Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by the partial oxidation of a fuel feedstock comprising a heavy liquid and/or petroleum coke having a nickel, iron, and vanadium-containing ash. A copper-containing additive is introduced into the reaction zone along with the feed. The additive combines with at least a portion of the nickel and iron constituents and the sulfur found in the feedstock to produce a liquid phase washing agent that collects and transports at least a portion of the vanadium-containing oxide laths and spinels and other ash components out of the reaction zone. In another embodiment, a minor amount of a second additive comprising a compound of an element selected from the group consisting of iron, calcium, magnesium, chromium, and mixtures thereof is introduced into the partial oxidation reaction zone along with the fuel feedstock and the copper-containing additive.

Abstract: Effluent gas streams for steam reforming, partial oxidation or coal gasification operations are advantageously treated in shift conversion, scrubbing and pressure swing adsorption units for recovery of a purified, hydrogen-containing product gas stream. By recycling a portion of the waste gas removed from the pressure swing adsorption system to the shift conversion unit and/or to the effluent gas generation operation, enhanced product recovery is achieved without the necessity for employing low temperature shift or for achieving essentially complete removal of the carbon dioxide content of the gas being treated prior to its passage to said pressure swing adsorption system.

Abstract: A method is provided for turning down or up the output of raw product gas from a partial oxidation gas generator while maintaining in an acceptable range the efficiency of the gas generation, or conversion of the fuel to gas, and the quality of the gas produced. In the process, the flow rates for the separate feedstreams to the burner comprising fuel optionally in admixture with a temperature moderator, at least one stream of free-oxygen containing gas optionally in admixture with a temperature moderator, and with or without a separate feedstream of temperature moderator are adjusted down or up a predetermined amount to obtain a specified output of raw product gas while maintaining substantially constant in the reaction zone the levels of O/C atomic ratio and the temperature moderator/fuel weight ratio.

Abstract: A process is provided for the partial oxidation of a high metals or ash containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel or a slurry of solid carbonaceous fuel to simultaneously produce saturated and unsaturated raw streams of synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas. Two continuous partial oxidation reactions in two separate reaction zones go on simultaneously. The fuel feed to the first partial oxidation zone is said fresh high metals or ash containing fuel. The raw product gas stream from the first partial oxidation zone is split into first and second split gas streams. The first split gas stream may be cooled in a radiant and/or convection type gas cooler without fouling heat exchange surfaces. The fuel feed to the second partial oxidation zone is a pumpable slurry which is prepared from the entrained matter that is separated from said gas streams during quench cooling and cleaning operations and which contains a comparatively high amount of metals and/or ash.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the preparation of a combustible gaseous mixture or product gas from a nongaseous fuel in which a gasifier is used provided with a rotatably driven cup-shaped support grate 3. A granular or pulverized refractory auxiliary material and fuel are continuously fed to the inner side of said grate, a gasification medium or process gas being fed to the outer side of the grate, whereupon the resulting product gas and the exhausted auxiliary material with ash from the fuel, are discharged separately. According to the invention the fuel consists, at least partly, of a residual oil previously fed into the fuel chamber 14, 15.

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by partial oxidation of hydrocarbon charge, a first portion being cooled by indirect heat exchange and scrubbed before being combined with the quenched second portion en route to particulate scrubbing, the combined gas scrubber overhead being characterized by a desired steam:dry gas ratio which is controlled by regulating the flow of the quenched second portion in accordance with the measured properties of the combined scrubber overhead gas.

Abstract: In coal gasification processes for the production of synthetic natural gas by the reaction of coal with steam and oxygen under pressure to form a gasifier synthesis gas and a liquid hydrocarbon by-product, the liquid hydrocarbon by-product is treated for solids and metal removal and is then passed to a catalytic partial oxidation zone containing a monolithic platinum-palladium catalyst. The hydrocarbon by-product liquids are converted to secondary synthesis gas by being reacted with steam and oxygen. Optionally, the effluent from the catalytic partial oxidation zone may be passed through a second, steam reforming catalyst to react residual hydrocarbons with water to produce hydrogen and carbon oxides. The gasifier and secondary synthesis gases may be treated to remove acid gases therefrom and then methanated to provide a product synthetic natural gas.

