Abstract: The reliability of calculated bio-information of a subject is determined. When the reliability of the bio-information is determined to be high, the bio-information is output, whereas when the reliability of the bio-information is determined to be low, the bio-information is not output. Thus, among the calculated bio-information, only the bio-information of high reliability may be output, or distinctive display may be performed depending on the reliability, whereby it is possible to provide a bio-information output device and the like capable of easily determining bio-information of high reliability.

Abstract: A system and method for combining the inputs of various sensors used in platforms, primarily those having a military use, having or making use of a number of inputs capable of determining information about an environment in which they are operating. Each input is configured to output a standardized set of information regarding its capabilities and the environment in which it is operating. A correlator is configured to adaptably process the information based on rules contained in at least one changeable correlation matrix and information contained in at least one changeable configuration file. The information, or simply an alert, is provided to at least one output that provides the information to a human operator.

Abstract: A communication system includes multiple distributed antenna circuits and an access point (AP). The distributed antenna circuits include at least first and second antenna circuits. The AP is coupled to the distributed antenna circuits and includes multiple transmit chains, multiple receive chains, and an antenna control circuit communicatively coupled to the transmit chains and the receive chains. The first antenna circuit is co-located with the AP and the second antenna circuit is remote from the AP. The antenna control circuit is configured to determine a subset of the distributed antenna circuits to communicatively couple to at least some of the transmit chains to transmit data to a wireless station (STA) that is in range of the subset.

Abstract: A ground station processes downlink signals received from respective satellites. The ground station has a plurality of signal conditioning devices each receiving a respective one of the downlink signals and providing a conditioned downlink signal. A plurality of Doppler and/or Delay compensator devices each receive a respective conditioned downlink signal from a respective one of the plurality of signal conditioning devices. The compensator devices conduct Doppler and/or Delay compensation on the received conditioned downlink signal, and provide a compensated downlink signal output. A selector or diversity combiner receives the compensated downlink signal from each of the plurality of Doppler and/or Delay compensators.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, a device and a computer readable medium for determining a location of a communication device. According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, a network device determines a location of a terminal device relative to a network device using signals received from the terminal device via a reference antenna and a switchable antenna array, thereby improving precision of determining the location of the terminal device.

Abstract: An apparatus for autonomous vehicles includes a perception pipeline having independent classification processes operating in parallel to respectively identify objects based on sensor data flows from multiple ones of a plurality of sensors. The apparatus also includes a sensor monitoring stage to operate in parallel with the perception pipeline and to use the sensor data flows to estimate and track a confidence level of each of the plurality of different sensors, and nullify a deficient sensor when the confidence level associated with the deficient sensor fails to meet a confidence threshold.

Abstract: A training device may include one or more processors configured to generate, using a data augmentation model, augmented sensor data for sensor data, the sensor data provided by a plurality of sensors, wherein the augmented sensor data comprise error states of one or more sensors of the plurality of sensors providing the sensor data, and to train an object detection model based on the augmented sensor data.

Abstract: Embodiments herein provide a method for admitting devices to a special access frequency band of a wireless communication network, including: detecting an access request to communicate via the network, the network including at least one priority device communicating via the special access frequency band of the network, wherein the access request is generated by a non-priority device; evaluating whether a portion of the special access frequency band of the network is available for use by the non-priority device, based on communication settings of the non-priority device; transmitting a governing instruction to the non-priority device in response to the portion of the special access frequency band of the network being available for use by the non-priority device; and denying the access request in response to the portion of the special access frequency band of the network not being available for use by the non-priority device.

Abstract: A logarithmic detector amplifying (LDA) system is provided for use as a high sensitivity receive booster or replacement for a low noise amplifier in a receive chain of a communication device. The LDA system may include an amplifying circuit configured to receive an input signal having a first frequency and generate an oscillation based on the input signal, a sampling circuit coupled to the amplifying circuit and configured to terminate the oscillation based on a predetermined threshold to generate a series of modulated pulses, and one or more resonant circuits including at least one variable capacitor, coupled with the amplifying circuit and configured to establish a frequency of operation and generate an output signal having a second frequency being substantially the same as the first frequency, with the operating frequency being adjustable in response to baseband information received from the system via the one or more variable capacitors.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an electronic device includes processor circuitry. The processor circuitry is configured to control detection module to execute a first carrier sense by performing at least one of phase control and amplitude control corresponding to a first beam pattern for a received wireless signal, and execute a second carrier sense by performing at least one of phase control and amplitude control corresponding to a second beam pattern for the received wireless signal, and supply power by an electromagnetic wave with the first beam pattern based on a result of the first carrier sense, and control power supply module to supply power by an electromagnetic wave with the second beam pattern based on a result of the second carrier sense.

