Abstract: Process including use of an arrangement for the gasification of fuels with oxygen or oxygen-containing gases and steam, includes a shaft-like vessel for receiving solid charging stock. A gas discharge duct is provided on the upper end of the vessel and a primary gas chamber is in connection with the shaft-like vessel on its lower end via a passage. In the primary gas chamber a burner is provided, which includes feedings for oxygen or oxygen-containing gases as well as for fuels. A trough for receiving slag is arranged below the primary gas chamber and a supporting bottoms is provided between the trough and the shaft-like vessel, reaching into the primary gas chamber, for the formation of a dumping material bed of the solid charging stock facing the burner by one dumping surface. In order to be able to gasify low-quality fuels into a high-quality product gas, the primary gas chamber includes a charging opening for charging a charging stock to be gasified.

Abstract: In a process for the recovery of usuable gas from garbage by pyrolysis, the garbage is sorted into a heavy wet vegetable portion and a light dry portion. The light portion is pressed into pellets or granules having characteristics dimensions in a range of 1-50 mm that are dried to a maximum moisture of approximately 25 wt. %, and then are passed to a pyrolysis reactor in which partially burned gas is generated and separated from noncombustible residues. The partially burned gas is taken to a high temperature gas converter where it is converted to fuel gas over a glowing carbonaceous bed. The heavy vegetable fraction of the garbage is taken to a biomass converter in which it is used to generate methane gas.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the gasification of partially dried fuel with hot gas which has been heated by bringing it into contact with an inert hot heat carrier. The fuel gases generated during the gasification process are further combusted and utilized for heating the inert heat carrier. The process and apparatus can be combined with a process and apparatus for generating steam from wet fuel wherein water is evaporated from the wet fuel by bringing the fuel into direct contact with superheated steam. The steam is superheated by bringing it into contact with a second hot heat carrier. The second heat carrier is heated by bringing it into direct contact with the fuel gas produced by combusting the fuel gas from the gasification process.

Abstract: A method for the pyrolytic production of synthetic gas from components of solid materials, including selected segregated post-consumed waste materials, within a pyrolytic gasifier operably heated by an associated furnace, which includes the steps of: preparing the materials for use as furnace fuel; preparing the materials for use as pyrolytically decomposable gassifier fuel by material proparation means; conveying the materials from the material preparation means to material segregation means by material conveying means operably associated therebetween; segregating the materials into selected segregated components of the gassifier fuel by the material segregation means; delivering the components of gasifier fuel into a desired gasifier fuel formula component ratio by gasifier fuel delivery means so as to comprise a gasifier fuel formula mixture; and compacting the gasifier fuel mixture by compacting means operably connected to gasifier fuel delivery means, so as to substantially eliminate entrapped oxygen and

Abstract: An improved gasification system, in which synthesis gas is produced through the operation of a fuel gas production bed comprising an upper layer (66) of organic input material, typically in the form of pellets or briquettes of substantially uniform size and configuration, two intermediate layers, one intermediate layer (70) for carbonizing the input material, and the other intermediate layer (72) for partially oxidizing and substantially completely pyrolyzing the input material and a lower layer (68) of tar-free charcoal. The length of the gas production bed from the top of the upper intermediate layer to the point where gas exits from the gas production bed is approximately at least 1.5 times the diameter of the bed, but not less than 7 feet. The removal of charcoal from the gas production bed is controlled and the operation of the bed otherwise controlled such that the charcoal produced during the process is activated carbon.

Abstract: A two-stage upflow process for coal gasification and an apparatus useful therefor. An oxygen-containing gas and a first increment of a coal-in-water slurry are ignited in a horizontal fired slagging reactor by means of horizontal coaxial juxtaposed burner nozzles mounted in the reactor, thereby converting the oxygen, the coal, and the water into steam and gaseous combustion products. The discharge from the fired reactor is contacted overhead with a second increment of coal-water slurry in a vertical unfired heat-recovery unit connected to the upper end of the reactor. The heat evolved in the reactor is used in the heat recovery unit to convert the second increment of coal-water slurry into more steam, char and synthesis gas. The gas effluent is separated from the solid char, and synthesis gas is passed into a fire-tube boiler to recover heat and the cooled product gas is recovered as the desired fuel-rich product. The solid char is reslurried and recycled to the fired reactor 3 for further combustion.

