unit for performing a first communication by an electromagnetic wave; a second transmission unit for performing a second communication by an electromagnetic wave; and a reception unit for receiving a signal transmitted from the second transmission unit, the electronic apparatus is comprised of an antenna arranged by a radiator having a size which is smaller than 1/(2?) of a wavelength of a use electromagnetic wave, which is connected to at least the second transmission unit and the reception unit.

Abstract: A transmitter for generating modulated signals is shown, wherein in a first-type operating mode, a first digital signal is input into a digital-to-analog converter to obtain a first analog signal that is input into a first-type unit, in which a first-type modulated signal is generated in dependence on at least the first analog signal; and wherein in a second-type operating mode, a second digital signal is input into the digital-to-analog converter to obtain a second analog signal that is input into a second-type unit, in which a second-type modulated signal is generated in dependence on at least the second analog signal. Correspondingly, a wireless communication device is shown, as well as a base station, a module in a wireless communication device, a module in a base station, an integrated circuit, a method, a computer program and a computer program product.

Abstract: A multimode communications system includes a first communications module, a transmission module, a switch and a second communications module. The first communication module has a frequency modulator for modulating a dividing ratio to adjust an oscillating signal and selectively enabling the oscillating signal to have its frequency change with a variety of contents of a first communications signal by modulating the dividing ratio according to the contents of the first communications signal on a modulating mode or enabling the oscillating signal to have its frequency constant by keeping the dividing ratio unchanged. The switch is to selectively transmit the oscillating signal either to the transmission module when the frequency modulator is operating on the modulating mode or to a receiving end when the frequency modulator is operating on the constant frequency mode.

Abstract: A transmitter for generating modulated signals is shown, wherein in a first-type operating mode, a first digital signal is input into a digital-to-analog converter to obtain a first analog signal that is input into a first-type unit, in which a first-type modulated signal is generated in dependence on at least the first analog signal; and wherein in a second-type operating mode, a second digital signal is input into the digital-to-analog converter to obtain a second analog signal that is input into a second-type unit, in which a second-type modulated signal is generated in dependence on at least the second analog signal. Correspondingly, a wireless communication device is shown, as well as a base station, a module in a wireless communication device, a module in a base station, an integrated circuit, a method, a computer program and a computer program product.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for aligning output power levels of a transmitter having a power amplifier adapted to operate in first and second operational modes. According to an exemplary embodiment, the transmitter includes a power alignment circuit configured to execute a power alignment algorithm. The power alignment algorithm is operable to align an output power level of the power amplifier when configured in the first operational mode with an output power level of the power amplifier when configured in the second operational mode. When the power amplifier is switched from the first operational mode to the second operational mode, the power alignment circuit references a power table having power entries that ensure that the output power level in the second operational mode is aligned with the output power level in the first operational mode.

Abstract: A radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) includes a silicon substrate, CMOS processing circuitry, and a bipolar power amplifier module. The CMOS processing circuitry is on the silicon substrate. The bipolar power amplifier module is on the silicon substrate and is operable in a 5 GHz frequency band.

Abstract: In a wireless network in which a central network device (e.g., an access point) communicates with multiple generations of mobile wireless devices that are backward compatible but not forward compatible, each generation of device may be selectively put into a mode that permits contending for the medium or a mode that does not permit contenting for the medium, through the use of packets that are formatted to be recognizable by some generations but not all generations.

Abstract: The circuits of a multimode wireless transmitter are complex and large, and thus difficult to incorporate in a portable wireless device. This problem is solved for a multimode wireless transmitter by enabling the first frequency mode circuit and the second frequency mode circuit to use the same frequency dividers.

Abstract: In radio communication system that is able to transmit in two or more modulation modes, e.g., one modulation mode when phase shifts are performed and another modulation mode when phase shifts and amplitude shifts are performed, the disclosed invention can avoid that receiving band noise becomes so great not to conform to the GSM standards' prescription for such noise in a high voltage region of the power supply voltage, even when the output power is controlled by changing the amplitude of the input signal to the power amplifier circuitry while fixing the bias voltages to be applied to the power amplifying transistors. When the output power is controlled as above, in the modulation mode (GSM mode) when phase shifts are performed, idle currents flowing across the power amplifying transistors are regulated, depending on the power supply voltage, i.e., the idle currents are decreased when the power supply voltage is high and increased when the power supply voltage is low.

