Abstract: A fuel mixture is disclosed. In a preferred embodiment, an alternative gaseous fuel for operating a combustion engine includes approximately 21 to 50% Hydrogen and the rest natural gas constituants such as combinations of Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Ethane, Propane, Iso-Butane, N-Butane, Iso Pentane, N-Pentane, and Hexanes Plus. Current production engines without any substantial modifications can take this alternative fuel. This alternative fuel is lean burning and emits emissions that are below current legal standards.

Abstract: A method for the thermal utilization of combustible components of waste materials of different properties and origin, independently of the degree of contamination with heavy metals and toxic organic compounds or organic chlorine-containing compounds. The waste materials are subjected to the method steps of pyrolysis, comminution, classification, gasification and gas purification in order to produce a clean gas which can be used for various purposes and as a source of energy and an elution-proof, mineral, solid residue which can be easily disposed of.

Abstract: Fortified hydrocarbon torch gas is a mixture of a major portion by weight of hydrocarbon base gas and additive selected from 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3 butanediol, glycerol, diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethyl acetate, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, sec butyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, propionaldehyde, and butyraldehyde and liquid hydrocarbon fuel fortified with ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or ethyl acetate.

Abstract: Abundant low cost low rank coal may now be gasified by partial oxidation or burned in a furnace or boiler. About 30 to 45 parts by wt. of comminuted low rank coal is mixed and reacted in the reaction zone of a partial oxidation gas generator with a free-oxygen containing gas and (a) about 1 to 3 parts by wt. of a residual fuel oil, and (b) about 70 to 55 parts by wt. of water. The hot effluent stream of synthesis gas, reducing gas or fuel gas from the partial oxidation gasifier may be purified to provide a gas stream which will not pollute the environment.

Abstract: Liquid hydrocarbons are capable of forming solutions of methane which is substantially soluble for example in liquefied petroleum gas creating a potential for the production of liquid fuel solutions of methane and liquefied petroleum for storage, industrial use and vehicular fuel. A binary mixture of hydrocarbons, comprised of methane dissolved in propane or butane is presented which enhance the amount of methane soluble in propane and butane thereby providing a product and methodology for establishing natural gas as an alternative fuel. A binary liquid fuel solution of methane is provided by directly mixing a liquefied petroleum gas into liquefied natural gas thereby cooling the liquefied petroleum gas in order to dissolve an enhanced amount of methane into the liquid by contacting the cooled liquefied petroleum gas/liquefied natural gas liquid blend with dried pipeline natural gas or other sources of natural gas.

Abstract: Methanol is produced by reacting a CO-rich synthesis gas in the presence of a powdered methanol synthesis catalyst suspended in an inert liquid in a liquid phase reactor system. Unreacted CO-rich synthesis gas is recycled to the reactor, thus increasing methanol production and reducing specific power compared with once-through operation without recycle or compared with recycle of hydrogen-rich gas recovered from unreacted synthesis gas. The process preferably is integrated with a coal gasification electric power generation system in which a portion of the unreacted synthesis gas is used as power generation fuel and a portion of the methanol product is used as additional power generation fuel during periods of peak power demand.

Abstract: Base hydrocarbon, preferably LPG gas, is fortified with methyl ethyl ketone and methyl tertbutyl ether in an amount 0.5% to 13%, preferably 5% to 8%, of the base hydrocarbon by weight for use as torch gas, heating or motor fuel. Cutting of ferrous metal can be accomplished even under water by mixing the fortified torch gas with oxygen having a purity as low as 90%.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for the reduction in the quantity of low activity organic wastes from nuclear power plants. This is accomplished using anaerobic fermentation in a bioreactor. The waste from the nuclear power plant is subjected to a pretreatment such as comminution and suspension, hydrolysis and/or physical dispersion, such as by a irradiation, heat treatment or the equivalent. The pretreated waste is subjected to anaerobic decomposition in a bioreactor, the anaerobic decomposition taking place in two stages, namely an acid stage and a methane stage. The gases produced in the decomposition process are conducted from the methane stage to a gas burning stage and the undecomposed waste is removed, concentrated and packed in barrels or the like for storage.

