Abstract: A system for aligning an object with a target is disclosed. The system allows an operator to monitor the alignment of the object, either while the object is stationary or while the object is moving through a trajectory, without requiring that the operator directly view the target. The system preferably comprises a positioning unit for attaching to the object, such as a golfing putter, and a target unit for positioning at, near or over a target location, such as a hole. The positioning unit and the target unit are in two-way communication to detect and to indicate alignment of the object with the target. Preferably, the positioning unit emits light that is preferably laser light or infrared light, and the target unit detects that light when the units are aligned. When the positioning unit and the target unit are aligned, the target unit emits an alignment signal that is preferably a radio signal. The radio signal initiates a display element for indicating that the object and target are aligned.

Abstract: A system and method for analyzing and improving the performance of an athletic motion such as a golf swing requires: instrumenting a user with inertial sensors and video cameras and monitoring a golf swing or such other athletic motion of interest; drawing upon and contributing to a vast library of performance data for analysis of the test results; the analysis including scoring pre-defined parameters relating to component parts of the motion and combining the parameter scores to yield a single, kinetic index score for the motion; providing a real-time, information rich, graphic display of the results in multiple, synchronized formats including video, color coded and stepped frame animations from motion data, and data/time graphs; and based on the results prescribing a user-specific training regime with exercises selected from a library of standardized exercises using standardized tools and training aids.

Abstract: A golf putting training device is provided which allows a golfer to practice distance control in a confined area by displaying an estimate of how far a golf ball would have traveled on a green having a selected stimp value after being struck with a putter and subsequently colliding with a target strike plate of the training device. The golf putting training device includes a housing and rear stabilization plate, a target strike plate, a doppler microwave speed sensor, an impact sensor, a green speed selector, a distance display, an audible beeper, and a microcontroller which calculates the putting distance based on the measurement of the speed of the rolling golf ball prior to impact and the stimp setting selected. An audible beeper provides an indication of the rolling progress of the simulated roll of the golf ball past the target strike plate.

Abstract: Provided are a program and an information processing apparatus for controlling execution of a ball sports simulation game that can provide for a player sensations similar to those experienced when actually playing the sports.

Abstract: A golf equipment fitting system that uses advanced technology to not only objectively identify the optimum equipment for the golfer, but to also identify and help correct swing flaws so that the golfer can achieve optimum performance on the golf course. Thus, in one embodiment, golf fitting includes collecting data related to the golfer's swing and determining if the golfer's swing technique should be modified based at least in part on the collected swing data. When it is determined that the golfer's swing technique should be modified, then providing swing instruction to the golfer. When, however, it is determined that the golfer's swing technique is fine, then collecting data related to how the golfer's swing launches a golf ball. Finally, golf equipment, e.g., golf clubs, can be specified based on the collected swing data and launch data.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present invention, a golf club swing analyzer provides a housing; a light emission device configured to emit reference light toward a location in the path of a golf club swung adjacent the housing; a light reception device supported by the housing and configured to receive reference light emitted from the light emission device and reflected from the swung golf club; and discrimination circuitry coupled with the light reception device and configured to distinguish the reflected reference light received from the light emission device from incidental light, the discrimination circuitry being further configured to generate an indication signal responsive to the reception of reflected reference light.

Abstract: A golf training club comprising optical sensors, electronics and a display to provide visual feedback related to how a golfer strikes a golf ball. The club includes a shaft having a grip end and a tip distal from the grip end. The club has a club head affixed to the shaft proximate the tip that has a face for striking a golf ball. The optical sensors are embedded in the head and generate signals representative of the contact between the face and ball. The electronics, mounted within the shaft's grip end, process the sensor signals to determine the location of the contact between the face and ball. The display is operable to show such location. The electronics also process the sensor signals to determine whether the ball is tending to slice or hook by detecting lateral movement of the ball during contact with the face.

Abstract: A method of aligning a putter, including the steps of providing a putter having a head, a heel, a toe, and a planar striking face including a removable reflecting surface for receiving and reflecting incident light; providing a light source separate from the putter head; directing light from the light source towards the reflecting surface such that the reflective surface is illuminated with and reflects a portion of the light; and detecting the reflected light with a reference device.

Abstract: A device for improving the performance of a player, particularly the repetitive correct swinging of a club, is preferably attached to a standard club shaft and has a housing containing at least one processor attached to X Y and Z accelerators. The processor is further attached to data storage and a power supply. The processor can further be connected to a radio and/or IR transmitter as well as a visual display means. A plurality of switches are provided to control on/off, mode selection, storage, etc. The visual display can be either an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or a liquid crystal display (LCD) either one of which will display either the path of the club moving through a pre installed “master” swing or a swing derived from sampled swing data.