Abstract: Linear transmission modulation apparatus 100 has high frequency amplifier 102 that amplifies the high frequency phase modulation signal of a high frequency signal and power source voltage controller 101 that amplifies the baseband amplitude modulation signal of the high frequency signal. Power source voltage controller 101 has delta sigma amplifier 103 that performs delta sigma amplifying of the baseband amplitude modulation signal and generates a delta sigma amplification signal and delta amplifier 104 that performs delta amplifying of the baseband amplitude modulation signal and generates a delta amplification signal. In response to a modulation mode switching control signal that indicates as to whether or not the amplitude modulation signal fluctuates, one of delta sigma amplifier 103 and delta amplifier 104 operates and sends out an output.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a dynamic power control circuit for a wireless communication device, which comprises a power detector, a comparator, a low pass filter and an adder disposed between a radio frequency auto-gain control circuit and an antenna thereof. A reference voltage is imposed on the adder to enable the power detector to detect and output signal voltage to the comparator which compares the received voltage with a specified received voltage limit and outputs a reference voltage to the low pass filter for filtering out the noise of the reference voltage and outputting it to the adder. The adder then adds the reference voltage and the specified reference voltage, and outputs the result to the radio frequency auto-gain control circuit for controlling the output power corresponding to the strength of the received signals.

Abstract: In radio transmission systems with point-to-point and point-to-multipoint topology a master station and one or several terminal stations are defined as well as a downstream channel from the master station to the terminal stations and an upstream channel from the terminal stations to the master station. In such systems, in order to send traffic to several terminal stations, the downstream channel is used by the master station in time division multiplexing. In some cases, the modulation type and the forward error correction, jointly called phy mode, depend on the addressed terminal. These systems are called adaptive phy mode systems. The present invention relates to adaptive phy mode systems, and it defines a power control technique for the terminal stations that also commands the phy mode switching and optimizes the system in terms of coverage, capacity and interference.

Abstract: A single chip radio transceiver includes circuitry that enables detection of radar signals to enable the radio transceiver to halt communications in overlapping communication bands to avoid interference with the radar transmitting the radar pulses. The radio transceiver is operable to evaluate a number of most and second most common pulse interval values to determine whether a traditional radar signal is present. The radio transceiver also is operable to FM demodulate an incoming signal to determine whether a non-traditional radar signal, such as a bin-5 radar signal, is present. After. FM demodulation, the signal is averaged wherein a substantially large value is produced for non-traditional radar signals and a value approximately equal to zero is produced for a communication signal that is not FM modulated with a continuously increasing frequency signal. Gain control is used to limit incoming signal magnitude to a specified range of magnitudes.

Abstract: A dual-mode analog baseband circuit is implementable on a single IC with reduced chip area. The baseband portion of the IC includes a single dual-mode complex filter that is reconfigurable to be a filter for Bluetooth signals or for wireless local area network (wireless LAN) format signals, such as 802.11b, and includes a single dual-mode amplifier that is reconfigurable to amplify Bluetooth signals or wireless LAN format signals.

Abstract: A tuner for analogically and digitally modulated signals comprises a single tuner arrangement for converting any selected analog or digital channel to baseband or zero 1F quadrature signals. Simple analog low pass filtering is applied before conversion in an ADC to the digital domain. A digital signal processor performs channel filtering and signal correction and supplies a signal to a digital demodulator. The processed digital signals are also supplied to a digital remodulator and DAC.

Abstract: A bypass circuit is disclosed for use with lower power supply voltage PC cards. The bypass circuit controls the power supply voltage fed to a power amplifier when switching between a lower power 8-PSK modulation mode and a higher power GMSK modulation mode. A step-up DC/DC converter provides a higher voltage to the power amplifier than can be supplied by an original power supply. Switch control logic controls a step-up switch and a battery switch. The step-up switch is turned on when operating in an 8-PSK modulation mode to provide a higher voltage to the power amplifier than the original power supply voltage. The battery switch is turned on when operating in the GMSK modulation mode to provide the original power supply voltage to the power amplifier.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for electromagnetic processing of an input wave involving receiving a modified signal derived from two or more signals that represent the input wave when combined; and regulating the modified signal using at least one analog signal containing a characteristic of the two or more signals. Embodiments of the invention may utilize in-phase and quadrature phase signals, where the magnitude portion of the signals may be used for regulating the modified signal. The modified signal may be created by modulating a characteristic of the I, Q signals, such as their sign, with an RF or other frequency carrier wave.

Abstract: A time division duplex (TDD) single sideband (SSB) transceiver includes a transmitter adapted to input an analog audio signal, sample the analog audio signal, and to output an SSB frequency shift keyed (FSK) signal corresponding to the analog audio signal, the SSB FSK signal including analog information. A receiver is adapted to switch between receiving one of an upper sideband and a lower sideband of an external SSB signal.