Abstract: A process for the simultaneous partial oxidation and desulfurization of an ash-containing solid carbonaceous fuel comprising (basis solid fuel) 0.2 to 8.0 wt. % sulfur and 0.1 to 30 wt. % of silicate compounds for the production of gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 and CO and entrained molten slag. In the process, the solid carbonaceous fuel and supplemental iron-containing material are reacted by partial oxidation in the reaction zone of a free-flow unobstructed down-flowing vertical refractory lined gas generator with a controlled amount free-oxygen containing gas and a temperature moderator so that an equilibrium oxygen concentration is provided in the gas phase in the reaction zone having a partial pressure which is less than about 10.sup.-7 atmospheres. The partial oxidation and desulfurization reactions take place simultaneously at a temperature which is above 1900.degree. F. and about 10.degree. to 200.degree. F. above the fluid temperature of the slag at an increased thermal efficiency.

Abstract: A process for the simultaneous partial oxidation and desulfurization of sulfur and silicate-containing solid carbonaceous fuel for the production of gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 and CO and containing less than about 0.05 volume % of H.sub.2 S and COS. In the process, the solid carbonaceous fuel and a calcium-containing compound are reacted by partial oxidation in the reaction zone of a free-flow unobstructed gas generator with a controlled amount of free-oxygen containing gas and a temperature moderator so that an equilibrium oxygen concentration is provided in the gas phase in the reaction zone having a partial pressure which is less than about 10.sup.-12 atmospheres. The total moles of calcium in the reaction zone is at least equal to about 1.0 times the moles of sulfur in the solid carbonaceous fuel. The partial oxidation and desulfurization reactions take place simultaneously at a temperature which is about 10.degree. to 200.degree. F.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the working up of salvage oil, in which the salvage oil is subjected to an extraction under supercritical conditions. The halogen compounds contained in the produced extract are removed by catalytic hydrogenation. The extraction residue is eliminated by deposition or thermal treatment (gasification). In the case of a thermal treatment of the extraction residue, other residues can be simultaneously converted, so that the process is performed without yield of environmentally burdensome residues or by-products. Ethane in particular and/or propane is employed as solvent for the supercritical extraction.

Abstract: A device for monitoring the amount of butane that can be safely added into a fuel gas before condensation occurs includes a dry-bulb thermocouple for measuring the temperature of the gas and a wet-bulb thermocouple for measuring the temperature of a wick soaked in the butane in the gaseous environment of the fuel gas. For a continuous flowing process the difference in the two measured temperatures indicates the proportion of butane that can be added before saturation, and is used to regulate the flow rate of the butane. The wick is periodically flushed with butane, in order to prevent heavy hydrocarbon components in the butane from accumulating.

Abstract: The burning characteristics of a relatively hydrogen deficient fuel are improved by physically mixing with, but not dissolving in, the fuel a light hydrogen rich vapor, such as hydrogen and/or methane, ethane, etc.

Abstract: Decreasing the viscosity of and improving the atomizing and burning characteristics of a hydrogen deficient fuel by dissolving a light, hydrogen rich hydrocarbon in the fuel.

Abstract: Fuel gas mixtures of different composition containing hydrogen may be the main products or by-products of chemical conversion processes such as, without limitation, processes for the conversion of solid or liquid fuels. Such gas mixtures are, however, normally not fit for public gas supplies, as their heating value and their density and other properties would normally not conform to the standards and the codes of practice for gas properties. Methanation is a known process for the conversion of hydrogen-rich fuel gas mixtures into gases conforming to standard specifications. During the exothermal reaction of methanation, more than 15% of the enthalphy of the reactants may be lost.The invention allows the increase of the heating value of hydrogen-rich fuel gas mixtures, said increase being achieved at a high efficiency and maximizing the recovery of useful energy in the form of gas conforming to standards and electric power.