Abstract: An amplifying system is provided for use as a high sensitivity receive booster or replacement for a low noise amplifier in a receive chain of a communication device. The amplifying system includes an amplifying circuit configured to receive an input signal having a first frequency and generate an oscillation based on the input signal, a sampling circuit coupled to the amplifying circuit and configured to terminate the oscillation based on a predetermined threshold to periodically clamp and restart the oscillation to generate a series of pulses modulated by the oscillation and by the input signal, and one or more resonant circuits coupled with the amplifying circuit and configured to establish a frequency of operation and to generate an output signal having a second frequency, the second frequency being substantially the same as the first frequency.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus has a power transmission function of sending power to a power receiving apparatus in wireless power transmission, and a communication function of performing communication using a frequency different from a frequency of an electromagnetic wave used in the wireless power transmission. The power transmission function limits the power to be sent to the power reception function in a case where the communication function is performing the communication.

Abstract: An amplifying system is provided for use as a high sensitivity receive booster or replacement for a low noise amplifier in a receive chain of a communication device. The amplifying system includes an amplifying circuit configured to receive an input signal having a first frequency and generate an oscillation based on the input signal, a sampling circuit coupled to the amplifying circuit and configured to terminate the oscillation based on a predetermined threshold to periodically clamp and restart the oscillation to generate a series of pulses modulated by the oscillation and by the input signal, and one or more resonant circuits coupled with the amplifying circuit and configured to establish a frequency of operation and to generate an output signal having a second frequency, the second frequency being substantially the same as the first frequency.

Abstract: A regenerative selective logarithmic detector amplifier (LDA) can have integrated FM demodulation capabilities. It can receive a wired or wireless FM modulated signal and amplify or demodulate it with high sensitivity, high skirt ratio and minimized noise when compared to the prior art. When used in conjunction with other circuits such as a PLL or mixer, it can improve interference rejection and frequency selectivity and be locked on a precise channel in frequency and phase. The LDA produces intermittent oscillations that are self-quenched when reaching a given threshold. It also embeds the circuitry to perform direct FM discrimination. FM demodulation process is completed by a simple analog or digital frequency to voltage converter. This plus the fact that the instantaneous regeneration gain is low-medium permit to detect signals of small amplitudes buried in the noise.

Abstract: Methods of enabling multiuser superposition transmission (MUST) in LTE systems are proposed. MUST operation allows simultaneous transmission for multiple co-channel users on the same time-frequency resources. A higher-layer signaling is used for configuring a UE to enable MUST. When a UE is configured by higher layer to enable MUST, the UE will monitor physical-layer control signaling carrying scheduling information and MUST-related information. Depending on whether MUST exists in each subframe, the UE derives the power allocation between the UE and its co-channel UE on allocated resource blocks. The UE also derives the power allocation based on whether it is configured for CRS-based transmission mode or DMRS-based transmission mode.

Abstract: Example systems and methods of a wireless device use first communication circuitry of the wireless device to determine a first signal level associated with a first radio frequency signal and use second communication circuitry of the wireless device to determine a second signal level associated with a second radio frequency signal. Systems and methods generate a sensitivity adjustment value based on the first signal level and the second signal level, and use the sensitivity adjustment value to process a combined signal comprising the first radio frequency signal and the second radio frequency signal.

Abstract: A method for performing efficient hardware implementation of adaptive beam-forming includes: computing a threshold for a symbol describing a beam; estimate a power for the symbol; using the threshold, select a symbol having a power below the threshold; using the selected symbols, calculating an average power of the selected symbols having the second through nth highest powers; using the average power, estimating a symbol quality; transmitting a reference symbol; receiving the reference symbol; using the received reference symbol, estimating an alpha quality; and using one or more of the symbol quality estimate and the alpha quality estimate, computing a weight for one or more of the symbols.