Abstract: A continuous process for preventing the build-up of metals from the hydrocarbonaceous fuel feed in a partial oxidation system in which about 80-100 wt. % of the carbon-soot produced is recycled to the gas generator. By the subject process a significantly large portion of the metals and metal compounds i.e. ash in the soot-water feed stream to the decanter become concentrated in the grey water that separates out in the decanter in the carbon recovery section. The concentration of ash suspended in the grey water may be then easily reduced in a solids-liquid separator with or without the addition of a flocculant and prior to recycling a portion of the grey water to the gas quench tank and/or gas scrubber.

Abstract: Heavy hydrocarbon fuel containing high metal concentrations and all of the soot which is rich in metals that is produced in the system, are feedstocks in a partial oxidation process for the simultaneous continuous production of two streams of cleaned, raw synthesis gas having high and low H.sub.2 O/dry gas mole ratios, respectively. In the process, all of the stream of hot, raw synthesis gas containing entrained particulate carbon and ash that is produced in a first gas generator is quench cooled and scrubbed with water in a quench tank. Simultaneously, split streams of hot raw synthesis gas containing entrained particulate carbon and ash are produced in a second gas generator. One split gas stream is quench cooled and scrubbed with water in a quench tank while the other split gas stream is simultaneously cooled in a convection-type gas cooler and then scrubbed with water.

Abstract: Heavy liquid hydrocarbon fuel containing high metal concentrations and all of the soot rich in metal values that is produced in the system are feedstocks in a partial oxidation process. Three free-flow noncatalytic partial oxidation gas generators are simultaneously operated for the simultaneous continuous production of two streams of cleaned, raw synthesis gas having high and low H.sub.2 O/dry gas mole ratios, respectively. In the process, all of the hot, raw synthesis gas containing entrained particulate carbon and ash that is produced by the first two gas generators is quench cooled and scrubbed with water in separate quench tanks. Simultaneously, as stream of hot raw synthesis gas containing entrained particulate carbon and ash is produced by a third gas generator and cooled in a convection-type gas cooler without fouling and plugging of the tubes.

Abstract: The hot raw effluent gas stream from a free-flow partial oxidation gas generator comprising H.sub.2, CO, CO.sub.2, entrained particulate carbon, and at least one material from the group H.sub.2 O, N.sub.2, Ar, H.sub.2 S, COS, CH.sub.4, and ash are split into two hot raw gas streams which are separately processed. One hot, raw split gas stream contains about 5 to 50 volume %, such as 10 to 20 volume % of the total amount of hot raw effluent gas stream and the other hot, raw split gas stream contains the remainder. One raw, split gas stream is cleaned by quenching and scrubbing with water to produce a clean product gas stream saturated with water. The entrained particulate carbon is removed from the raw synthesis gas as a carbon-water dispersion from which it is extracted with a liquid organic extractant.

Abstract: A partial oxidation process with an extractant purifier for removing the particulate carbon entrained in a vaporized stream of normally liquid organic extractant-carbon-water dispersion from a decanter and producing a clean vaporized mixture of liquid organic extractant and water and a separate liquid stream of liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel-carbon dispersion. The extractant purifier comprises a closed, vertical, cylindrical, thermally insulated vessel with an unobstructed central passage. Supported in the upper section of the vessel is a gas-solids separator for separating the particulate carbon from the vaporized dispersion flowing up the vessel and discharging the particulate carbon into atomized liquid hydrocarbon fuel located within the lower section of the purifier.

