Abstract: The gasification process includes providing a gasification reactor for gasifying a finely divided combustible material under pressure to form a crude gas with cinder and ash components, a quenching pipe positioned concentrically above the gasification reactor, a convection-heated boiler concentrically surrounding the quenching pipe and a gas flow guide device above the quenching pipe, the gas flow guide device being rotationally symmetric with respect to a longitudinal axis of the quenching pipe; conducting the crude gas with the cinder and ash components from the gasification reactor into the quenching pipe; feeding a quenching gas into the quenching pipe during the gasifying to form a mixed flow including the crude gas, the cinder and ash components and the quenching gas; guiding the mixed flow about a 180.degree.

Abstract: Pumpable aqueous slurries of low rank coal e.g. subbituminous coal and lignite having a comparatively high solids content are made by keeping the particles of coal in contact with a non-oxidizing gas e.g. nitrogen and/or CO.sub.2 thereby maintaining a hydrophobic surface on the particles of coal while they are ground and dried, contacted with an aqueous slurry of liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel which is absorbed and which coats the particles of coal, and then dried. The dried coated particles of low rank coal are mixed with water to produce a pumpable slurry having a solids content in the range of about 50 to 60 wt. %. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the water needed to produce said pumpable slurry is derived by cooling and condensing out water from the non-oxidizing gas that was used to dry the low rank coal. In still another embodiment, the dewatered non-oxidizing gas is introduced into the combustor of a gas turbine to moderate the temperature and thereby reduce the formation of NO.sub.x gases.

Abstract: A partial oxidation process for the production of a stream of cooled and cleaned synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas substantially free from entrained particulate matter and slag. The hot raw gas stream from the partial oxidation gas generator is quench cooled with deaerated grey water in a quench tank to produce black quench water or cooled in a radiant and/or convection cooler. The cooled gas is scrubbed with deaerated grey water in a scrubbing zone to remove all of the entrained particulate matter and to produce black scrubbing waters. The black water is resolved in a flashing zone and reused by flashing it in two or three flash stages connected in series and separating the overhead flash vapors comprising vaporized grey water and sour gas from the bottoms comprising concentrated black water. The flash vapors from the first flash stage are used to heat a stream of deaerated grey water being recycled to the quench tank and gas scrubbing zone or to the gas scrubbing zone.

Abstract: A partial oxidation process for the production of a stream of hot clean gas substantially free from particulate matter, alkali metal compounds, hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide, sulfur-containing gases, and with or without ammonia for use as synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas. A pumpable hydrocarbonaceous fuel selected from the group consisting of liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel or liquid emulsions thereof, an aqueous slurry of petroleum coke, and mixtures thereof and wherein said hydrocarbonaceous fuel contains halides, alkali metal compounds, sulfur, nitrogen and inorganic ash containing components, is reacted in a gasifier by partial oxidation to produce a hot raw gas stream comprising H.sub.2, CO, CO.sub.2, H.sub.2 O, CH.sub.4, NH.sub.3, HCN, HCl, HF, H.sub.2 S, COS, N.sub.2, Ar, particulate matter, vapor phase alkali metal compounds, and molten slag. The hot raw gas stream from the gasifier is cooled in a radiant cooler and cleaned.

Abstract: A partial oxidation process for the production of a stream of hot clean gas substantially free from particulate matter, ammonia, alkali metal compounds, halides and sulfur-containing gas for use as synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas. A hydrocarbonaceous fuel comprising a solid carbonaceous fuel with or without liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel or gaseous hydrocarbon fuel, wherein said hydrocarbonaceous fuel contains halides, alkali metal compounds, sulfur, nitrogen and inorganic ash containing components, is reacted in a gasifier by partial oxidation to produce a hot raw gas stream comprising H.sub.2, CO, CO.sub.2, H.sub.2 O, CH.sub.4, NH.sub.3, HCl, HF, H.sub.2 S, COS, N.sub.2, Ar, particulate matter, vapor phase alkali metal compounds, and molten slag. The hot raw gas stream from the gasifier is split into two streams which are separately deslagged, cleaned and recombined. Ammonia in the gas mixture is catalytically disproportionated into N.sub.2 and H.sub.2.