Abstract: A first semiconductor die may comprise an interface circuit and a demodulation circuit. The interface circuit may be operable to receive an externally generated signal and recover decisions of a symbol de-mapper carried in the externally generated signal. The demodulation circuit may be operable to recover one or more transport streams based on the decisions of the symbol de-mapper. The first semiconductor die may comprise circuitry operable to combine a plurality of signals from a plurality of second semiconductor dice, where each of the plurality of signals comprises decisions of a respective one of a plurality of symbol de-mappers.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to methods and devices relating to neighbor cell interference estimation and handling in cellular communication networks. According to one aspect, there is provided a method for interference handling performed in a radio network node for a cellular communication network. The method comprises measuring a received total wideband power, RTWP, and a load utilization experienced at the radio network node. The method further comprises performing a vector estimation of neighbor cell interference experienced at the radio network node based on the measured RTWP and the measured load utilization. The vector estimation comprises decomposition into at least two scalar component estimations. The method may further comprise obtaining and using tabulated computation support information, which is used when performing the vector estimation of neighbor cell interference. According to another aspect, there is provided a radio network node adapted to perform the method.

Abstract: Embodiments disclose a method and device for determining a node movement. The method includes: when a first node determines that the first node is currently in an abnormal state, broadcasting at least two RSSI request messages, and receiving signal strength measurement values that are returned by a second node and separately obtained by means of measurement for at least two RSSI request messages in the at least two RSSI request messages broadcast by the first node. The method also includes separately calculating at least two path loss values between the first node and the second node according to the at least two received signal strength measurement values; and determining that the first node moves when it is determined that a quantity of second nodes, of which at least two path loss values are all different, is greater than a set threshold.

Abstract: In a method of interference mitigation in a multi user detection capable radio base station in a communication system, which radio base station comprises a set of confined detection modules, at least one of which is capable of handling multiple user connections, first and at least a second subset of detection modules are formed from said set, wherein the second set comprises at least one interference mitigation capable detection module. Interference information from the first subset is communicated to the second subset, interference originating in user connections of the first subset are then mitigated from the user connections of the second subset. Subsequently, interference is mutually mitigated between the connections within the interference mitigation capable detection module.

Abstract: Systems and method for improving performance of a radio frequency system are provided. One embodiment describes a radio frequency system, which includes an antenna that wirelessly transmits analog electrical signals at a desired transmission frequency; a feedback receiver that determines a feedback signal, which includes a portion of a transmitted analog electrical signal via a coupler; and a controller that determines location and magnitude of spurious emissions transmitted at frequencies other than the desired transmission frequency by comparing the feedback signal with a desired signal, in which the desired signal includes a digital electrical signal that does not contain noise introduced by the radio frequency system; and instructs the radio frequency system to adjust operational parameters used to transmit the analog electrical signals when the magnitude of the spurious emissions exceeds a spurious emissions limit at the determined location.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide for systems and methods for signal conversion of one modulated signal to another modulated signal using demodulation and then re-modulation. According to some embodiments, a signal receiving system may comprise an I/Q demodulator that demodulates a first modulated signal to an in-phase (“I”) signal and a quadrature (“Q”) signal, an I/Q signal adjustor that adaptively adjusts the Q signal to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a transitory signal that is based on a second modulated signal, and an I/Q modulator that modulates the I signal and the adjusted Q signal to the second modulated signal. To increase the SNR, the Q signal may be adjusted based on a calculated error determined for the transitory signal during demodulation by a demodulator downstream from the I/Q modulator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an arrangement in a first communication node for adjusting a channel quality report transmitted between the first communication node and a second communication node. The first communication node and the second communication node are comprised in a wireless communication network, and are adapted to communicate with each other via a radio link. In a first step, a channel quality report is received from the second communication node. The channel quality report is established by the second communication node. Then at least one channel characteristic parameter is obtained. The next step is to determine a channel quality offset based on the obtained channel characteristic parameter. Based on the channel quality offset, the channel quality report is adjusted.