Abstract: Toxic refractory organic substances are decomposed by exposing them to an oxidizing medium and steam at a temperature in the range of 2500.degree. F. to 3200.degree. F. for a period of 5 to 500 milliseconds in a reaction chamber. The toxic refractory organic substance can be dioxins, polyhalogenated byphenyls, organophosphates, halogenated biocides, waste streams from the production of said toxic substances, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A gasification process of improved efficiency is disclosed. A dual bed reactor system is used in which carbon-containing feedstock materials are first treated in a gasification reactor to form pyrolysis gases. The pyrolysis gases are then directed into a catalytic reactor for the destruction of residual tars/oils in the gases. Temperatures are maintained within the catalytic reactor at a level sufficient to crack the tars/oils in the gases, while avoiding thermal breakdown of the catalysts. In order to minimize problems associated with the deposition of carbon-containing materials on the catalysts during cracking, a gaseous oxidizing agent preferably consisting of air, oxygen, steam, and/or mixtures thereof is introduced into the catalytic reactor at a high flow rate in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the reactor. This oxidizes any carbon deposits on the catalysts, which would normally cause catalyst deactivation.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for converting unconditioned biomass, such as cotton gin trash, into usable energy. This is accomplished by gasifying the biomass, removing the particulate char from the combustible gas using cyclonic separators, burning the gas, and using the heat to generate steam. Two stage combustion helps minimize NO.sub.x formation.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process and device for destroying solid waste by pyrolysis, in which a column of such waste is upwardly traversed at least partially by a stream of hot gas blown in at the base of said column, wherein said stream of hot gas is generated by at least one plasma jet. The invention results in the destruction of non-burned residues and in the improved flow of the molten residues.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a novel method of operating a gasifier for production of fuel gas from carbonaceous fuels. The process disclosed enables operating in an entrained mode using inlet gas velocities of less than 7 feet per second, feedstock throughputs exceeding 4000 lbs/ft.sup.2 -hr, and pressures below 100 psia.

Abstract: A process for recovering the energy and chemical content of an aqueous black liquor utilizing a reactor containing a drying zone located above a gasification zone. The reactor contains a bed of porous solid carbonaceous material in the gasification zone. Heat losses are restricted, preferably from both zones, by the provision of a layer of insulating material about the reactor. An oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the gasification zone in an amount less than about 60% of that required for complete combustion of the black liquor such that there is produced partial combustion and gasification reactions sufficient to maintain the temperature at an upper surface of the bed in the range of from about 870.degree. to 1200.degree. C. and to form a hot combustible gas which rises from the gasification zone.

Abstract: A gasifier (10) for particulate combustible material in effect separates the pyrolysis and the oxidation of the flowable fuel material with a traveling grate (40) for advancing a bed of the material from a material feed station (40A) to a material discharge station (40B). A material feed mechanism (60) has fuel and ember chutes (62, 64) for depositing hot embers below combustible material. Discharge transport apparatus 70 separates ash from combustible residue, i.e., embers. A recirculation transport (80) delivers combustible residue to the ember chute (64) where it is reintroduced to the traveling grate (40) for a further transit through the gasifier (10).

Abstract: Method for gasifying carbonaceous fine-grained or sludgy material, such as powdered brown coal or biomass, in fixed bed reactors. Carbonaceous material to be gasified is pre-heated and dried, and mixed with coarse-grained, non-carbonaceous ballast material. This mixing is carried out prior to, during or after the pre-heating and drying of the carbonaceous material, to thereby obtain a pre-heated and dried mixture of the carbonaceous material and the ballast material, and to also obtain vapor from the pre-heating and drying of the same. The heated and dried mixture is contacted with a gasification medium within a fixed bed reactor, at a temperature sufficiently high to gasify the carbonaceous material. The gasification medium includes the vapor from the pre-heating and drying of the carbonaceous material. The ballast material provides sufficient gas permeability to the fine-grained or sludgy carbonaceous material, to permit gasification thereof in the fixed bed reactor.

Abstract: Pyrolytic reprocessing of plastic, rubber, or other hydrocarbon materials in which the resultant pyrolysis gas is brought in a cooling stage to a temperature just above the freezing point of water and to a pressure of approximately 0.8 to 1.4 bar of overpressure. The resultant condensate is then separated and heated to a normal storage temperature and the super atmospheric pressure on the condensate reduced to atmospheric pressure. The gas produced thereby comprising C.sub.4 hydrocarbon compounds is supplied to the pyrolysis process as special product gas. By means of this provision, the proportion of aromatic compounds in the pyrolysis gas is raised substantially.