Abstract: The particulate carbon in a liquid organic extractant-carbon-water dispersion stream that is produced in a decanter is separated as clean, dry carbon particles from the liquid carrier by atomizing the dispersion and vaporizing the liquid organic extractant and water in a spray dryer. Thermal energy for completely vaporizing the liquid carrier is provided by directly contacting the atomized dispersion in the spray dryer with a split stream of hot raw synthesis gas containing entrained particulate carbon from a partial oxidation gas generator. The continuous closed-cycle operation permits recovery and recycle of the water used for cooling and cleaning the stream of raw synthesis gas as well as the recovery and reuse of the liquid organic extractant. Clean dewatered and clean saturated streams of synthesis gas are simultaneously produced along with the by-product clean, dry carbon particles.

Abstract: A partial oxidation process and control system for continuously producing synthesis gas, fuel gas or reducing gas in which one process fuel is replaced by a different fuel without shutting down or depressurizing the gas generator. This multifuel process is not tied to one particular fuel and reacts slurries of solid carbonaceous fuel and/or liquid or gaseous hydrocarbonaceous fuels. Suitable burners for introducing the feedstreams into the gas generator comprise a central conduit means radially spaced from a concentric coaxial outer conduit having a downstream exit nozzle, and providing a coaxial annular passage means therebetween. The central conduit means may be retracted upstream from the burner face a distance of about 0 to 12 and preferably 3 to 10 times the minimum diameter of the central exit orifice.

Abstract: A partial oxidation process for continuously producing synthesis gas, fuel gas or reducing gas in which process one fuel is replaced by a differing fuel without shutting down or depressurizing the gas generator. This multifuel process is not tied to one particular fuel and reacts slurries of solid carbonaceous fuel and/or liquid or gaseous hydrocarbonaceous fuels. Problems of fuel availability are reduced due to the wide selection of fuels that are suitable for the subject process. A two-section burner having a high turndown feature is employed that comprises a central conduit; a central bunch of tubes positioned in said central conduit; an outer conduit coaxial with said central conduit and forming an annular passage therewith; and an annular bunch of tubes positioned in said annular passage. The downstream ends of said central and/or annular bunches of tubes are respectively retracted upstream from the burner face a distance of about 0 to 12 i.e.

Abstract: Trim control of a partial oxidation gas generator for the production of synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas is effected by two improved control schemes which are automatically operated separately or in sequence. The control systems include sensors sensing the flow rate of the feedstreams and analyzers which provide signals corresponding to the wt. % carbon in the effluent gas quench cooling and scrubbing water for use in controlling the particulate carbon in the effluent gas stream, and/or signals corresponding to the mole fractions of CO.sub.2, CH.sub.4, CO and H.sub.2 (dry basis) in the cooled and cleaned effluent gas stream for use in controlling the temperature in the reaction zone.

Abstract: Trim control of a partial oxidation gas generator for the production of synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas is effected by two improved control schemes which are automatically operated separately or in sequence. The control systems include sensors sensing the flow rate of the feedstreams and analyzers which provide signals corresponding to the wt. % carbon in the effluent gas quench cooling and scrubbing water for use in controlling the particulate carbon in the effluent gas stream, and/or signals corresponding to the mole fraction of CH.sub.4 (dry basis) in the cooled and cleaned effluent gas stream for use in controlling the temperature in the reaction zone. The signals from the sensors and analyzers are provided to the system control unit which computes values that represent the relative difference between the actual and desired carbon-make and/or the actual temperature in the reaction zone, and the relative difference between the actual and desired temperature in the reaction zone.

Abstract: A method for starting up a pressurized partial oxidation gas generation system comprising a gas generator and gas purification train without atmospheric pollution. The method comprises isolating and prepressuring the gas purification train to a pressure of at least 50 percent of normal operating pressure, starting the gas generator and autogenously increasing the pressure in the gas generator to the pressure of the gas purification train before establishing communication with the gas purification train to permit flow of gas through the gas purification train. Purified gases discharged from the gas purification train may be burned in a flare without atmospheric pollution.