Abstract: A transmitter receivable by broadcast band receivers in nearby vehicles, comprising a first signal generator for simultaneously providing a plurality of selectively spaced carriers having frequency spacings corresponding to the individual channels of the band to be covered and selectively providing amplitude modulation when used for the AM broadcast band, and a second signal generator providing an FM modulated signal, which when combined with the signal from the first signal generator, covers various portions of the FM broadcast band to provide complete coverage thereof. A plurality of signals are generated in a portion of a selected band and modulated, according to the selected band mode, with a pre-stored and selectable voice alarm message.

Abstract: A plurality of amplifiers corresponding to a plurality of types of transmitting signals are provided to amplify the transmitting signals to a power level at which they can be transmitted by radio. The amplifiers are driven by both power and a bias. The bias is supplied to one of the amplifiers that amplifies a to-be-transmitted transmitting signal.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for a bidirectional transceiver cell is described. Each bidirectional transceiver cell has a transmitter and a receiver, where the transmitter and the receiver share a phase-locked loop. The bidirectional transceiver cell is configured to act as either a transmitter or a receiver. The bidirectional transceiver cell is for multi-gigabit data rates.

Abstract: An integrated circuit and method for receiving and transmitting signals of different frequency bands utilizes a switching device on a bypass current path to selectively route incoming and outgoing signals by circumventing a capacitive device on a receive signal path. The bypass current path is used to selectively conduct current through a variable resistance device on a transmit signal path to transmit or block signals through the variable resistance device.

Abstract: A method and system controls transmit power by combining the advantages of digital attenuation and analog baseband step attenuators by calibration to overcome the limitations of analog step attenuators. The calibration technique uses highly accurate digital attenuators to determine the actual sizes of the analog steps as analog step attenuator is stepped through a range of attenuation levels. A method of calibration accurately measures attenuation steps comparison to a digital attenuator so that the attenuation actually realized by the analog step attenuator is accurately known. Therefore, the difference between the attenuation realized by the analog step attenuator and the desired attenuation is accurately known. The difference is realized in the digital attenuator and the attenuation resulting from the composite of the digital and analog step attenuator can very accurately realize the requested attenuation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for combining landline network and mobile telephony with the use of at least a home cell, a landline network and a mobile network, whereby the user uses a dual mode terminal that operates both in cellular mode and in cordless mode.

Abstract: An emergency and non-emergency transmitter receivable by broadcast band receivers in nearby vehicles, comprising a first signal generator for simultaneously providing a plurality of selectively spaced carriers having frequency spacings corresponding to the individual channels of the band to be covered and selectively providing amplitude modulation when used for the AM broadcast band, and a second signal generator providing an FM modulated signal, which when combined with the signal from the first signal generator, covers various portions of the FM broadcast band to provide complete coverage thereof. A plurality of signals are generated in a portion of a selected band and modulated, according to the selected band mode, with a pre-stored and selectable voice alarm message.

Abstract: A radio transmitting/receiving device having at least three modules. The first module includes a first function for amplifying a radio frequency signal, demodulating the amplified radio frequency signal to a baseband signal and outputting the same, and a second function for modulating the input baseband signal, converting the modulated baseband signal to a radio frequency and outputting the same. The second module includes a function for amplifying the input radio frequency. The third module includes a function for executing a baseband signal process and controlling respective units according to a transmission/reception sequence based on a communication protocol.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer-readable media for accessing supplementary services from a wireless device in a multi-mode environment is disclosed. A master set of service codes for the multi-mode environment is provided. The master set of service codes is associated with supplementary services offered by a plurality of wireless networks that are compatible with the wireless device. At least one service code from the master set of service codes is mapped to a corresponding at least one network-specific service code to request at least one supplementary service of one of the plurality of wireless networks.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of integrating a wireless telephone and a multiple handset cordless telephone system is taught. A docking station is used which receives a wireless telephone and electrically interfaces with in, including power, audio and data interfaces. A controller manages the interface to a transceiver, and speakerphone. The transceiver operates in compliance with a multiple handset cordless telephone system to enable communications therebetween.

Abstract: A radio transceiver suitable for use in a mobile telephone is provided. The transceiver is operable in dual modes so as to be able to operate with both GSM and UMTS systems. In a preferred embodiment the transmitter section receives base band signals and up-converts them to an intermediate frequency of approximately 450 MHz. This is then mixed with local oscillator frequency of approximately 1.35 GHz, such that a difference frequency allows operation in the GSM 850/950 MHz band, and the sum frequency allows operation in the GSM 1800/1900 MHz bands. The frequency addition allows operation in the UMTS band. The receiver portion of the transceiver comprises a direct conversion receiver for down-converting the received signal without use of an intermediate frequency.