Abstract: A putt trainer system includes a plurality of ball sensors, each having a lever which pivots at impact with a putted golf ball between a rest position, wherein it blocks a light beam from a light source, and a deflected position. The light beam passes through a recess of predetermined length made in the lever to be detected by a light sensor generating a detection signal of predetermined duration that is compared with a preset value corresponding to a maximum acceptable speed. If the detection signal is at most equal to the preset value, it is further evaluated to determine whether this signal represents an off-centered, partially centered, or centered putt, each of which is allocated a respective score.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a method for interactively tracking, analyzing and teaching a correct golf swing using an apparatus consisting of a computer with an attached video camera and a special club shaft attachment that is monitored to determine the progress of a golf swing in real-time. A short simulated golf club with a matching golf ball platform is provided for use in a limited space. Club position is evaluated at all points along prescribed swing plane orbits for accuracy with regard to club shaft angle, club face rotation and swing plane location. Leading guides are provided to aid in correct club movement. Trailing position reinforcement guides permit the student golfer to use his own initiative and timing while receiving real-time corrections relating to club and body motion. Simulated ball flight is determined and applied to golf practice range and golf course activities.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a method of and apparatus for interactively tracking, analyzing and teaching a correct golf swing. A computer with an attached video camera and display monitor is used to superimpose patterns on the monitor over the golfer's live background image that represent the ideal golf swing. Orbit patterns that are calibrated for each individual golfer are displayed as tracks to facilitate club movement that is geometrically correct. Points along the orbits further serve as reference points for analysis of the correct three dimensional shaft direction, club head rotation and body position. A spherical attachment below the club grip focuses the golfer's efforts to move the sphere within the orbits and enhances the computer's ability to uniquely correlate its patterns to the club's position, shaft direction and club face rotation.

Abstract: A golf training club apparatus is disclosed having impact sensors and a display to show where on the club face the ball was struck for providing immediate visual feedback by electronic means to the golfer. The golf club includes a shaft having a grip end and a tip distal from the grip end. The golf club also has a club head affixed to the shaft adjacent the tip of the shaft and having a face for striking a golf ball. The club has a plurality of optical sensors adjacent the face for detecting contact between the face and the golf ball and electronics mounted within the head for processing signals from the sensors for analyzing at least the location of the contact between the face and the golf ball. The club further includes a display for displaying to the golfer at least the location of the contact between the face and the golf ball. The electronics also analyze whether the ball is tending to slice or hook by detecting lateral movement of the ball during contact with the club face.

Abstract: A velocity indication system is comprised of a force measurement sensor shielded by a protective covering that measures the level of force at the point of impact of the sensor with an object, and transmits the measurement, via a transmission carrier, to a computing unit that calculates the force measurement into a velocity measurement and projects that information on a display. A system carrier has an impact and a holding area. The invention is designed for use in sports such as hockey, tennis, baseball, cricket, golf, and the like; generally a sport with a racquet or stick.

Abstract: A golf swing trainer 10 comprises a golf club 12 and a mat 14. A head 13 of the golf club 12 has an electrically conducting leading edge 16 and an electrically non-conducting/insulating sole 18. When the golf club 12 is swung correctly, at the bottom of the player's swing the leading edge 16 makes an electrical contact between contacts 20a and 20b, which are embedded in the mat 14. The electrical contact between the leading edge 16 and the contacts 20a and 20b completes an electrical circuit and causes an alarm (not shown) to indicate by a sound or light for instance that correct contact has been made and a good swing has been performed.

Abstract: An electronic golf ball putter, adapted to indicate when the putter is aligned with a target, comprising, a golf putting iron for hitting a golf ball; a power source; a communicator; a transmitter of communications from the communicator; and an indicator capable of indicating alignment between the golf putter iron and the target in response to the transmitter.

Abstract: A device for measuring the speed of a golf club has a pair of coils spaced a given distance apart with each of the coils forming an oscillating electro-magnetic field which are positioned to interrupt the course of the head of a golf club. When a golf club head successively passes through the first and second oscillating magnetic fields, the natural frequency of the combined fields is altered. A detector circuit including a phase locked loop detects the change in frequency as the club successively pass through the two fields and the time elapsed is measured by a clock and recorded in the memory of a microprocessor which uses the information, along with the given distance between the fields to calculate the speed of the club.