Abstract: An apparatus for scheduling transmission resources to users served by a base station equipped with a plurality of antennas includes a predictor for predicting rate regions for one or more future time slots based on rate regions for one or more past time slots to obtain one or more predicted rate regions, and a processor for calculating the transmission resources for the users for a current time slot using scheduled transmission resources for the one or more past time slots, a rate region for the current time slot and the one or more predicted rate regions.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention relates to a test signal generator configured to generate a single sideband (SSB) test signal that is used for testing components of one or more receiver chains to identify errors in the receiver chains. In one embodiment, the circuit comprises a SSB signal generator configured to generate an IQ baseband signal comprising a sequence of constellation points corresponding to the SSB test signal. The constellation points are modulated onto a high frequency local oscillator signal to generate the SSB test signal, which is inserted into a reception path of a receiver at a test signal injection point. The reception path comprises a mixer configured to mix the SSB test signal with the local oscillator signal to generate a down-converted, intermediate frequency output signal. The output signal may be analyzed to determine errors in the reception path.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for adjusting a sensitivity threshold of a wireless communication device (WCD). In an embodiment, a WCD measures both a signal power level of a received signal and a noise power level. The WCD also makes a sensitivity-adjustment determination, which includes (i) a determination that the signal power level is less than a current sensitivity threshold of the receiver of the WCD and (ii) a determination that a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signal power level to the noise power level is greater than an SNR threshold. Responsive to making the sensitivity-adjustment determination, the WCD adjusts its receiver from having the current sensitivity threshold to having an adjusted sensitivity threshold that is less than or equal to the signal power level.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide for systems and methods for signal conversion of one modulated signal to another modulated signal using demodulation and then re-modulation. According to some embodiments, a signal receiving system may comprise an I/Q demodulator that demodulates a first modulated signal to an in-phase (“I”) signal and a quadrature (“Q”) signal, an I/Q signal adjustor that adaptively adjusts the Q signal to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a transitory signal that is based on a second modulated signal, and an I/Q modulator that modulates the I signal and the adjusted Q signal to the second modulated signal. To increase the SNR, the Q signal may be adjusted based on a calculated error determined for the transitory signal during demodulation by a demodulator downstream from the I/Q modulator.

Abstract: Described are techniques for managing the interference produced by D2D (device-to-device) transmissions that may be used in conjunction with transmit power control but operate independently. In one technique, interference between D2D transmissions and cellular uplink transmissions using common resources as received at a base station is managed by opportunistic interference alignment and clustering of D2D devices. In another technique, interference between different D2D devices using the same resources is mitigated by base-station aided space-time interference alignment.

Abstract: An electronic circuit includes a receiver circuit (BSP) operable to perform coherent summations having a coherent summations time interval, and a power control circuit (2130) coupled to said receiver circuit (BSP) and operable to impress a power controlling duty cycle (TON, TOFF) on the receiver circuit (BSP) inside the coherent summations time interval. Other circuits, devices, systems, methods of operation and processes of manufacture are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and device may be used to produce a received interference value in wireless communications. The device may include one or more components to measure a received power of a channel and measure an average noise plus interference power of the channel. The device may include a processor configured to calculate a received signal to noise indicator (RSNI) value. The RSNI may be based on the measured received power and the measured average noise plus interference power.

Abstract: A method of and a mobile terminal for transmitting data over an uplink from a mobile terminal to a base station, the data being transmitted over radio bursts, the method comprising and the mobile terminal being suitable for: assessing radio propagation conditions between the mobile terminal and the base station; determining if the radio propagation conditions fulfil a predetermined condition; wherein if it is determined that the radio propagation conditions fulfil the predetermined condition the transmission energy parameters of the signal bursts are adapted to reduce the energy used to transmit the data.

Abstract: There is provided a radio communication device including a radio receiving unit to receive a radio signals, a synchronization unit to detect synchronization based on a result of a correlation for received signals output from the radio receiving unit, and a signal strength output unit to output, as signal strength of the received signals that is RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) value, a level of a correlation signal that is output as a result of the correlation by the synchronization unit.

Abstract: A channel quality determining circuit includes a receiving circuit and a determining circuit. The receiving circuit is used for receiving a header of at least one packet transmitted in a signal transmitting channel. The determining circuit is coupled to the receiving circuit, and used for determining if a channel quality of the signal transmitting channel satisfies a predetermined quality standard according to the header of at least one packet.