Abstract: The invention involves the synergistic effect of the specific catalytic constituents on a specific series of carriers for the methanation of carbon monoxide in the presence of sulfur at relatively high temperatures and at low steam to gas ratios in the range of 0.2:1 or less. This effect was obtained with catalysts comprising the mixed sulfides and oxides of nickel and chromium supported on carriers comprising magnesium aluminate and magnesium silicate. Conversion of carbon monoxide to methane was in the range of from 40 to 80%. Tests of this combination of metal oxides and sulfides on other carriers and tests of other metal oxides and sulfides on the same carrier produced a much lower level of conversion.

Abstract: A fuel mixture, which contains by volume 15 to 25% acetylene, 5 to 17% C.sub.3 hydrocarbon, preferably propylene, and the remainder ethylene. This ternary fuel having a fairly constant acetylene content, is suitable in applications pertaining to assembly, flame heat treatment, flame metal spraying and disintegration of inorganic compounds or cements.

Abstract: A method of cold starting an internal combustion engine operated on atomized liquid fuel after start up comprising the steps of:heating a vaporization means with an electrical resistance heating element,heating a catalytic dissociation reactor with an electrical resistance element,pumping liquid alcohol to said heated vaporization means to form a vaporized alcohol,conveying air and vaporized alcohol to said catalytic dissociation reactor wherein partial combustion of said vaporized alcohol occurs as well as dissociation of said vaporized alcohol to form a partial start up fuel mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide,pumping liquid alcohol to an atomization means to form atomized liquid alcohol,adding said partial start up fuel mixture and said atomized liquid alcohol to form a complete start up fuel mixture,conveying said complete start up fuel mixture to said internal combustion engine,starting said internal combustion engine by igniting a mixture of air and complete start up fuel mixture therewithin

Abstract: Described is a warning agent for the odorization of gaseous hydrocarbon fuels based on mixtures of at least one of the compounds, 2-methoxy-3-isobutyl pyrazine having the structure: ##STR1## and 4-methyl-4-mercapto-2-pentanone having the structure: ##STR2## with a monomercaptan or a sulfide.

Abstract: The combustible component of a gas stream of low heating value is combusted using less than a stoichiometric amount of oxygen under conditions for the suppression of carbon monoxide including the presence of an oxidation catalyst and a small amount of arsine, and the heat energy in the combusted gas is utilized, for example, by expansion in a gas turbine.

Abstract: A reactor and the use thereof for fueling an internal combustion engine.The reactor comprising a monolithic substrate and catalytic material,said monolithic substrate containing a plurality of substantially parallel channels, means being provided for charging a heat exchange fluid into said channels and recovering said heat exchange fluid from said channels, said monolithic substrate containing a plurality of passageways through said substrate generally parallel to said channels, said passageways being adapted to pass a reactant stream through said monolithic substrate and said passageways being larger in cross section and fewer in number than said channels, said catalytic material being supported within said passageways, as a coating on the passageway walls or as pellets.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic devolatilization of coal is disclosed wherein a selected mixture of preheated coal particles and hot catalyst solids is contacted with a gaseous material such as steam and/or a hydrogen-containing gas to form a high temperature suspension in a riser reactor to obtain a high initial rate of heat transfer from high temperature catalyst particles to coal particles thereby promoting high yields of devolatilized liquid hydrocarbon product. Morever, the quality of the devolatilized material is improved by the hot catalytic solids which either convert devolatilized tars and phenols to more desirable products or prevent tar and phenol formation by catalytic interception of the initial products devolatilized from the coal. Char produced by this devolatilization technique is particularly suited for subsequent gasification and other use.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for digesting garbage or garbage contained wastes, particularly to a microbiological treatment which facilitates the treatment with high efficiency and economics, for the recovery of methane gas, first, by effecting an alcohol fermentation treatment by alcohol fermentative yeasts which can directly convert starch into ethanol without a starch hydrolysis pretreatment in the slurry state, followed by a direct methanization by methane bacteria of the fermented product containing ethanol, without effecting sterilization treatment of garbage or garbage contained wastes.