Abstract: A high pressure synthetic gas stream is produced by gasifying coal. Hydrogen sulfide is removed by contacting the high pressure gas stream with a physical solvent, such as an alcohol, in an absorber column. A low temperature is maintained in the absorber column, typically by chilling both the solvent and the incoming high pressure synthetic gas stream, where a portion of the cooling requirement is supplied by adiabatically expanding the cleaned high pressure gas stream exiting the absorber. Typically, the cleaned high pressure gas stream will be expanded in a turbine expander to provide mechanical energy in addition to cooling capacity. The cleaned synthetic gas is useful as a fuel or chemical feedstock.

Abstract: A process for disposing of sewage sludge comprising the steps of, (1) dewatering the sewage sludge to produce an aqueous slurry of sewage sludge having a solids content of about 10 to 30 wt. %; (2) simultaneously heating and shearing said dewatered sewage sludge at about 150.degree. F. to 210.degree. F. in the absence of air for 0.5 seconds to 60 minutes while being continuously passed through a tubular-shaped processing means containing a plurality of rotating agitators, thereby producing a pumpable slurry having a viscosity of less than about 2000 centipoise; (3) dewatering the sewage sludge if necessary; (4) mixing at a temperature in the range of about ambient to 180.degree. F. in a ribbon or in-line static mixer the slurry of sewage sludge from (2) and/or (3) with a supplemental solid carbonaceous fuel e.g. coal and/or petroleum-coke to produce a pumpable aqueous slurry of sewage sludge and supplemental fuel having a solids content in the range of about 50 to 60 wt.

Abstract: A process for the partial oxidation of a sulfur- and silicate-containing carbonaceous fuel to produce a synthesis gas with reduced sulfur content which comprises partially oxidizing said fuel at a temperature in the range of 1900.degree.-2600.degree. F. in the presence of a temperature moderator, an oxygen-containing gas and a sulfur capture additive which comprises a calcium-containing compound portion, a sodium-containing compound portion, and a fluoride-containing compound portion to produce a synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO with a reduced sulfur content and a molten slag which comprises (1) a sulfur-containing sodium-calcium-fluoride silicate phase; and (2) a sodium-calcium sulfide phase.

Abstract: A process for disposing of sewage sludge comprising the steps of, (1) dewatering the sewage sludge to produce an aqueous slurry of sewage sludge having a solids content of about 10 to 50 wt. %; (2) heating and mildly shearing said dewatered sewage sludge at about 150.degree. F. to 210.degree. F. in the absence of air for 3 seconds to 60 minutes by a rotor/mixer at a speed of about 15 to 1000 r.p.m., thereby producing a pumpable slurry having a viscosity of less than about 2500 centipoise; (3) mixing at a temperature in the range of about ambient to 200.degree. F. the slurry of sewage sludge from (2) with a supplemental fuel to produce a pumpable slurry of sewage sludge and supplemental fuel having a solids content in the range of about 50 to 65 wt. % and a higher heating value in the range of about 6,000 to 18,000 BTU/LB; and (4) burning said pumpable slurry from (3) in a partial oxidation gasifier, furnace, boiler, or incinerator to produce an effluent gas stream.

Abstract: An improved process for the low-cost disposal of noxious municipal sewage sludge in a safe way without polluting the environment. In the process, a portion of a stream of dewatered sewage sludge having a solids content in the range of about 17 to 40 wt.% is dried to produce dried sewage sludge having a solids content in the range of about 75 to 99 wt.%. The dried sewage sludge is ground to a small particle size. A pumpable aqueous feed slurry having a solids content in the range of about 45 to 70 wt.% is produced comprising (a) solid carbonaceous fuel, (b) ground dried sewage sludge, and (c) sheared and/or unsheared dewatered sewage sludge. The parts by weight of (a):(b):(c) are respectively in the range of about 3 to 8:0.5 to 2:0.5 to 2, and preferably 6:1:1. The aqueous feed slurry is gasified in a free-flow partial oxidation gas generator. Synthesis gas, reducing gas or fuel gas is produced, Ash and slag are separated from the gas stream and safely disposed.