Abstract: A partial oxidation process using a swirl burner for producing synthesis gas, fuel gas or reducing gas from slurries of solid carbonaceous fuel and/or liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuel. The swirl burner may have pre-mix and/or high turndown features. By means of the burner a first reactant stream is split into a plurality of swirling streams by being passed down through a central bundle of helical tubes. Simultaneously a second reactant stream is split into a plurality of swirling streams by being passed down through a plurality of related passages formed in the cylindrical space that surrounds said central bundle of helical tubes and/or the interstices between the helical tubes. When the two swirling reactant feed streams impinge, either upstream from the face of the burner in a pre-mix zone or downstream from the face of the burner, in the gas generator, they are intimately mixed together. The combustion efficiency of the burner is thereby improved.

Abstract: A method for starting up a partial oxidation gas generator without a separate preheat burner is described. The burner used includes central and annular bunches of parallel tubes that extend through central and annular passages formed by concentric conduits.

Abstract: Disclosed is a partial oxidation process for producing synthesis gas, fuel gas or reducing gas from slurries of solid carbonaceous fuel and/or liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuel. The burner has a high turndown feature and comprises a central conduit; a central bunch of parallel tubes that extend longitudinally through said central conduit; an outer conduit coaxial with said central conduit and forming an annular passage therewith; and an annular bunch of parallel tubes that extend longitudinally through said annular passage; and wherein the downstream ends of said central and annular bunches of parallel tubes are respectively retracted upstream from the burner face a distance of about 0 to 12 i.e. 3 to 10 times the minimum diameter of the central exit orifice and the minimum width of the annular exit orifice. Three ranges of flow through the burner may be obtained by using one or both bunches of tubes and their surrounding conduits.

Abstract: A process for the partial oxidation of pumpable slurries of solid carbonaceous fuels in which the pumpable slurry of solid carbonaceous fuel in a liquid carrier is passed in liquid phase through one passage of a burner comprising a retracted central coaxial conduit, an outer coaxial conduit with a converging orifice at the downstream tip of the burner and, optionally, an intermediate coaxial conduit. The downstream tips of the central conduit and the intermediate conduit, if any, are retracted upstream from the burner face a distance of respectively two or more say 3 to 10 for the central conduit, and about 0 to 12 say 1 to 5 for the intermediate conduit times the minimum diameter of the converging orifice of the outer conduit at the burner tip. A pre-mix zone is thereby provided comprising one or more, say 2 to 5 coaxial pre-mix chambers in series.

Abstract: A process for catalytic gasification of heavy oil of a specific gravity of higher than 0.7 with steam or steam/oxygen-containing gas characterized in that the heavy oil is contacted with chromium oxide catalyst or a catalyst comprising a mixture of chromium oxide and one or more of alkaline earth metal oxides, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, nickel oxide and cobalt oxide.More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for catalytic gasification of heavy oil of a specific gravity of higher than 0.7 characterized in that the heavy oil is contacted with a gasification catalyst comprising calcium aluminate, an alkali aluminate or tungsten-containing nickel and then the heavy oil is further contacted with said chromium oxide catalyst or chromium oxide-containing catalyst.

Abstract: This invention relates to a continuous process for separating the soot from the aqueous suspensions containing soot, obtained in the preparation of a synthesis gas, by intimately contacting the aqueous suspension with at least a part of the liquid hydrocarbonaceous material feeding a synthesis gas generator and by recycling into said gas generator the suspension of soot in the liquid hydrocarbonaceous material after separation of a clarified water phase by decantation.

Abstract: A process for removing soot from synthesis gas streams is disclosed. The process is characterized by oxidation of the soot in the presence of water.

Abstract: A method of producing process gases containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from ash oil comprises directing oil rich in ash and oxygen enriched gas into a burner which is fired downwardly into a pressure reactor so as to gasify the oil under pressure and under pressure of steam into gases which are partly burned and a remainder of gases. The remaining gases are separated from unburned carbon and ash and are quenched to convert them into steam by a wash water which entrains fine particles of carbon. The remaining heat content of the quench gases are used in another process. Wash water is directed into a decanter thickener in order to separate the wash water and entrain particles into clear water, carbon containing water and ash mud. The carbon containing water is used to produce steam for controlling the conversion of ash oil.