Abstract: A process for gasification of cellulosic materials in a single gasification vessel wherein the cellulosic materials are introduced directly into a single back-mixed fluidized bed of high heat capacity inert solids. The fluidized bed is maintained at temperatures of about 1200.degree. to about 1600.degree. F., pressures of up to about 500 psig devolatilizing the cellulosic materials. A substantial portion of the heavier hydrocarbons produced by devolatilization of the cellulosic materials is reformed within the gasification vessel and a substantial portion of the devolatilized cellulosic materials is gasified by reaction with hydrogen and steam within the fluidized bed. Cellulosic materials residue is combusted in an oxygen-rich atmosphere in the lower portion of the fluidized bed to principally form heat and cellulosic materials ash. The highly back-mixed fluidized bed results in temperature variation along the height of the bed, including the combustion zone, of less than 100.degree. F.

Abstract: Method for the continuous gasification of solid carbonaceous fuel, especially fuel having a high water content such as biomass and brown coal, in which the fuel is indirectly heated by condensing steam. Steam removed from the fuel during drying is then utilized to aid in the gasification of the same, thus producing generator gas, which is directly recovered.

Abstract: A concentrated aqueous black liquor containing carbonaceous material and alkali metal sulfur compounds is treated in a gasifier vessel containing a relatively shallow molten salt pool at its bottom to form a combustible gas and a sulfide-rich melt. The gasifier vessel, which is preferably pressurized, has a black liquor drying zone at its upper part, a black liquor solids gasification zone located below the drying zone, and a molten salt sulfur reduction zone which comprises the molten salt pool. A first portion of an oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the gas space in the gasification zone immediatley above the molten salt pool. The remainder of the oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the molten salt pool in an amount sufficient to cause gasification of carbonaceous material entering the pool from the gasification zone but not sufficient to create oxidizing conditions in the pool.

Abstract: Heat energy is generated from low-grade alkaline fuels (such as manure and lignite) in a gasifier-combustor system. The fuel is gasified at a temperature of less than 900.degree. C. in a circulating fluidized bed gasifier comprising a first cyclone separator. The gas leaving the first separator is conveyed to a second cyclone separator. The gas leaving the second separator is burned in a boiler at a temperature of at least 900.degree. C. Alkaline containing material is removed and collected from the gasifier, the first and second separators, the boiler and a filter before the gas is vented to the atmosphere.

Abstract: A system and method to achieve gasification of bark pieces, that includes a vessel to receive the bark pieces which are introduced at an upper region of the vessel and are burned at a lower region, which bark pieces settle from the upper region downward to the lower region in the course of burning and bridge as they settle to leave one or more bypass holes in the bulk thereof. A mechanism is provided to apply angular impelling reciprocating forces to the bark pieces or the like to revolve individual pieces through acute angles, first in one direction and then in the other, to disrupt the bridging and hence the bypass holes.

Abstract: Slugs (4) of products dehydrated by compression are thrust into the tube (11) up to the hearth (15). The hot gases from the hearth passing round the tube (11) heat it up in order to release the gases and carbonize the solids which burn in the form of coke in the bottom (16) of the hearth. Household refuse may thus be eliminated not only without expense but with recovery of energy from it.

Abstract: Electric power is produced in an electric power generating combustion turbine using a biogas as fuel thereto, where a biogas, leaving a biomass gasification system at an elevated temperature of 650.degree.-875.degree. C. and containing tars, is partially cooled by injection of a spray of water thereto to a lower temperature of about 260.degree.-555.degree. but above that which would condense tars. The partially cooled biogas stream is then filtered to remove solid particulate matter therefrom and is directly charged as fuel to the electric power producing combustion turbine for the production of electric power.