Abstract: A high pressure synthetic gas stream is produced by gasifying coal. Hydrogen sulfide is removed by contacting the high pressure gas stream with a physical solvent, such as an alcohol, in an absorber column. A low temperature is maintained in the absorber column, typically by chilling both the solvent and the incoming high pressure synthetic gas stream, where a portion of the cooling requirement is supplied by adiabatically expanding the cleaned high pressure gas stream exiting the absorber. Typically, the cleaned high pressure gas stream will be expanded in a turbine expander to provide mechanical energy in addition to cooling capacity. The cleaned synthetic gas is useful as a fuel or chemical feedstock.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel pumpable sewage sludge fuel and process for burning it. An aqueous slurry of sewage sludge is dewatered and dried to a solids content in the range of about 50 to 99 wt. % in a drying zone in the absence of free-oxygen containing gas but while in contact with a gaseous material selected from the group consisting of N.sub.2, CO.sub.2, H.sub.2, CO, and mixtures thereof. The dried sewage sludge is mixed with a supplementary fuel from the group consisting of solid carbonaceous fuel, liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel, mixtures thereof, and optionally with water to produce a pumpable slurry fuel feedstream having a solids content in the range of about 50 to 65 wt. % and a higher heating value of at least about 6,000 Btu/lb. The slurry fuel feedstream may be burned in a partial oxidation gasifier, furnace, boiler, or incinerator.

Abstract: An improved process for the low-cost disposal of noxious sewage sludge in a safe way without polluting the environment. In the process, sewage sludge having a solids content of about 0.5 to 20 wt.% is concentrated by pressing in a belt filter press, optionally followed by pressing in a high intensity press. It was unexpectedly found that the morphology of the resulting dewatered sewage sludge is changed by such mechanical treatment so that slurries with higher concentrations of solids are achieved. The dewatered sewage sludge is heated, flash evaporated and/or centrifuged, and mixed with a supplemental fuel e.g., liquid hydrocarbonaceous and/or solid carbonaceous fuel to produce a pumpable fuel slurry having a total solids content in the range of about 50 to 70 wt.% and comprising about 10 to 40 wt.% dewatered sewage sludge and having a higher heating value in the range of about 5,000 to 14,000 BTU/Lb.

Abstract: Fine-grained fuels are gasified in a fluidized state with a mixture of gasifying agents which comprise oxygen, water vapor and/or carbon dioxide. NH.sub.3 is substantially entirely removed from the product gas from the gasifier. All or part of the NH.sub.3 is combusted and any remaining NH.sub.3 is added to the exhaust gas from the combustor. In a preferred embodiment the content of nitrogen oxides and/or NH.sub.3 in the exhaust gas from the combustor and NH.sub.3 is supplied to the combustor at such a controlled rate that the contents of nitrogen oxides and NH.sub.3 in the exhaust gas to which NH.sub.3 has been admixed are minimized.

Abstract: Fuels are gasified in a fluidized state by a treatment with oxygen-containing gas and water vapor in a gasifying reactor. A solids mixture which contains ash and fine-grained fuels is combusted in a heating-up phase, which precedes the gasification and in which the temperature in the reactor is increased approximately to the temperature desired for the gasification. In a succeeding inertizing phase the supply rate of oxygen-containing gas is decreased and an inert gas is fed to the reactor until the product gas no longer contains free oxygen whereas the temperature is maintained virtually constant. In the succeeding gasification the fuel supply rate is increased and, after an adjusting time, the temperature is maintained virtually constant at the value desired for the gasification in the range from 600.degree. to 1500.degree. C. The gasification temperature is controlled by a change of the fuel supply rate.