Abstract: A process, having high thermal efficiency, is provided for the production of substitute natural gas from fossil fuels such as crude oil, by non-catalytic hydrogenation. High thermal efficiency is obtained by using cryogenic systems for separating hydrogen from (a) the product of the hydrogenation reaction and (b) from products produced by partial oxidation in the production of hydrogen required for the hydrogenation reactions. Other products from the partial oxidation reaction may be used either as fuel or as feedstocks for catalytic steam reforming to produce SNG.

Abstract: An improvement in the production of a natural gas substitute comprising at least about 80% of methane by volume by multi-stage methanation of a synthesis gas containing hydrogen and oxides of carbon over fixed-bed nickel-containing catalysts under a pressure of about 5 to 100 bars. The starting synthesis gas, preferably produced by oxygen and water gasification of coal, has about 8 to 25% by volume of methane on a dry basis. It is methanated in a first stage at an inlet temperature of about 230.degree.-400.degree. C. and an outlet temperature of about 550.degree. to 750.degree. C. and then in a second stage at about 230.degree. to 500.degree. C. The process is economical with respect to heat consumption and equipment cost.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the efficient production of power by the oxidation of carbonaceous or hydrocarbon fuels with minimal pollution of the atmosphere. In one of its more specific aspects, this object is accomplished by partial oxidation of the hydrocarbon or other carbon-containing fuels to produce a fuel gas, followed by partial oxidation of this fuel gas and finally complete combustion of the gaseous products of the second partial oxidation with the generation of power in stages following each of the oxidation steps such that the stack gas discharged to the atmosphere is low in oxides of nitrogen and is substantially free from sulfur compounds. The process is particularly suitable for use with sulfur-containing petroleum residua, shale oils and the like.

Abstract: Sensible heat in the hot effluent gas stream leaving a partial oxidation gas generator for the production of raw synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas is used at its maximum temperature to produce a continuous stream of superheated steam at a pressure which may exceed the pressure in the gas generator. The by-product superheated steam may be used as a dispersant or carrier of the fuel feed to the generator or as a temperature moderator. Optionally, a portion of the by-product superheated steam may be used as the working fluid in a turbine to produce mechanical work or electrical energy or both. The high steam superheat temperature results in a higher conversion efficiency. A shell and tube heat exchanger in which a stream of steam or cleaned generator gas is continuously bled from inside the tubes to the outside, or the reverse is employed. The bleed stream mixes with the effluent gas stream passing through the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A process for the removal of hydrogen cyanide and of metals which form carbonyls from gases produced by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons with steam and oxygen is described involving use of an alkaline solution containing a carbonyl inhibitor in the scrubber.

Abstract: An integrated partial oxidation-thermal cracking process is disclosed for the more complete utilization of all chemical values in crude oil feedstocks employed in the concurrent production of synthesis gas and an olefin-rich stream comprising the steps of: burning, at a high temperature, streams of fuel and oxygen in the presence of superheated steam to form a reducing stream of hot combustion products; injecting a crude oil distillate fraction stream into said reducing stream of hot combustion products; passing the resulting injected stream to a reaction zone to effect thermal cracking of said crude oil distillate fraction steam and reaction products; thermally quenching said stream; removing pitch and fractionating to provide at least one stream of hydrocarbon oil and an olefin rich gas stream; separating carbon dioxide and any contained hydrogen sulfide from said olefin rich gas stream; separating streams of synthesis gas, methane and ethylene from said olefin rich gas stream; and recycling fractions of sa

Abstract: The effluent gas stream from a partial oxidation gas generator is scrubbed with water. A dispersion of particulate carbon and water is produced, mixed with a liquid organic extractant, and separated in a decanter. The overhead stream from the decanter, comprising a dispersion of carbon in the liquid organic extractant, together with small amounts of water, is mixed with extraction oil and heated in a vaporizing operation to produce a vaporized overhead mixture, comprising substantially all of the water and liquid organic extractant, and an unvaporized liquid bottoms dispersion of carbon in extraction oil containing only a minor amount of water and liquid organic extractant. The bottoms dispersion is passed into a steam stripper in counterflow with stripping steam.