Abstract: A partial oxidation process for the production of a stream of mixed gases comprising H.sub.2 and CO. An aqueous particulate solid carbonaceous fuel slurry feedstream is preheated by indirect heat exchange with a process-derived stream of skimmed gases substantially comprising H.sub.2 O. The aqueous carrier of the slurry is vaporized by introducing superheated steam directly into the slurry pipeline. A suspension of particulate solid carbonaceous fuel entrained in a gaseous mixture substantially comprising steam e.g. about 90 to 99.9 wt. % H.sub.2 O and about 0.1 to 10 wt. % of a CO.sub.2 -containing gas mixture is produced. The suspension of solid fuel in the gaseous mixture is then separated in a skimming operation into an overhead gas stream substantially comprising steam, as previously described, and a bottom stream comprising particulate solid carbonaceous fuel with the remainder of said gaseous mixture.

Abstract: A process for gasification of cellulosic biomass in a single gasification vessel wherein the cellulosic biomass is introduced directly into a single back-mixed fluidized bed of high heat capacity inert solids. The fluidized bed is maintained at temperatures of about 1200.degree. to about 1600.degree. F., pressures of up to about 500 psig devolatilizing the biomass. A substantial portion of the heavier hydrocarbons produced by devolatilization of the biomass is reformed within the gasification vessel and a substantial portion of the devolatilized biomass is gasified by reaction with hydrogen and steam within the fluidized bed. Biomass residue is combusted in an oxygen-rich atmosphere in the lower portion of the fluidized bed to principally form heat and biomass ash. The highly back-mixed fluidized bed results in temperature variation along the height of the bed, including the combustion zone, of less than 100.degree. F.

Abstract: The rapid pyrolysis of lignocellulosic products, especially forest waste, is conducted in a fluidized bed of hot refractory particles. The pyrolysis products, comprising solid carbonaceous residue (i.e., char), tars and gas, escape from the bed and cross an overheating zone comprising a packed bed contactor supplied by a rainfall of hot refractory particles. The carbonaceous solid residue is then separated from the produced gases, a portion of which is recycled to fluidize the bed, and burned in a conveyed bed combustion reactor, thus heating the refractory particles that supply the packed bed contactor and the fluidized bed.

Abstract: Comminuted waste material is introduced in the form of briquettes, pellets or granulates into a gastight rotating drum for the recovery of useful gas by pyrolysis. The size of the briquettes, pellets or granulates is from about 1 to 50 mm and they are brought to a dry substance content of more than 70%.

Abstract: A solid fuel gasifying unit is used to convert coal and other combustible organic solids to gaseous end products. Solid feed enters the vertical preheat zone of S-shaped gasifying unit and is mixed with a hot recycle reagent such as clay. The solid material fills the preheating zone of the unit to an elevation sufficient to create a gravitational particle flow which forces the solid particles in the lower end of the zone into the bottom of a vertical gasifying zone and through the remaining sections of the unit. In the gasifying zone, a fluidizing gaseous stream such as carbon dioxide or steam is injected to enhance the flow of the solid particles.Also disclosed is a gas fractionating unit and a relatively high pressure solid fuel gasifying unit which contain a reagent powder having a significant weight difference in reduced form as compared with the weight of the powder in oxidized form and which may be circulated through the unit under gravity flow during oxidation-reduction chemical processing.

Abstract: Converting carbon-containing raw material, particularly coal, wood or crude oil, into a combustible product gas by a gasification reaction in the presence of a catalyst which is dissolved in the steam intended for the gasification reaction, forming a homogeneous gaseous solution. The ash-containing gasification residue is separated and the catalyst is extracted from the separated gasification residue by the steam intended for the gasification reaction at a temperature and a pressure, at which a homogeneous gaseous solution of the catalyst in steam is formed.

Abstract: The apparatus includes a reaction chamber which in operation uses an organic fuel input, typically in the form of substantially uniform-sized pellets, to produce a tar-free fuel gas. Prior to initiating operation, the lower end of the reaction chamber is filled with a charge of charcoal, forming a charcoal bed. A portion of the charcoal bed is then ignited, typically near the top, with air from the atmosphere being drawn substantially uniformly down through the reaction chamber by a pump on the outlet line leading from the reaction chamber, creating a thin pyrolysis zone near the top of the charcoal bed. The substantially uniform-size fuel pellets are added to the top of the charcoal bed, and are pyrolized as they move down through the pyrolysis zone.