Abstract: The combustion of gas produced from the combination of coal pyrolysis and gasification involves combining a combustible gas coal and an oxidant in a pyrolysis chamber and heating the components to a temperature of at least 1600.degree. F. The products of coal pyrolysis are dispersed from the pyrolyzer directly into the high temperature gasification region of a pressure vessel. Steam and air needed for gasification are introduced in the pressure vessel and the materials exiting the pyrolyzer flow down through the pressure vessel by gravity with sufficient residence time to allow any carbon to form carbon monoxide. Gas produced from these reactions are then released from the pressure vessel and ash is disposed of.

Abstract: A method for gasifying coal is disclosed. Coal is fed to the gasifier using lockhoppers which are in fluid communication with each other. Energy is recovered during depressurization steps by passing gas through a pressure recovery device such as a turbo-expander.

Abstract: A method for determining blockage of a coal gasification process quench zone or heat exchanger by monitoring changes in the heat transfer values.

Abstract: In a rotary-grate gas producer operated under a pressure from 10 to 100 bars, the fuel constitutes a fixed bed, which slow descends. The mixture of gasifying agents contains water vapor and oxygen is supplied to the fixed bed through a rotary grate and through an ash layer, which is disposed on the rotary grate. In order to ensure that the ash will have a particle size in a desired range, a first pressure (p1) is measured below the rotary grate and a second pressure (p2) is measured approximately at the top of the ash layer. The pressure difference (p1-p2) is compared with a setpoint, which is associated with the current ratio of water vapor to oxygen in the mixture of gasifying agent. Said ratio is increased when the pressure difference is insufficient and the ratio is decreased if the pressure difference is excessive.

Abstract: This process pertains to a achieving high on-stream time and maintaining the temperature and composition of the raw effluent gas stream from a partial oxidation gas generator being fed simultaneously with a stream of gaseous fuel and separate stream of liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel. Two parallel oxygen streams equipped with flow transmitters and control valves are used to supply the oxygen associated with two separate and different fuel streams. Each stream of oxygen is controlled by an O.sub.2 /fuel ratio control so that if the flow rate of either stream of fuel or its related oxygen stream changes, the oxygen/carbon atomic ratio of the remaining O.sub.2 and fuel stream in the gasifier is maintained at a desired value. Further, if either fuel flow is stopped, its associated O.sub.2 flow will stop, but the remaining fuel stream and its associated O.sub.2 stream will continue to flow at the same rate with no change in the oxygen/fuel weight ratio. Complete shut down of the unit is thereby avoided.

Abstract: Toxic refractory organic substances are decomposed by exposing them to an oxidizing medium and steam at a temperature in the range of 2500.degree. F. to 3200.degree. F. for a period of 5 to 500 milliseconds in a reaction chamber. The toxic refractory organic substance can be dioxins, polyhalogenated byphenyls, organophosphates, halogenated biocides, waste streams from the production of said toxic substances, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The raw gas produced by gasification is cooled to temperatures from 150.degree. to 400.degree. C. and has an NH.sub.3 content of at least 0.1% by volume as it is fed to a spray drying zone. Recycle water is fed to and is entirely evaporated in the spray drying zone. The raw gas from the spray drying zone contains water vapor and is passed through a filter, in which part of the solids and of the halogen compounds are collected in a dry state. The raw gas is subsequently passed through a saturation zone, in which the raw gas is directly contacted with sprayed water and is saturated with water vapor and cooled to temperatures of 50.degree. to 90.degree. C. Water which contains salt and solids and has a pH value of 7.5 to 9.5 is withdrawn from the saturation zone and is at least partly fed as recycle water to the spray drying zone. The raw gas from the saturation zone is aftertreated for a removal of liquid droplets which contains dust and salt.