Abstract: A free-oxygen containing gas is heated while under pressure in a gas fired pressurized heater and then reacted with a hydrocarbonaceous fuel optionally in the presence of a temperature moderator in the reaction zone of a free-flow partial oxidation gas generator. The effluent gas stream from the gas generator is cooled, cleaned and optionally purified to produce a H.sub.2 +CO-containing product gas. One portion of said product gas is reacted in said pressurized heater with air in order to heat the free-oxygen containing gas going into the gas generator. Another portion of said product gas is burned with air in the combustor of a gas turbine. The exhaust gas from the combustor is passed through an expansion turbine to produce mechanical power for compressing the free-oxygen containing gas and air used in the system. The turbine may also drive a turboelectric generator. At least a portion of the flue gas from the fired pressurized heater may be introduced into the combustor or into the expansion turbine.

Abstract: Power is developed by an expansion turbine in which the working fluid is a gaseous mixture comprising all of the hot raw gas stream leaving an unpacked partial oxidation gas generator, after removing if present a portion of the entrained solids, in admixture with a temperature moderating stream. A molal increase is associated with the partial oxidation process. Power is obtained from this molal increase in addition to the power obtained from the elevated pressure and sensible heat in the hot raw partial oxidation product gas. The temperature moderating stream may comprise a recycle portion of the turbine exhaust gas stream after being cooled, cleaned, optionally water-gas shifted or purified, or both, and recompressed. Alternatively, the recycle gas stream may be mixed with water, steam, or both. In one embodiment the temperature moderating stream comprises liquid water or condensate produced in the process.

Abstract: A gasification process for forming a gas mixture containing hydrogen wherein a hydrocarbon including a heavy residual oil is atomized with a mixture of an oxygen-containing gas and steam in an atomizing zone, the formed jet streams containing the atomized hydrocarbon drops are introduced to the catalyst bed while adjusting the residence time in the atomizing zone to 0.05 to 5 seconds, substantially without forming eddy currents and the reaction is carried out at a temperature of at least 850.degree. C. to form said gas mixture while avoiding deposition of solid carbon on said catalyst bed.

Abstract: The reaction zone of a free-flow refractory lined partial oxidation gas generator is preheated by the complete combustion of fuel gas, supplied by means of a preheat burner, with air at atmospheric pressure. The preheat burner is replaced by the main process burner and the heating is continued by the complete combustion of said fuel gas and air at atmospheric pressure. The main burner is then made pressure tight to the reaction zone, and the heating is continued. When the temperature of the reaction zone reaches the temperature for ignition of the autothermal partial oxidation reaction of the liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and free-oxygen containing gas in the presence of a temperature moderator, fuel gas and air are cut-off, and are respectively replaced by a stream of said liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel, optionally in admixture with a temperature moderator, and a separate stream of free-oxygen containing gas, optionally in admixture with a temperature moderator.

Abstract: Sensible heat in the hot effluent gas stream leaving a partial oxidation gas generator for the production of raw synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas is used at its maximum temperature to produce a continuous stream of superheated steam at a pressure which may exceed the pressure in the gas generator. The by-product superheated steam may be used as a dispersant or carrier of the fuel feed to the generator or as a temperature moderator. Optionally, a portion of the by-product superheated steam may be used as the working fluid in a turbine to produce mechanical work or electrical energy or both. The high steam superheat temperature results in a higher conversion efficiency.

Abstract: Sensible heat in the hot effluent gas stream leaving a partial oxidation gas generator for the production of gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 +CO i.e. synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas, is used at maximum temperature to heat a stream of heat transfer fluid preferably comprising a portion of the product gas circulating in a substantially closed loop. The heat transfer fluid serves as the working fluid in a turbine that produces mechanical work, electrical energy, or both. Further, the heat transfer fluid leaving the turbine may be used to preheat hydrocarbonaceous feed and free-oxygen containing gas which is then introduced into the gas generator. Optionally, by-product superheated steam may be produced at high temperature levels for use in the gas generator and as the working fluid in an expansion turbine. The high steam superheat temperatures results in higher conversion efficiencies.