Abstract: Non-organic substances are separated from household garbage and the organic substances are fed in proportioned manner into a mixing tank (5) and converted into slurry by adding liquid. The slurry is crushed for homogenization purposes in a crushing means (10, 11) and passed into a closed holding container (13). It is then fed over a heat exchanger (15) and heated to 55.degree. to 60.degree. C. The slurry passes into a plurality of reaction vessels (16) in which the methane gas and carbon dioxide are produced. In a separating plant (22), the mixture of gaseous products is broken down into its components and some of the methane gas is recycled by bubbling it through both the holding tank and the reaction tank, the remainder being stored in gasholders (23). The organic substances are degraded much more rapidly through increasing the degradation temperature and as a result constructional expenditure can be reduced.

Abstract: A process for continuously gasifying wood, wood chips, wood charcoal, or other low-ash biomass material in a mechanically-ashed gasifier using a fixed bed gasification system to obtain a gaseous product relatively rich in carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Product gas comprising carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide, together with methane and other diluents, is withdrawn from the gasification chamber. Sufficient noncombustible, particulate, refractory material is fed to the gasifier to provide an adequately deep layer of noncombustible solids on a moveable grate which supports the fuel bed, the object being to prevent damage to the grate and the grate-actuating mechanism caused by overheating, when the ash bed becomes too thin. The product gases from the gasification chamber may be used as raw synthesis gas for the production of, for example, methanol or as furnace heating gases.

Abstract: Biomass feedstock raw material is converted to synthesis gas by drying and sizing biomass raw material, pyrolyzing the processed biomass in intimate mixture with inert gases such as combustion products, thereby obtaining a product mixture of char, pyrolysis oil, and pyrolysis gas, and gasifying the char and some of the pyrolysis oil in the presence of steam and oxygen at a temperature sufficient to form the synthesis gas product substantially comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Abstract: In the gasification of char with zinc oxide, the improvement which comprises reacting the off-gas stream of gaseous zinc and carbon monoxide with steam at elevated temperatures in a second reactor means thereby oxidizing the zinc to zinc oxide and yielding a second gaseous stream containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This improved process avoids having to condense and revaporize the zinc, heretofore an economic barrier to the development of the zinc oxide char processes.

Abstract: Heat can be recovered by biological generation of heat upon aeration of refuse, such as garbage or sludge, in an aeration vessel (11) by introducing oxygen-containing gas, such as air, in a closed cycle (11, 33, 31, 35) to thereby enrich gas withdrawn from the vessel with the oxygen, typically by reintroduction of gas withdrawn from an upper gas portion (43) of the vessel, after introduction of additional oxygen, for example controlled by a valve (65) into a lower portion of the contents of the aeration chamber. Control can be effected automatically, by a control unit (55, 55') through a valve (51, 51') or manually; automatic control can be effected, for example, by sensing oxygen or carbon dioxide concentration by suitable sensors (57, 59) within the vessel.

Abstract: A high turndown de-slagging burner is provided for simultaneously introducing one or two mixed pairs of reactant feedstreams into a free-flow noncatalytic partial oxidation gas generator for the production of synthesis gas, fuel gas, or reducing gas by way of the central and/or annular sections of the burner, respectively. Each pair of feedstreams comprises a stream of free-oxygen containing gas with or without a temperature moderator and a pumpable liquid slurry stream of solid carbonaceous fuel, such as a coal-water slurry. Other hydrocarbonaceous fuels may be employed. The burner comprises four coaxial concentric conduits that are radially spaced to provide coaxial concentric annular passages. All of the conduits and annular passages are closed at the upstream ends and open at the downstream ends. Each pair of feedstreams is separately mixed together in a central or annular pre-mix chamber located upstream from the face of the burner.

Abstract: A process for the production of ethylene, benzene and carbon monoxide from particulated biomass such as wood by reaction with methane at a temperature of from 700.degree. C. to 1200.degree. C., at a pressure of from 20 psi to 100 psi for a period of from 0.2 to 10 seconds.

Abstract: Organic materials are separated and retrieved by mixing them with a liquid medium which is solid at room temperature and which is at atmosphere pressure. The material and medium are pumped by an electromagnetic pump while creating turbulence and then the velocity of the medium is decreased while heat is applied. Gases generated during the application of heat are collected. The medium is then cooled and returned to the pool at atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: An apparatus for drying, pyrolyzing and possibly also gasifying of lump wood in a cylindrical vessel with a hearth case includes a vessel of a type which differs from prior art vessel units by a top cooling hood with an annular cooling duct and an outer annular air space for preheating suction air and an inner, likewise annular, gas space to discharge to some external destination the gas recovered from the predried wood. The air drawn from the outer annular space is fed to the hearth via an air chamber and nozzles. Condensate precipitated on the inside faces of the hood drops into an annular gutter and is subjected to evaporation in the further course of the process. A method for operating this apparatus is also provided.