Abstract: A process for the partial combustion of finely divided coal at high temperature and pressures to make synthesis gas having entrained particles of fly ash which are separated from the gas at high pressure. The fly ash and a minor amount of entrained gas are handled in a batchwise manner to isolate a batch in a lock hopper, depressurize the batch, strip the synthesis gas from the fly ash and cool the fly ash prior to disposal. During the depressurizing steps, the kinetic energy represented by fluids flowing from the pressurized lock hopper is utilized to provide power to a pressure recovery means and do additional work. The additional work is used to aid in the pressurization of a second lock hopper. In an alternate embodiment the additional work may be used to aid in fluidizing the particulate coal flow to the burners of the gasifier.

Abstract: Synthesis gases are prepared by partial autothermal oxidation of liquid fuels and/or solid fuels in the presence of oxygen or oxygen-containing gases with the addition of a temperature moderator, such as steam and/or CO.sub.2, in an empty reactor space without baffles, at from 1000.degree. to 1500.degree. C. under from 1 to 100 bar, the reactants fuel and oxygen-containing gas being fed separately to the reactor, by a process in which the steam or CO.sub.2 is fed in simultaneously with the feed of the fuel, and the steam is let down through one or more nozzles into the fuel steam directly before the orifice for the fuel, let-down being effected at from 30 to 250%, preferably from 80 to 140%, of the critical pressure ratio. An apparatus for carrying out the process is also described.

Abstract: A method of preventing the adherence of the ash to a gasifier wall in a process for gasifying petroleum coke in the gasifier by partial oxidization reaction. The petroleum coke is mixed with 10 to 30 wt % of coal based on the petroleum coke and the mixture is gasified at a gasifying temperature higher than the melting point of the ash of said coal.

Abstract: A method for determining blockage of a coal gasification slag tap by observing changes in the sound pressure across the slag tap is disclosed.

Abstract: Synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas is produced by the partial oxidation of ash-containing solid carbonaceous and/or liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel at an autogenous temperature in the range of about 20.degree. F. to 200.degree. F. below the softening temperature of the ash in said fuel, and at a pressure in the range of about 17 to 100 atmospheres to produce a raw effluent gas stream containing entrained carbon-rich fly-ash which is separated from the effuent gas stream. A fuel mixture comprising about 20 to 100 wt. % of said carbon-rich fly-ash and about 0 to 80 wt. % of a supplemental fuel is reacted by partial oxidation at an autogenous temperature of about 100.degree. F. above the ash-fusion temperature, and at a reduced pressure e.g. in the range of about 1 to 16 atmospheres and at least 16 atmospheres below the pressure in the partial oxidation reaction used to produce said carbon-rich fly-ash.

Abstract: An apparatus for gasifying solid carbonaceous material in a circulating fluidized bed reactor. Particles are separated from the product gas at least in two stages so that in the first stage mainly coarser, so-called circulating particles are separated and returned to the reactor. In the second stage fine carbonaceous and ash-containing particulates are separated from the gas and are made to agglomerate at a raised temperature. Coarser particles thus received are returned to the reactor through a return duct together with circulating particles. Agglomeration is effected in a chamber where a fluidized bed composed of coarse particles is maintained. Fine particulate material and oxygen containing gas are introduced into the free upper part of the chamber so as to form a hot flame (e.g. 1200.degree. C.). The point of the flame penetrates into the fluidized bed. The ash material contained in the fine particulate material melts, and is conducted to the bubbling fluidized bed.

Abstract: A method for determining blockage of a coal gasification process gasifier outlet or quench zone by observing changes in the sound pressure between the quench zone and the gasifier is disclosed.

Abstract: A process and reaction for the gasification of coal disclosed, the invention being characterized by the provision in each of a plurality of layers of slag coalescing materials on the inner liner of the reactor to provide a protective coating on the wall or walls of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for the gasification of coal is described which comprises partially combusting particulate coal in a gasification reactor comprising a gasification zone and a water bath and producing a hot gaseous stream containing synthesis gas and flyash, and slag, in the gasification zone. The slag produced is allowed to discharge from the gasification zone into the water bath, the redox potential of the water bath being formulated or maintained at a level sufficient to inhibit sulfide presence or inclusion in the slag.