Abstract: A circuit is provided for regulating operation of a transmitter of a mobile communication terminal, which runs in the EDGE and GMSK modulation modes.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for providing an automatic handoff process of a user equipment (UE) from either a wireless local area network (WLAN) to a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) or from a UMTS to a WLAN. Handoffs may be initiated by the UE, based upon user preference, signal quality, comparison of location coordinates of the UE and the system to be switched to or signal quality. The available channels of one system may be broadcast to the UE by the other system or the UE may monitor channels of the system to be switched to and lock on to one. The handoff may also be initiated by the UMTS, the selection being power-based.

Abstract: An amplifier system is provided that switches between a linear mode of operation, an envelope tracking mode of operation and a polar mode of operation. The amplifier system switches between modes of operation based upon a characteristic of an input signal relative to a first threshold level and a second threshold level. A mode selector selects the operation mode by transmitting an amplitude modulated signal plus a variable headroom voltage to a supply terminal of a power amplifier during the envelope tracking mode, an amplitude modulated signal to the supply terminal and phase modulated input signal during the polar mode and a substantially constant amplitude signal to the supply terminal during the linear mode.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to techniques for voice and data transmission from a wireless communication device, such as mobile telephone handset. In accordance with the disclosure, a wireless communication provides a hybrid coupler that permits voice and data calls to be combined for transmission over a common air interface. When increased transmit power is required, the wireless communication device prioritizes the voice call over the data call. In this case, the voice call is sent over both the voice output branch and the data output branch, taking advantage of the power amplifier in each output branch chain to achieve a greater overall transmit power for the voice transmission. In this manner, the mobile subscriber unit independently and simultaneously handles data and voice calls under ordinary circumstances, but drops the data call and combines the voice and data output branches for voice transmission when increased transmit power is required for the voice transmission.

Abstract: A radio transmitter includes a CPU, functioning to allow the radio signal to be transmitted in event of a decision result that the radio signal transmission should be permitted but, in event of a decision result that the radio signal transmission should not be permitted, functions to allow the radio signal to be stopped and to instruct the alarm output section to output an abnormal alarm; a distributor, functioning to distribute a radio signal outputted from the radio transmitter to the outside; a transmitter; a spectral analysis, functioning to perform a frequency analysis of the radio signal according to the standard information; a power comparator section, to decide whether or not a transmission of the radio signal should be permitted by comparing the result of the frequency analysis with the standard information; and an alarm output section.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of switching from a first mobile radio mode to a second mobile radio mode in a multimode mobile radio terminal having a first part and a second part respectively operating in compliance with first and second radio access technologies and respectively provided with first and second clocks, the method including the following steps: locking the first part of the mobile terminal to a first mobile radio mode associated with an first clock; the mobile terminal calculating the time shift between the clocks of the two mobile radio modes; correcting the time of a second part of the terminal using the calculated time shift; and switching a second part of the mobile terminal to a second mobile radio mode associated with the second clock.

Abstract: There is provided a power rate enhancement circuit for a power amplifier in a dual mode mobile phone including an RF power amplifier for amplifying an RF input signal, a duplexer connected to an antenna, and an isolator connected to the duplexer. The power enhancement circuit also comprises: a CDMA matching circuit connected to an output end of the RF power amplifier, for matching an output impedance of the RF power amplifier in a CDMA mode of operation; an AMPS matching circuit connected to the output end of the RF power amplifier, for matching the output impedance of the RF power amplifier in an AMPS mode of operation; and an RF switch for selecting the CDMA matching circuit or the AMPS matching circuit according to a mode control signal. The CDMA matching circuit comprises an inductor connected between the output end of the RF power amplifier and the isolator. The AMPS matching circuit comprises a capacitor connected between the RF switch and a contact point formed between the inductor and the isolator.

Abstract: A portable radio terminal with an infrared communication function prevents consumption power from increasing when a radio communication function and an infrared communication function are used at a same time. A radio communication function section is judged whether in radio communication or not, and a driving current of an light emitting element in an infrared communication function section. The driving current of the light emitting element for an infrared communication is controlled in accordance with an operation of the radio communication function section, therefore, it is possible to loosen a condition for enabling infrared communication. As to restrictions for outputs from light emitting elements, a driving current of a light emitting element is controlled or plural light emitting elements having respective outputs are selectively driven.

Abstract: A method of managing the operation of a mobile telephone in a telecommunications network, the method being of the type in which the mobile terminal is designed to operate selectively in a telephone call mode or in a navigator mode, and of the type in which display means, forming part of the mobile terminal or connected to the mobile terminal, are suitable for displaying a service data page formatted by a sequence of instructions in a language adapted to service data, the service data page giving access to at least one service. In the method, a “preferred” mobile terminal operating mode is selected for implementing a service by incorporating a preferred mode selection instruction in the sequence of instructions for the service data page giving access to the service. Preferably, the navigator mode uses wireless application protocol (WAP), and the language adapted to service data is taken from the extensible markup language (XML) family, and in particular is wireless markup language (WML).