Abstract: A machine-implemented system and method are described for removing interference between adjacent distributed-input-distributed-output (DIDO) clusters comprising. For example, a method according to one embodiment comprises: detecting signal strength at a first client from a main DIDO cluster; detecting interference signal strength at the first client from an interfering DIDO cluster; if the signal strength from the main DIDO cluster reaches a specified value relative to the value of the interference signal strength from the interfering DIDO cluster, then generating channel state information (CSI) defining channel state between one or more antennas of the first client and one or more antennas of the interfering DIDO cluster; transmitting the CSI from the first client to a base transceiver station (BTS) in the interfering DIDO cluster; and implementing DIDO precoding with inter-DIDO-cluster interference (IDCI) cancellation at the BTS in the interfering DIDO cluster to avoid RF interference at the first client.

Abstract: Systems and methods for suppressing interference from a data signal received at a receiving device, where the receiving device has two or more receive antennas, are provided. Characteristics of a channel are estimated, the channel being a channel through which the data signal was transmitted by a transmitting device to the receiving device. A spatial correlation of interference and noise received at the two or more receive antennas of the receiving device is determined based on the estimated characteristics of the channel. The spatial correlation indicates how the interference and noise received at a particular one of the receive antennas is related to the interference and noise received at another one of the receive antennas. The spatial correlation of the interference and noise is used to suppress interference and noise from the data signal received at the receiving device.

Abstract: A microwave radio receiver includes a first down-converter, a second down-converter, and a combined receiver signal level (RSL) and interference detector. The first down-converter is configured to convert a RF signal into a first IF signal. The second down-converter is configured to convert the first IF signal into a second IF signal. The combined RSL and interference detector is configured to determine one or more RSLs and generate an interference indicator based on the first IF signal from the first down-converter and a control signal from the second down-converter.

Abstract: Aspects of a method and system for a wireless integrated power test and measurement are provided. In this regard, concurrently with receiving a first signal via a first antenna, a second signal that indicates received signal strength of the first signal may be generated and transmitted via a second antenna. The second signal may be utilized to determine performance of the first antenna. A frequency of the generated second signal may be controlled so as to mitigate interference between the transmitted second signal and the received first signal. The first signal may be formatted in accordance with one or more first wireless standards and the second signal may be formatted in accordance with one or more second wireless standards. The received signal strength of the first signal may be determined via an analog-to-digital converter and the second signal may be updated at the sample rate of the analog-to-digital converter.

Abstract: A testing system comprises a noise source coupled to at least two antenna elements. The noise source forms a total noise power on the basis of a total signal power received by the emulator, a gain of at least one antenna-specific channel between the emulator and the antenna elements, and a desired signal-to-noise ratio. The noise source transmits noise at the total noise power from the at least two antenna elements to the device under test wirelessly.

Abstract: An Adaptive Polarization Array (APA) Algorithm is described for adjusting the polarization orientation of antennas, such as Dual-polarized array antennas. The APA Algorithm searches to find a polarization state that maximizes a signal quality of a received signal in the presence of interfering signals and noise. The search facilitates adjustment of a polarization state of, for example, receive antennas to maximize a signal quality metric. A proxy metric having no local maxima other than the global maximum is used to search the polarization search domain to find a best polarization state.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for feeding back channel information in a wireless communication system are provided. The method includes calculating an average Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR), determining a Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) level corresponding to the average SINR, determining an MCS level meeting a predefined condition among MCS levels equal to or less than the determined MCS level, and reporting a channel quality indicator representing the determined MCS level to a base station.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus is provided that includes a plurality of antennas and at least one receive or transmit circuit. The apparatus further includes a controller configured to: determine one or more performance characteristics associated with a first antenna while the circuit is connected to the first antenna; switch the circuit from the first antenna to a second antenna; determine one or more performance characteristics associated with the second antenna after the switch; compare the performance characteristics associated with the antennas; determine whether to maintain the switch to the second antenna or to switch the circuit back to the first antenna; and determine a duration of time to maintain a connection between the selected antenna and the circuit based, at least, on one or more performance characteristics. Other aspects, embodiments, and features are also claimed and described.