Abstract: A process for preparing a gasiform hydrocarbon fuel from a hydrocarbon fuel oil, and maintaining same in such form into a gasiform burner, which comprises:(a) partially vaporizing a liquid hydrocarbon fuel oil having a gravity of about 10.degree.-50.degree. A.P.I. at a temperature of 350.degree.-675.degree. F. in the presence of 5-90 percent by weight of non-oxidizing gas based on the weight of the vaporized portion of said hydrocarbon fuel oil, thereby producing a gasiform hydrocarbon fuel and a liquid residue, said gasiform hydrocarbon fuel consisting essentially of said vaporized liquid hydrocarbon and said non-oxidizing gas;(b) separating said gasiform hydrocarbon from said liquid residue; and(c) superheating said gasiform fuel to maintain said gasiform fuel in the vapor state unitl it is burned, and(d) thereafter burning said gasiform fuel in said gasiform burner.

Abstract: A catalyst and a process for partially oxidizing hydrocarbons to hydrogen and carbon monoxide is provided. The catalyst consists essentially of rhodium, the rhodium being usually supported on a carrier. In the process, a mixture gas of a hydrocarbon such as naptha, gasoline and propane and an oxidizer such as air and/or oxygen is contacted with the rhodium catalyst at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: A continuous process for simultaneously producing (1) a stream of purified synthesis gas having a controlled mole ratio H.sub.2 /CO, and (2) a separate stream of CO-rich gas. Methanol may be synthesized from the purified synthesis gas and reacted with CO to produce acetic acid. In the process, raw synthesis gas from a noncatalytic partial-oxidation gas generator is cleaned (if necessary), cooled, and dehumidified. At least a portion of the resulting gas stream is then partially purified by removing H.sub.2 S and COS if present, and at least a portion of the CO.sub.2 in a first gas purification zone. The remainder of the clean dehumidified gas stream if any, by-passes the first gas purification zone. Partially purified gas from the first gas purification zone is introduced into a second gas-purification or separation zone and at least a portion of the remainder if any, by-passes the second gas purification zone. A product stream of CO-rich gas and a separate stream of H.sub.

Abstract: This is a continuous process for producing a stream of purified and humidified fuel gas which may be burned in a gas turbine to produce mechanical work and electrical energy without contaminating the environment. In the process, a feed stream of raw fuel gas is preferably produced by the partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous fuel with a free-oxygen containing gas, optionally in the presence of a temperature moderate. The raw fuel gas stream is then preferably saturated with water during cooling and cleaning operations. It is then passed in indirect countercurrent heat exchange with a stream of purified fuel gas containing substantially no water. The later stream was produced by cooling and purifying said raw fuel gas stream. At least a portion of the water which is condensed out of the raw fuel gas during said cooling operation is separated and revaporized into said purified fuel gas stream. The resulting stream of purified and humidified fuel gas may be used as fuel in a gas turbine.

Abstract: High temperature chemical reaction processes utilizing fluid-wall reactors can be conducted in fluid-wall reactors by a process which includes the steps of (a) generating an annular envelope of an inert fluid which is substantially transparent to radiation within a shell of a refractory material which reflects radiation, the volume enclosed by the shell constituting a black body cavity, the envelope having substantial axial length and the interior of the envelope defining a reaction chamber; (b) introducing two groups of reactants into the black body cavity and into the reaction chamber, at least one reactant from each group being directed along a predetermined path substantially coincident with the longitudinal axis of the envelope, the first and second groups of reactants respectively being capable of reacting endothermically and exothermically at a predetermined temperature; and (c) directing high intensity radiant energy into the reaction chamber to coincide with at least a portion of the predetermined pa

