Abstract: This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

Abstract: A process for partial oxidation of hydrocarbons in a reactor, in which a stream comprising the hydrocarbon and a stream comprising the oxygen are fed to the reactor, wherein both streams fed to the reactor are conducted within the reactor separately through in each case one or more spatially separate lines, these lines having turbulence generators in their interior, owing to which, as a result of the imposed deflection of the flow direction downstream of turbulence generators, a highly turbulent flow field forms, and the streams are then mixed in a mixing zone after exiting from the lines and then converted in a reaction zone.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of acetylene and synthesis gas by partial thermal oxidation in a reactor which has a burner having passages, wherein the starting materials to be reacted are rapidly and completely mixed only immediately before the flame reaction zone in the passages of the burner, a mean flow rate which exceeds the flame propagation velocities under the given reaction conditions being established in the mixing zone within the passages.

Abstract: A process for partial oxidation of hydrocarbons in a reactor, in which a stream comprising the hydrocarbon and a stream comprising the oxygen are fed to the reactor, wherein both streams fed to the reactor are conducted within the reactor separately through in each case one or more spatially separate lines, these lines having turbulence generators in their interior, owing to which, as a result of the imposed deflection of the flow direction downstream of turbulence generators, a highly turbulent flow field forms, and the streams are then mixed in a mixing zone after exiting from the lines and then converted in a reaction zone.

Abstract: A process for controlling the continuous production of acetylene and hydrated lime from the reaction of water with calcium carbide is disclosed where the hydrated lime is withdrawn at a desired mass ratio of the hydrated lime to the calcium carbide feed. The process is also controlled by regulating the temperature so that it is independent of the variations in the production of acetylene by regulating heat transfer to the environment at a rate to maintain a constant temperature in the reactor. Preferably, the reaction is controlled by withdrawing the hydrated lime slurry product at a rate low enough to maintain a slurry concentration of hydrated lime above about 14 weight percent.

Abstract: An apparatus for the manufacture of acetylene and hydrated lime from the reaction of calcium carbide and an excess of water is disclosed. A primary reactor for the initial reaction of the calcium carbide and water is disposed concentrically within a secondary reactor. Hydrated lime and unreacted calcium carbide flow directly from the primary reactor to the secondary reactor, where the carbide lime settles from the water and is removed.

Abstract: In the preparation of acetylene and synthesis gas by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons with oxygen, the feedstock gases are first separately preheated, then intensively mixed in a mixing zone, reacted after flowing through a burner block and then rapidly cooled.The burner block has a number of continuous ducts. According to the invention the ducts of the burner block are covered on the inlet side by plates furnished with perforations.

Abstract: A two-stage process for producing acetylene and calcium chloride from calcium carbide and water has two successive reaction steps. In step Number 1, calcium carbide is charged into an entrained flow-type reactor vessel containing water. The reaction which follows proceeds to about 60-90% completion. The entrained reaction products and the unreacted feed material are carried over to a secondary reactor to complete the reaction, and the acetylene gas is drawn off. Calcium hydroxide product is removed from the reactor and reacted with hydrogen chloride to form calcium chloride. Heat generated by the exothermic reactions of water with calcium carbide and HCl with calcium hydroxide is used to dry the calcium chloride product and improve its value. In the presence of excess water, the calcium carbide-water reaction is effectively a first order, irreversible reaction.

Abstract: A two-stage process for producing acetylene and calcium chloride from calcium carbide and water has two successive reaction steps. In step Number 1, calcium carbide is charged into an entrained flow-type reactor vessel containing water. The reaction which follows proceeds to about 60-90% completion. The entrained reaction products and the unreacted feed material are carried over to a secondary reactor to complete the reaction, and the acetylene gas is drawn off. Calcium hydroxide product is removed from the reactor and reacted with hydrogen chloride to form calcium chloride. Heat generated by the exothermic reactions of water with calcium carbide and HCl with calcium hydroxide is used to dry the calcium chloride product and improve its value. In the presence of excess water, the calcium carbide-water reaction is effectively a first order, irreversible reaction.

Abstract: A multi-stage generator for generating dry acetylene gas from calcium carbide while leaving a residue of dry lime has a generator housing including a plurality of vertically spaced shelves, each shelf and its associated components providing a stage of the generator. Each shelf has an exit slot and a water spray zone circumferentially spaced therefrom. A deposit zone is formed intermediate the water spray zone and the exit slot. Stirring arms are rotatably mounted to cooperate with each shelf to sweep the calcium carbide mixture received in the deposit zone into the wetting zone and thereafter into the exit slot. The exit slot of each shelf is offset angularly relative to the exit slot of the preceeding shelf so that the calcium carbide mixture is swept about each shelf through a substantial angle prior to exiting to the next shelf.

Abstract: A method of producing H.sub.2 and C.sub.2 H.sub.2 gases comprises the steps of drying a hydrocarbon biomass material to remove water without carbonization, reacting the dried hydrocarbon biomass with a stoichiometric excess of molten lithium metal to produce lithium salts comprising LiH and Li.sub.2 C.sub.2 and then hydrolyzing the lithium salts to produce a gaseous mixture comprising H.sub.2 and C.sub.2 H.sub.2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing gaseous or liquid fuels or hydrocarbons from solid mineral sources and, more particularly, to a process for producing solid compounds, hereinafter designated fuel precursors, capable of releasing or generating flammable gases or liquids by chemical and/or physical conversion phenomena and to the process and methods to accomplish said fuel generation. The fuel precursors consist primarily of carbides formed from two or more metallic elements combined with carbon. The precursors additionally may contain minor amounts of free metal, unreacted carbon or other impurities.

Abstract: A product suitable for the production of fuel gas upon reaction with water which is prepared by reacting a uniform mixture of finely divided calcium oxide and carbon under pressure in the presence of pyrophosphoric acid.

Abstract: A calcium carbide based power system for stationary and mobile power plants. The carbide is reacted with water to create heat and acetylene, with the acetylene then being burned to heat a boiler for providing steam to a steam turbine. The exhaust of the turbine is condensed and pumped back into the boiler, first being pre-heated by a heat exchanger in the carbide-water reactor to pre-heat the boiler makeup water (steam) and to cool the reactor. The system may limit the excess water required for the carbide-water reactor, and provides recovery of the heat given off in the generation of the acetylene for maximum system efficiency. Other, alternate embodiments are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating acetylene gas by reacting water and calcium carbide wherein a tank containing water is pressurized by a pump in a manner feeding the water to another vessel wherein it reacts with particulate calcium carbide to generate acetylene gas. A portion of the acetylene gas is returned through a pressure regulator to the water tank in a manner maintaining regulated system operating pressure on the water to sustain the reaction without overproduction of the gas. The apparatus can be located in a vehicle for on board generation of acetylene gas as fuel for the internal combustion engine thereof.

Abstract: An oxidative aqueous solution for the purification of carbide acetylene that is acetylene, containing hydrogen phosphide and hydrogen sulphide admixtures, comprising cupric chloride, mercuric chloride and hydrochloric acid.The proposed solution has a high activity and the ability of purifying a great amount of acetylene in one purification cycle before regeneration. One liter of the solution before regeneration purifies 300 - 6000 liters of carbide acetylene, that is, acetylene at a space velocity of 30 to 80 min.sup..sup.-1. The solution is noted for its stability.In case of alternating the cycles of acetylene purification and solution regeneration 1 liter of this solution purifies 10000 to 30000 liters of acetylene without the additional introduction of the initial components into the solution.