Abstract: Toxic refractory organic substances are decomposed by reaction with oxygen and steam at a temperature in the range of 2500.degree. F. to 3200.degree. F. Such toxic refractory organic compounds as PCB's, may be completely destroyed without contamination of the environment.

Abstract: Synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas is produced by the partial oxidation of bituminous coal at an autogenous temperature in the range of about 2000.degree. F. to 2700.degree. F. and at a pressure in the range of about 17 to 100 atmospheres to produce a raw effluent gas stream containing entrained molten slag and carbon-rich particulate material. After cooling, course slag and carbon-rich particulate material are separated. A fuel mixture comprising about 20 to 100 wt. % of said carbon-rich particulate material and the remainder comprising a supplemental fuel is reacted by partial oxidation at an autogenous temperature of about 2000.degree. F. to 2700.degree. F. and at a reduced pressure e.g. in the range of about 1 to 16 atmospheres and at least 16 atmospheres below the pressure in the partial oxidation reaction used to produce said carbon-rich particulate material.

Abstract: Process including use of an arrangement for the gasification of fuels with oxygen or oxygen-containing gases and steam, includes a shaft-like vessel for receiving solid charging stock. A gas discharge duct is provided on the upper end of the vessel and a primary gas chamber is in connection with the shaft-like vessel on its lower end via a passage. In the primary gas chamber a burner is provided, which includes feedings for oxygen or oxygen-containing gases as well as for fuels. A trough for receiving slag is arranged below the primary gas chamber and a supporting bottoms is provided between the trough and the shaft-like vessel, reaching into the primary gas chamber, for the formation of a dumping material bed of the solid charging stock facing the burner by one dumping surface. In order to be able to gasify low-quality fuels into a high-quality product gas, the primary gas chamber includes a charging opening for charging a charging stock to be gasified.

Abstract: The cooling of a stream of hot product gas exiting from an outlet opening of a gasification reactor is made by way of two separate partial streams of cooling fluid such as a cooling gas, vapor or liquid. The first partial stream of the cooling fluid is fed from the outside substantially in a radial direction against an outer layer of the product gas stream. The second partial stream of cooling liquid is fed axially in a counter direction to the product gas stream to impinge against a central portion thereof. In this manner the path of mixing of the product gas with the cooling fluid is substantially shortened.

Abstract: Decribed is a method of cooling partial oxidation gas exiting at a temperature between 1,000.degree. and 1,700.degree. C. from a conically converging outlet portion of a reactor vessel into a subsequent tubular cooling zone. To prevent deposition of sticky molten impurities entrained in the gas stream on the walls in the transition region between the reactor vessel and the cooling zone, the outlet portion of the reactor vessel is provided with a ring-shaped slot for injecting at an angle between 0.degree. to 90.degree. a frustoconical stream of cooling fluid. Another ring-shaped slot is provided in the cooling zone to inject at an angle between 70.degree. to 90.degree. another frustoconical stream of cooling fluid into the cooling zone.

Abstract: The process for determining and controlling the fuel mass flow in partial oxidation and gasification of a fine-grained to powdery fuel includes particularly drawing the fuel from the supply vessel through a single outlet pipe and feeding the fuel to a distributor, in which a plurality of individual supply lines are connected to the individual burners, the fuel mass flow rate in the supply lines depending on the speed measured there and the radiometric density measurement being determined in the outlet pipe of the supply vessel. For control of the fuel mass flow a stepwise regulation depending on the crude gas flow produced in the gasification unit is thus provided.