Abstract: A method for treating raw material comprises mixing fuel and air in a mixing chamber to produce a combustible mixture, ejecting the combustible mixture into a combustion chamber and burning it therein to evolve hot products of combustion which are fed directly into an adjoining conditioning chamber. Additional gas is supplied to the conditioning chamber and mixed with the products of combustion to form a conditioned treating gas having a prescribed temperature and composition. To promote rapid and uniform mixing of the gases and hence form a uniform treating gas, the conditioning chamber is connected directly to and has a volume 11/2 to 6 times greater than that of the combustion chamber. A treating chamber disposed downstream from the conditioning chamber receives both the preconditioned treating gas and the raw material to be treated and the raw material is acted thereon by the treating gas while temporarily stored in the treating chamber.

Abstract: A process for the production of a gaseous mixture containing substantial amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which comprises: (1) blending an oxidizing gas and a primary fuel within a combustion chamber having a combustion zone, which is substantially free of baffles, to produce a compressible gas or gas-like mixture; (2) causing the mixture to assume a highly turbulent compact and self-contained configuration by subjecting it to swirl, the swirling mixture having a swirl number greater than 0.5 and no greater than 1.

Abstract: An improved continuous partial oxidation process for producing clean synthesis or fuel gas from a hydrocarbonaceous fuel feed is disclosed wherein hot gases from the process are simultaneously cooled and cleaned by direct contact with hydrocarbon oil. Thus, the effluent gas stream from the reaction zone of the gas generator is cooled and cleaned by discharging the gas stream directly into a relatively large body of hot liquid hydrocarbon immersion fluid. For example, the immersion fluid may be a dispserion of liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel such as petroleum oil and particulate carbon which is contained in a separate immersion vessel. A portion of the immersion fluid is continuously removed from the immersion vessel and is cooled in an external cooler to a temperature in the range of about 300 to 850.degree. F but above the dew point of the water in the process gas stream.

Abstract: An improved continuous partial oxidation process for producing clean synthesis or fuel gas and by-product steam from a hydrocarbonaceous fuel feed is disclosed wherein hot gases from the process are simultaneously cooled and cleaned by direct contact with hydrocarbon oil. Thus, the effluent gas stream from the reaction zone of the gas generator is cooled and cleaned by discharging the gas stream directly into a relatively large body of hot liquid hydrocarbon immersion fluid. For example, the immersion fluid may be a dispersion of liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel such as petroleum oil and particulate carbon which is contained in a separate immersion vessel. A portion of the hot immersion fluid is continuously removed from the immersion vessel and cooled to a temperature in the range of about 300.degree. to 850.degree. F. but above the dew point of the water in the process gas stream in an external heat exchanger, such as a steam generator. High pressure by-product steam may be produced thereby.

Abstract: An improved continuous partial oxidation process for producing clean synthesis or fuel gas from a hydrocarbonaceous fuel feed is disclosed wherein the effluent gas stream from the reaction zone of the gas generator is simultaneously cooled and cleaned by first discharging the gas stream directly into a relatively large body of hot liquid hydrocarbon immersion fluid contained in an immersion vessel, and second by scrubbing with by-product water obtained subsequently in the process in a nozzle scrubber. The process gas stream is optionally cooled and passed into a gas-liquid separator where any condensed by-product noxious water and any C.sub.5 -C.sub.10 liquid hydrocarbons are separated from each other and from the clean product gas stream. By-product noxious water is disposed of without polluting the environment by recycling a portion of it to the gas generator as the temperature moderator.

Abstract: In the subject partial oxidation process for the continuous production of gaseous mixtures comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide separate streams of a free-oxygen-containing gas are simultaneously passed through the center conduit and through the outer annular passage of a double-annulus-type burner while a liquid hydrocarbonaceous feedstock, optionally in admixture with a temperature moderator, is simultaneously passed through the intermediate annular-passage. In one embodiment, a dispersion of petroleum oil in steam is passed through the intermediate annular passage of the burner at a velocity which is greater than the velocity of the two separate streams of oxygen which are passed respectively through the central conduit and through the outer annular-passage. Combustion efficiency may be thereby improved.