Abstract: Particulate carbonaceous solids are pyrolytically converted to fuel gas in a fluidized bed containing quartz sand as the primary inert heat-transfer medium. In addition to the quartz sand, the fluidized bed contains an anti-agglomerating composition consisting of a carbonate or oxide of calcium, magnesium, or barium, or mixtures thereof. The formation of sand agglomerates (viz. clinkers) interferring with fluidized bed operation is prevented. Coarsely ground limestone is the preferred additive.

Abstract: A process for converting solid wastes to gases suitable for use as a town gas comprising the steps of (1) pyrolyzing solid wastes at 550.degree. C. or higher in a pyrolyzing furnace to produce pyrolysis gases containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide and dioxide, methane and other hydrocarbons as well as chlorine-containing compounds, sulphur-containing compounds and other impurities, (2) washing the pyrolysis gases with an aqueous alkaline solution or the like, (3) refining the washed pyrolysis gases with the hydrogen contained in the pyrolysis gases, (4) reforming the refined pyrolysis gases by steam reforming, CO conversion and/or methanation and (5) separating the excess steam and carbonic acid gas from the reformed gases. In one embodiment, the washing (2) and refining (3) may be substituted by the high-temperature steam reforming of the pyrolysis gases in hot state supplied directly from the pyrolyzing furnace.

Abstract: A biomass gasification method and apparatus employs a rectangular design and linear injection of feedstock to allow compact modular design to accommodate a wide variety of energy demands with a single-size production unit which can be stacked with others for different energy output demands. The method and construction make use of a long and narrow grate in combination with an air supply system and producer gas return system which uses a down-draft technique to restrict and control by-products and to improve the efficiency of the energy conversion system.

Abstract: In the method, organic, i.e. carbon-containing, material, such as straw, wood chips, sawdust, or dead bacterial waste from a sewage treatment plant, is heated in a pyrolytic reactor, thereby driving off volatiles from the organic material, including hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases, water vapor, and tars, while leaving charcoal (char) behind. The volatiles are then passed over a base material, such as hot char, which is at a temperature substantially above the pyrolizing temperature, e.g. 950.degree. C. and above, which causes a chemical reaction of the tars and volatiles, resulting in an output of a gaseous mixture consisting largely of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, characterized by an absence of tars. The apparatus includes a pyrolytic reactor in which an initial charge of charcoal is located. An inlet is provided for introduction of the organic material and an exit is provided for the resulting gases and ash products.

Abstract: Coal (or other carbonaceous matter, such as biomass) is converted into a duct gas that is substantially free from hydrocarbons. The coal is fed into a solar reactor (10), and solar energy (20) is directed into the reactor onto coal char, creating a gasification front (16) and a pyrolysis front (12). A gasification zone (32) is produced well above the coal level within the reactor. A pyrolysis zone (34) is produced immediately above the coal level. Steam (18), injected into the reactor adjacent to the gasification zone (32), reacts with char to generate product gases. Solar energy supplies the energy for the endothermic steam-char reaction. The hot product gases (38) flow from the gasification zone (32) to the pyrolysis zone (34) to generate hot char. Gases (38) are withdrawn from the pyrolysis zone (34) and reinjected into the region of the reactor adjacent the gasification zone (32). This eliminates hydrocarbons in the gas by steam reformation on the hot char.

Abstract: A method for the gasification of large-sized vegetable materials using a ed bed gasogene. This gasification method includes the steps of moving the materials in a fixed treatment chamber extending substantially horizontally and having opposite rear and forward ends, the materials being moved from the rear end towards the forward end through substantially the whole transverse section of the chamber and being successfully subjected to drying, pyrolysis and gasification in successive areas of the chamber. Hot gases are generated by combustion in a zone free of materials to be treated and located in the chamber in front of the natural talus created by the front of the whole bulk of materials which occupy substantially the whole transverse section of the chamber. Gases are extracted from the chamber and recycled into the zone in front of the natural talus, whereby tar produced from the pyrolysis and carried away by the extracted gases is eliminated by heating the recycled gases in the zone.