Abstract: A method for gasifying or combusting solid, carbonaceous material in a circulating fluidized bed reactor. Particles are separated from the product gas at least in two stages so that in the first stage, mainly coarser, so-called circulating particles are separted and returned to the reactor. In the second stage, fine carbonaceous particlates are separated from the gas and are made to agglomerate at a raised temperature. Coarser particles thus recieved are returned to the reactor through a return duct together with circulating particles. Adhesion of agglomerating particles to the walls of the duct is prevented preferably by leading hot particulates to the center of the duct and circulating particles to the walls of the duct.

Abstract: Fouling or plugging of surfaces in the heat exchange zone following a coal gasification reaction zone caused by deposition of flyslag is inhibited by addition of an amount of graphite to the synthesis gas at a suitable locus or loci.

Abstract: Process for the partial oxidation of a liquid or solid and/or a gaseous fuel using a multi-orifice burner comprising a central channel and four concentric channels encircling the central channel. Liquid or solid fuel is supplied through the second concentric channel and the oxidizer is supplied through the first concentric channel and the third concentric channel. Hydrocarbon gas and/or moderator is supplied through the central channel and the fourth concentric channel. The mass ratio of liquid or solid fuel to hydrocarbon gas ranges from 0 to 1.

Abstract: For starting a gasifier for the gasification of carbonaceous fuel with an oxygen-bearing gasification agent in a fluidized bed, the gasifier is filled with an inert gaseous medium and put under an increased pressure. After sealing integrity has been established, a combustible gas mixture is ignited in a combustion chamber connected to the lower part of the gasifier, by means of an ignition device which operates under pressure. The gas mixture is thus burnt, while the increased pressure in the gasifier is maintained, at least until the temperature within the gasifier corresponds to the gasification temperature. The arrangement for carrying the method into effect includes a pressure-resistant combustion chamber for combustion of the combustible gas mixture by means of the ignition device. The combustion chamber is connected at least at times to the lower part of the gasifier, by way of an openable slide member.

Abstract: The hot process gas stream from the partial oxidation of sulfur-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and/or sulfur-containing solid carbonaceous fuel comprising gaseous mixtures of H.sub.2 +CO, sulfur-containing gases, entrained particulate carbon, and molten slag is passed through the unobstructed central passage of a radiant cooler where the temperature is reduced to a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. F. to 1200.degree. F. From about 0 to 95 wt. % of the molten slag and/or entrained material may be removed from the hot process gas stream prior to the radiant cooler with substantially no reduction in temperature of the process gas stream. In the radiant cooler, after substantially all of the molten slag has solidified, the sulfur-containing gases are contacted with a calcium-containing material to produce calcium sulfide.

Abstract: Low heating value liquid hydrocarbonaceous and/or solid carbonaceous hazardous waste materials from the production, refining and marketing of petroleum products are destroyed without contaminating the environment while simultaneously gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 +CO i.e. synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas are produced. From about 0.3 to 2.0 wt. % of an anionic surface active dispersant and water (if needed) are mixed with the hazardous waste material to produce a first aqueous mixture. A comminuted solid carbonaceous fuel i.e. coal, petroleum coke is mixed with water and from about 0.02 to 1.00 wt. % of the dispersant to produce a second stable pumpable aqueous slurry. The first and second aqueous slurries are mixed together to produce a stable pumpable final blend aqueous slurry which is reacted in a partial oxidation gas generator as the feedstock.

Abstract: A two-stage upflow process for coal gasification and an apparatus useful therefor. An oxygen-containing gas and a first increment of a coal-in-water slurry are ignited in a horizontal fired slagging reactor by means of horizontal coaxial juxtaposed burner nozzles mounted in the reactor, thereby converting the oxygen, the coal, and the water into steam and gaseous combustion products. The discharge from the fired reactor is contacted overhead with a second increment of coal-water slurry in a vertical unfired heat-recovery unit connected to the upper end of the reactor. The heat evolved in the reactor is used in the heat recovery unit to convert the second increment of coal-water slurry into more steam, char and synthesis gas. The gas effluent is separated from the solid char, and synthesis gas is passed into a fire-tube boiler to recover heat and the cooled product gas is recovered as the desired fuel-rich product. The solid char is reslurried and recycled to the fired reactor 3 for further combustion.