Abstract: A training device for training the course of movement of a person by the manipulation of an object to be moved in a predetermined way has a data processing unit with which first sensors placed on the person are connected to transmit data of the movement to the data processing unit. Second sensors are placed on the object and connected to the data processing unit in order to transmit data of the movement of the object to the data processing unit. Mechanical actuating elements are placed on the object and connected to the data processing unit. They are triggered by the data processing unit to simulate contact with a virtual object as a tactile acknowledgement to the person. An indicator placed on the person and a memory for reference data are connected to the data processing unit, and the data processing unit calculates from the reference data the ideal course of movement of the body and the object and represents the ideal course of movement on the indicator.

Abstract: A game apparatus and method can determine flight characteristics of an object propelled by a player from a launch site toward a backstop. The foregoing can operate with a launch detector located at the launch site for producing a launch signal in response to launching of the object. A backstop sensing arrangement may be employed at the backstop having at least one spaced pair of sensors for producing a pair of arrival signals in response to arrival of the object at the backstop. A processor may be employed, which is coupled to the launch detector and the backstop sensing arrangement. The processor can (a) determine the relative response times of the launch detector and the backstop sensing arrangement, and (b) produce a characteristic signal as a function of the relative arrival times of the pair of arrival signals.

Abstract: A golf training device includes a golf club, a ball receiving socket, a light emitter, and a light beam receiver. The golf club includes a golf head with a front striking face. The golf ball receiving socket has a slot adapted to receive a golf ball that was struck by the golf head. The light emitter is mounted on the golf head and is aligned vertically with the center of the front striking face for emitting a light beam substantially parallel to a line passing through the center of the front striking face and perpendicular to the front striking face. The light beam receiver is mounted on the ball receiving socket in the vicinity of the slot for receiving the light beam and for generating a signal when the slot is in alignment with the light beam.

Abstract: A method for determining the lift and drag coefficients of a golf ball includes launching the ball along a flight path, measuring the velocity at two positions along the flight path, using the measured velocities to determine the coefficients of lift and drag. The step of measuring the velocity includes taking two images of the ball at the two positions, where the time interval between images at each position is less than about 0.01 seconds.

Abstract: A sports training system for monitoring and comparing a golfer's swing to a desired norm or standard at the point of impact of a golf ball, so as to thereby detect deviation (e.g., hook or slice) from such desired norm or standard. The system of this invention is capable of permitting the golfer to refine his swing by display of the relative position of the club face and ball at point of impact, club angle at impact and the club speed at impact. Thus, the golfer is able to adjust one or more of these variables at a time and detennine the likely result or effect upon the other(s).

Abstract: A launch monitor system including a support structure, a first light-reflecting element disposed on this support structure, a lighting unit and a camera unit. A computer receives signals generated by light patterns received by the camera unit and computes a variety of flight characteristics for the object. The system may be moved back and forth to vary the field-of-view of the camera unit. The system also computes and displays object trajectories from the computed flight characteristics which account for the characteristics of the object and the atmospheric conditions.

Abstract: The present invention provides golf club swing analyzers and golf swing analysis methods. According to one aspect of the present invention, a golf club swing analyzer comprises: a housing; a light emission device configured to emit reference light toward a location in the path of a golf club swung adjacent the housing; a light reception device supported by the housing and configured to receive reference light emitted from the light emission device and reflected from the swung golf club; and discrimination circuitry coupled with the light reception device and configured to distinguish the reflected reference light received from the light emission device from incidental light, the discrimination circuitry being further configured to generate an indication signal responsive to the reception of reflected reference light.

Abstract: An instrumented sports apparatus includes a closely spaced array of discrete sensor elements coupled to a contact surface thereof for converting a contact force between the contact surface and an object into a plurality of discrete output signals. The signals are processed and information based thereon generated, which is representative of one or more parameters of interest. In an exemplary embodiment, as instrumented golf club displays information such as club head speed, club head angle, and club head elevation upon impact with a golf ball, permitting the golfer to adjust his swing on the next stroke. Since the instrumentation and display are entirely self-contained in the club, a golfer is not constrained in the use of the club and may enjoy the benefits thereof during play on a golf course.

Abstract: A device that provides feedback to a golfer on the characteristics of their swing of a golf club. The device can be mounted to or incorporated into the head of the golf club and includes a first light source and at least a second light source. The first and second light sources are aligned such that an imaginary line bisecting the first and second light sources passes through the sweet spot of the ball-striking face. When the club head is at the address position, the imaginary line lies in a horizontal plane and is further preferably at right angles to the ball-striking face in that plane. The first and second light sources are visible to the golfer when using the golf club at least at the time when the club head is striking the ball. The first light source has a first turn on/turn off cycle pattern and the second light source has a second turn on/turn off cycle pattern that is different to that of the first light source.