Abstract: Techniques for monitoring transmission performance of a satellite communications systems are provided, including techniques for measuring the primary contributors to the end-to-end SNR, including the uplink SNR, the downlink SNR, and the C/I for each link in the network. These individual measurements are used to estimate satellite effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), satellite antenna gain-to-noise-temperature (G/T), and loss due to an Earth Terminal pointing error. The EIRP, satellite antenna G/T and loss due to Earth terminal pointing error may then be used to determine operating parameters for the satellite communications network that enable the network to operate more efficiently.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for allowing a transmitter (Tx) to perform antenna selection independently of a receiver (Rx) in a transceiver supporting both transmit diversity and receive diversity. Certain aspects may utilize a cross switch, which may be used in a parallel or cross configuration, to provide for the independent antenna selection, such that the Rx may maintain the ability to operate on the same antenna as the Tx, on another antenna, or on both antennas for enhanced receive diversity. Furthermore, certain aspects may employ additional switching in the baseband domain in an effort to avoid, or at least reduce, switching glitches in the Rx caused by changing the cross switch configuration. In this manner, the Rx need not re-converge upon antenna switching.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide ordering techniques for a Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) receiver which may be used to robustly choose a correct stream for first decode under varying data rates, SNR and mobile propagation conditions in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. The SIC ordering techniques discussed in the disclosure include SNR and/or Rate based information theoretic approach. For example, the SIC receiver may evaluate an SNR based or RATE-based information theoretic metric for the MIMO streams and choose one stream with a higher value of the metric for decoding first. A speculative single code block based approach is may also be used for selecting a stream for first decode, by leveraging the presence of per code block Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) and the lack of time diversity in LTE systems.

Abstract: A diversity receiver comprises a plurality of receiving paths connected to a receiver circuit. Each of the receiving paths comprises an antenna receiving a signal, connected to a matching network connected to a receive amplifier. The receiver circuit is connected to a signal level comparison circuit for providing a relative comparison value indicating one of the receiving paths receiving the signal with a relative maximum strength. The signal level comparison circuit comprises a comparator circuit connected to the receiver circuit receiving a currently received signal level, and to a logic control unit being arranged to select one of the receive paths to provide the currently received signal to the receiver circuit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device and method to automate the process of measuring RF noise, correlating measured noise with known sources, and making adjustments to the noise-measuring and reporting process. A wireless communication device is coupled to equipment at a fixed location, and transmits data about the operation of the equipment back to an operator, via a provider's network. Examples include fixed wireless terminals. A management entity aboard the wireless communication device performs the measurements via a transceiver and performs remedial actions when required, without requiring an onsite technician or remote assistance. The management entity may include a spectrum analyzer.

Abstract: A method for controlling gain in a wireless repeater implementing echo cancellation determines a signal-to-interference-noise-ratio (SINR) of the input and output signals of the repeater and adjusts the gain of the repeater to optimize an achievable data rate and a coverage area of the repeater. The repeater gain may be decreased to increase the data rate and increase the achievable SINR of the output signal while the coverage area is reduced. Alternately, the repeater gain may be increased to decrease the data rate and decrease the achievable SINR of the output signal while the coverage area is increased.

Abstract: When a determination is made that communication by an SM scheme is suitable, a setting unit performs switching from a communication level by an STC scheme to the communication level by the SM scheme, between the communication level at a first level of MCS by the space-time coding scheme and the communication level at a second level of MCS by the SM scheme. When a determination is made that communication by the SM scheme is unsuitable, the setting unit performs switching from the communication level by the STC scheme to the communication level by the spatial multiplexing scheme, between the communication level at a third level of MCS, which is higher than the first level, by the space-time coding scheme and a fourth level of the modulation scheme and the coding rate, which is higher than the second level, by the SM scheme.

Abstract: A radio receiver apparatus includes a demodulator configured to output a decision variable indicative of a binary indicator signaled from a transmitter over a channel to the radio receiver apparatus. The radio receiver apparatus further includes a noise power estimator configured to generate noise power estimates indicative of noise experienced at the radio receiver apparatus. A binary indicator estimator is provided to generate an estimated binary indicator based on the decision variable and the noise power estimates.