Abstract: Toxic refractory organic substances are decomposed by exposing them to an oxidizing medium and steam at a temperature in the range of 2500.degree. F. to 3200.degree. F. for a period of 5 to 500 milliseconds in a reaction chamber. The toxic refractory organic substance can be dioxins, polyhalogenated byphenyls, organophosphates, halogenated biocides, waste streams from the production of said toxic substances, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A method for removing sulfur compounds from gasification product gas during gasification of carbonaceous materials in a fluidized bed, agglomerating discharge reactor and converting harmful and unstable sulfur compounds to an environmentally acceptable form for safe disposal. Particulate sulfur fixation agent is introduced into an ash agglomerating fluidized bed gasifier along with carbonaceous feed solids and reacts with gaseous sulfur compounds formed when gasifying feed solids under reducing conditions in the fluidized bed. Unstable sulfur compounds formed by reaction with the fixation agent are then converted to a stable, environmentally disposable, solid in a lower oxidizing portion of the gasifier for discharge with the ash.

Abstract: A process for the production of demercurized synthesis gas, reducing gas or fuel gas. Mercury-containing fossil fuels e.g. coal were reacted by partial oxidation to produce gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2, CO, H.sub.2 O, CO.sub.2, H.sub.2 S, COS, entrained slag and/or ash, mercury vapor, and optionally CH.sub.4, NH.sub.3, N.sub.2 and Ar. Unexpectedly, the mercury vapor was produced in the reaction zone; and it was found to be thermodynamically stable even in the presence of H.sub.2 S under the strong reducing conditions that prevailed in the gas generator. No new sulfides of mercury were formed. The mercury vapors were removed from the main body of the process gas stream in a pressurized solvent scrubber at a relatively low temperature. By this means, the mercury vapor was condensed and simultaneously the mercury and sulfur contents of the clean process gas stream were reduced to low levels.

Abstract: In a partial oxidation process, the gaseous effluent from the generator is contacted with water to cool the synthesis gas and remove the solid particulates of ash and soot. The water from this operation is then mixed with an organic extractant and feed into a decanter to form aqueous and organic phases. The aqueous phase from the decanter is feed to a water flash separator to remove dissolved gases. The solids are removed from the water flash separator in an aqueous stream which is processed for removal of undesirable sulfides, cyanides, metals and particulate matter and steam stripped for removal of undesirable gases while retaining quantitites of ammonia therein. The overhead, an ammonia containing aqueous stream, is recycled for the control of pH in the quench scrubber vessel and the attendant equipment utilized to process the aqueous phase from the decanter.

Abstract: Part of the synthesis gas produced by coal gasification in an allothermically heated fluidized bed reactor is burned after removal of dust and sulfur and serves as a source of energy to heat the reactor by indirect heat exchange and to produce the steam required for the gasification process. The flue gas exiting from the heat exchanger of the reactor can be used to perform work in expansion turbines. The rest of the synthesis gas is available for use in downstream processes, such as iron ore reduction, or can be burned and used to perform work in turbines to produce electric current. The result is a process that is environmentally safer and operates with a better yield than direct coal burning or autothermal coal gasification, but requires no outside source of energy, such as nuclear power, as prior art allothermal coal gasification processes do.

Abstract: An improved one stage, upflow process for coal gasification whereby a dry particulate carbonaceous material and an oxygen-containing gas are combusted in a vertical gasifier thereby converting the carbonaceous material (coal) into a hot gas. The hot, entrained flyslag gas is then contacted with a cooled, recycled gas in a quench zone, thus cooling the gaseous product stream and causing the molten slag particles to convert to nonsticky flyslag particles. The high level thermal energy from the flyslag-laden gaseous product stream is recovered in a fire tube heat exchanger and the flyslag particles from the gaseous product stream are separated by conventional means and recycled back to the gasifier. The product raw gas is further treated for use in a gas turbine to produce electricity.