Abstract: A method for thermally decomposing and gasifying either liquid or solid combustible material in a single reactor filled with working medium in a high active fluidization, said reactor being provided with two partitions, one of which is extended downwards upto the lower portion of the reactor, while the other is vertically extended at the lower and middle portions thereof substantially at a right angle to the first partition, whereby the reactor is divided into two sections, that is, thermal decomposition and gasification section and combustion and heating section, so that thermal decomposing and gasifying are performed by way of supplying the combustible raw material into the downwardly travelling working medium and at the same time supplying steam thereinto for generating and maintaining the high active fluidization of the working medium in the thermal decomposition and gasification section, while burning and heating are performed by way of supplying air or steam mixture gas of oxygen and steam into the upwa

Abstract: A process for gas production and accelerated bioleaching of organic materials by acid forming bacteria in beds of organic solids, such as landfills, passing the leachate of hydrolysis and liquefaction products of microbial action of the microorganisms with the organic material to an acid phase digestion zone to regenerate an activated culture of acid forming microorganisms for recirculation to the bioleaching zone. The supernatant from the acid phase digestion zone may be passed to a methane phase digestion zone operated under conditions to produce methane rich gas. The supernatant from the methane phase digestion zone containing nutrients for the acid forming microorganisms and added sewage sludge or other desired nutrient materials may be circulated to the acid phase digestion zone or to the bioleaching zone. Low Btu gas is withdrawn from the acid phase digestion zone while high Btu gas is withdrawn from the methane phase digestion zone and may be upgraded for use in SNG.

Abstract: Trim control of a partial oxidation gas generator for the production of synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas is effected by two improved control schemes which are automatically operated separately or in sequence. The control systems include sensors sensing the flow rate of the feedstreams and analyzers which provide signals corresponding to the wt. % carbon in the effluent gas quench cooling and scrubbing water for use in controlling the particulate carbon in the effluent gas stream, and/or signals corresponding to the mole fraction of CH.sub.4 (dry basis) in the cooled and cleaned effluent gas stream for use in controlling the temperature in the reaction zone. The signals from the sensors and analyzers are provided to the system control unit which computes values that represent the relative difference between the actual and desired carbon-make and/or the actual temperature in the reaction zone, and the relative difference between the actual and desired temperature in the reaction zone.

Abstract: Trim control of a partial oxidation gas generator for the production of synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas is effected by two improved control schemes which are automatically operated separately or in sequence. The control systems include sensors sensing the flow rate of the feedstreams and analyzers which provide signals corresponding to the wt. % carbon in the effluent gas quench cooling and scrubbing water for use in controlling the particulate carbon in the effluent gas stream, and/or signals corresponding to the mole fractions of CO.sub.2, CH.sub.4, CO and H.sub.2 (dry basis) in the cooled and cleaned effluent gas stream for use in controlling the temperature in the reaction zone.

Abstract: A device for obtaining large amounts of combustible gas from carbonaceous materials, such as wood chunks and other wood waste material, by gasification of such wood material resulting in partial combustion thereof has a gas-tight combustion chamber having a rectangular cross section and having a material charging device and an ash discharge device respectively disposed at upper and lower portions thereof. The chamber has a number of gas removal lines connected thereto and has a number of air nozzles uniformly disposed in longitudinal walls of the chamber in at least one plane as well as a number of uniformly spaced air supply lances which extend to a central interior portion of the chamber for supplying air for aiding combustion of the material therein. The device may be subdivided into a number of individual chambers by partitions disposed in the chamber.

Abstract: A process for the partial oxidation of pumpable slurries of solid carbonaceous fuels in which the pumpable slurry of solid carbonaceous fuel in a liquid carrier is passed in liquid phase through one passage of a burner comprising a retracted central coaxial conduit, an outer coaxial conduit with a converging orifice at the downstream tip of the burner and, optionally, an intermediate coaxial conduit. The downstream tips of the central conduit and the intermediate conduit, if any, are retracted upstream from the burner face a distance of respectively two or more say 3 to 10 for the central conduit, and about 0 to 12 say 1 to 5 for the intermediate conduit times the minimum diameter of the converging orifice of the outer conduit at the burner tip. A pre-mix zone is thereby provided comprising one or more, say 2 to 5 coaxial pre-mix chambers in series.