Abstract: A method for stabilizing acetylene against explosive decomposition comprising mixing together with the acetylene a chemical free radical scavenging agent chosen from the group consisting of nitric oxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromine, hydrogen iodide and vinyl bromine as well as mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A fuel mixture, comprising from 10 to 60 mols % acetylene and from 40 to 90 mols % ethylene, is prepared by mixing the two constituents in the gaseous phase at a pressure slightly above atmospheric pressure and at a temperature ranging from -25.degree. C. to +20.degree. C.

Abstract: Low-sulfur and low-ash gaseous, liquid and solid fuels are made from coal by a process which first subjects the coal to solvent extraction and hydrotreatment under hydrodesulfurizing conditions in a coal liquefaction zone to reduce the organic sulfur content of the coal. The effluent is divided into a low-solids product which contains most of the extract and a high-solids product which contains most of the remaining inorganic sulfur and other mineral matter. The low-solids product stream which contains extract and solvent is subjected to a forming step to yield low-ash and low-sulfur pellets. The high-solids product stream is subjected to gasification to yield hydrogen for use in the liquefaction step. The process is particularly adapted to supply the energy needs of a steel plant, including the required coke.

Abstract: The reaction of hydrogen and carbon oxides (carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide) to form methane at temperatures above 300.degree. C is promoted by carrying out the reaction in the presence of a catalyst containing molybdenum disilicide.

Abstract: A gaseous fuel for use in heating, hardening, welding, cutting, and other working of metals comprises a mixture of about 80 to 82 per cent propane, or a propane-butane mixture, about 15 to 17 per cent propylene oxide, and about 2 to 4 per cent methanol. The fuel gas is generated from a cylinder containing the foregoing mixture under pressure, by being dispensed through a discharge tube reaching to near the bottom of the cylinder and engaging valve means for dispensing the fuel gas mixture.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing methane in which hydrogen and carbon monoxide are contacted in the presence of a supported nickel or cobalt catalyst which is further promoted by a noble metal of Group VIII of the Periodic Table. In an embodiment of the invention a metal from Group VIB of the Periodic Table, preferably tungsten, is used along with the Group VIII noble metal to promote the methanation reaction.

Abstract: A combustible mixture for torches and burners is formed essentially of at least 15% of a member of the group consisting of methylacetylene and/or propadiene diluted with up to 85% of a diluent which itself is formed of a mixture of at least one C.sub.3 hydrocarbon and at least one C.sub.4 hydrocarbon, and in addition wherein the C.sub.3 diluent comprises at least about 45% of all the C.sub.3 hydrocarbons including the C.sub.3 acetylenes, such that the endothermic heat of formation of the mixture for a molar volume is at least 10 KCal and that the proportion between the C.sub.3 and C.sub.4 hydrocarbons in the diluent is between 70/30 and 95/5.

Abstract: A method of operating an internal combustion engine with a combustible gas which comprises the steps of: transforming a refined product of crude oil into a combustible gas in a gas generator by admitting said refined product into said gas generator with 60-120 % of the stoichiometric volume of oxygen needed to oxidize said refined product under the partial oxidation conditions of 400.about.800.degree.C with a space velocity ranging from 5000.about.50,000 V/VC .times. hr.sup..sup.-1 ; passing the combustible gas produced to an internal combustion engine to start and operate said internal combustion engine; and discharging the exhaust gases from said internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A fuel conversion system is provided in which a petroleum fraction is circulated past the outside of the cylinders of an internal combustion engine in contact with a cracking catalyst to thereby crack the fuel as a result of the combined action of the catalyst and the heat imparted to the fuel through the cylinder walls, simultaneously providing oxygen and hydrogen to the fuel, circulating the resulting fuel to the interior of the cylinders where it is burned to drive the cylinders' piston.