Abstract: A laser putter system for a conventional putter golf club of the type having a club head with a golf ball striking face and an upper surface, a shaft connected to the upper surface of the club head and a grip on the shaft. The laser putter system comprises a laser pointer/range finder. A mounting means is for mounting the laser pointer/range finder onto the shaft of the conventional putter golf club over the upper surface of the club head. The laser pointer can project a laser beam away from the golf ball striking face of the club head to provide the golfer with a visible target being a hole to putt a golf ball into. The range finder will interpret the distance between the laser pointer and the hole to visually give the golfer a calculated distance to the hole, so as to gauge the proper force required for a successful putt.

Abstract: Capturing the path of an object moving through a sensing volume defined by a three-dimensional (3D) coordinate system. First, second, and third angle detectors are mounted in a common housing positionable at a vertex of a sensing cone encompassing the sensing volume, said first, second, and third detectors being separated from one another by known, fixed distances. Each detector receives a respective light beam from the object having a respective angle relative to a respective reference line of the 3D coordinate system, and provides a signal corresponding to said respective angle. At successive samples, successive coordinate positions of the object within the sensing volume are determined, given the first, second, and third angles at each said sample to determine said path, and the path is displayed.

Abstract: A football training and evaluation apparatus has a frame, a contacting element, and a force transferring member connected to the frame and the contacting element. A measuring-signaling element is connected to the force transferring member and is adapted to measure the force subjected on the force transferring member in response to an impact force subjected onto the contacting element and deliver a signal "S" responsive to said measurement. A visual signaling apparatus is connected to the frame and adapted to be actuateable and moveable in response to actuation.

Abstract: This invention is concerned with apparatus for diagnosing the characteristics of a golf swing, of the type in which one or more magnets attached to the golf club create signals in pick-up loops located near the ball position, or analysis to provide a readout of swing characteristics such as dynamic loft, dynamic lie (rake), impact position at the club-face, speed, and club face angle. Such apparatus is now improved by causing at least one loop or loop combination to be formed to provide at least two generally identical loop portions located side-by-side across the ideal swing path A-B with their respective adjacent edges parallel and closely spaced for defining therebetween a notional center line across the said path as an accurate sensed position. This is more accurate than sensing a single loop edge, and more sensitive.

Abstract: A training aid for developing a golfer's swing which comprises a swing assembly having reference markings disposed thereon which define a desired swing path for a golf club relative to the reference markings. The training aid further comprises a light source which continually casts at least a portion of a golfer's shadow and a shadow of the golf club onto the swing assembly in general relation to the markings allowing the golfer to readily visualize and compare his/her swing path with an "ideal" swing path during a golfer's swing.

Abstract: This system combines television and computer technology to permit one or more golfers to play a highly realistic round of golf from tees to greens. Each golf clubhead has color-coded bars on the rear lower and outer surfaces. As the clubhead approaches the ball it is multiply strobed and the images of the bars recorded on two color TV cameras perpendicular to each other and to the clubhead direction of travel. The resulting TV color images are digitized and transmitted to the computer. The stroke and club data implicit in the images are sufficient to permit computing the ball's total trajectory on the ground and cause it to be projected on the TV screen as the golfer would see it in actuality. The trajectory is superimposed on a TV view of the hole from the golfer's position. The ball's final position on a map of the hole is used to determine the TV view presented on the screen for his next stroke.

Abstract: A golf simulator has a housing and three arrays of IR receivers and emitters positioned in the housing. A launch area is established near one end of the housing, and a user can launch a golf ball located in the launch area and drive the ball into the housing through the planes defined by the arrays of emitters and against a screen positioned at one end of the housing. The planes established by the arrays are disposed vertically and perpendicular to the angle of travel of the ball. A computer is connected to the IR receivers, which detect the passage of the golf ball through each respective plane. Based upon the signals from the receivers the computer, using triangulation techniques, determines the horizontal and vertical position, as well as the velocity, of the ball for a range of shots including drives, steep chip shots and putts less than 4 feet.

Abstract: An arrangement for use in training players of a game during a simulated game session in the correct use of a game implement that has to be moved properly during an actual game to encounter a ball and impart to the latter a desired trajectory of movement after impacting the same includes light-emitting devices that emit at least one initial and two subsequent detection light beams from locations arranged at the corners of a triangle into substantially vertically oriented upwardly conically diverging spatial sectors. A reflective surface associated with the implement reflects the light of the respective detection light beam back to the respective location as the implement passes through the respective spatial sector with an intensity that is in a predetermined functional relationship when reaching the respective location to the distance of the reflecting means from the same location and to the degree of penetration of the reflecting means into the respective spatial sector.

Abstract: A new golf swing recording system for allowing a golfer to visualize their swing from various angles. The inventive device includes a frame member having a generally rectangular configuration. The frame member includes a top wall, a rear wall, opposed side walls, an open front and an open bottom. The top wall, the rear wall and the opposed side walls each have diagonal interconnected cross members. The frame member is dimensioned for receiving a club swinging golfer therein. Four video cameras are secured to the diagonal interconnected cross members of the frame member. The four video cameras include a top camera secured to the top wall, a rear camera secured to the rear wall and two opposed side cameras secured to the opposed side walls. A video recorder is secured to the rear wall of the frame member. The video recorder is in communication with the four video cameras.

Abstract: A golf analysis apparatus and method which uses videotaping equipment to capture golf swing motions from at least two different angles, and video processing equipment to isolate video frames for global, three-dimensional orientation of chosen points on the test subject. The points are compiled and used to calculate such parameters as clubhead lag and resultant clubhead velocity, body segment rotations, joint range of motion, spine angle, and center of mass versus center of pressure. Velocity data is used to calculate acceleration data. Such velocity and parameter data is then plotted simultaneously as part of an analysis method to determine and optimize the kinetic link between various body parts. For example, by locating the peaks of simultaneously plotted hip, shoulder, arm, and club release speed data, it can be determined if such peaks occur in the proper sequence for translating maximum power through the swing.

Abstract: A striking instrument and struck object monitoring system including at least two shutterable camera units which view a field of view each of which cameras receives light patterns from each and every one of a plurality of contrasting areas on the instrument and the object in rapid successive sequence. A computer receives the signals generated by the light patterns as received by each camera unit which computer discriminates between such signals to determine the instrument's movement and orientation, and the conditions at impact with the object. The striking instrument may be any selected golf club which club is initially scanned by the system to determine it's proper striking location prior to the club being swung through the field of view.

Abstract: A method of and system for analyzing golf swings is described. A three dimensional android computer model of a human as well as a parametric dynamic computer model of a golf club are generated and combined. In addition, the three dimensional motions of a person swinging a golf club are recorded using cameras that track reflective markers placed at various locations on the person. A computer processes the marker path data to calculate three dimensional angular motions of the body segments of the person and the golf club which is then used to kinematically drive the joints of the android model to effect superposition of the recorded golf swing on the android model and golf club model. Kinetic data derived from the analysis of the model may in turn be used to dynamically drive the joints of the android model to also superimpose the recorded swing on the models. The results are used, among other things, to study the biomechanics of the golfer and the performance of the golf club.

Abstract: The golf game system of the present invention includes a pair of magnetic induction coil sensors to simulate the speed and, optionally, the direction of a golf swing by a golfer. The magnetic sensing system interfaces with standard software packages for a personal computer to allow a user to swing a real golf club and have the results entered and displayed by the software package. The golf game system of the present invention is useful for its recreational and entertainment value, permitting the user to practice his golf swing, and possibly for golf training and teaching applications. A magnetic strip adhesively attached to the end of the golf club locates the position of the golf club with respect to the sensors, without the need for optical sensing. An electronic circuitry panel translates the information provided by the magnetic induction coil sensors into information that is acceptable to the customized software package.

Abstract: An apparatus for the practicing of golf swings utilizing a motion sensor and a radiation source on the forehead of the user which projects a radiated signal when head motion is sensed. The signal is detected by a unit contemporaneously with the golfer's swinging either-a golf club, if he is outside, or a simulated golf club provided with a beam of radiation emanating from one end thereof, if he is inside. In the case of the simulated unit which may be used indoors, details of club head registry, (open, closed, square, sweet spot, slightly toward the toe, slightly toward the heel, toe, heel, top and bottom) swing, follow through, club head speed, tempo, distance the ball travels and the path of the ball are displayed and recorded.

Abstract: A striking instrument and struck object monitoring system including at least two shutterable camera units which view a field of view each of which cameras receives light patterns from each and every one of a plurality of contrasting areas on the instrument and the object in rapid successive sequence. A computer receives the signals generated by the light patterns as received by each camera unit which computer discriminates between such signals to determine the instrument's movement and orientation, and the conditions at impact with the object.The striking instrument may be any selected golf club which club is initially scanned by the system to determine it's proper striking location prior to the club being swung through the field of view.

Abstract: An electro-optic device is used to detect the position and speed of a golf club head as it passes in front of the device. This information triggers a short optical pulse of light to illuminate the club head, allowing a golfer to see the club head at a desired position as an after-image, and to read the displayed club head speed.