Abstract: The invention relates to a process and a device for the discharge of residues of ash-containing fuels occurring during gasification of coal. The hot mixture of residues and water is separated in a separating chamber, whereby the residues enter a lock vessel situated under the separating chamber. The hot water is recycled to the water bath situated under the gasification reactor. After the lock vessel has been filled with residue, the hot water in the separating chamber is cooled or replaced by cold water. The discharge of the residues is pressureless and is effected by a stream of water flowing through the separating chamber into the lock vessel. Separating chamber and lock vessel remain filled with water at all times.

Abstract: A cyclic char gasifier plant is described which, from a single gas expander, can produce two or more separated and differing product reacted gases by use of an exhaust divider valve at the expander discharge.

Abstract: Coal gasification apparatus wherein a combustible mixture is formed and burned, comprising a combustion supporting gas such as oxygen, and a coal slurry. The hot products of combustion which issue from the burner, are directed into the reaction chamber of a synthesis gas generator. To avoid deposition of slag and ash particles along the hot, exposed face of the burner, a dynamic fluid blanket or barrier is directed transversely of the burner face. The reaction chamber includes an elongated port in which the burner is registered. To shield the burner, a manifold depends from the reaction chamber wall adjacent to the burner face and projects a stream of coolant fluid transversely of the face.

Abstract: A fluidized bed gasifier (10) for gasifying a first fuel (50) receives heat indirectly from a combusting fluidized bed (24) disposed at least partially within the gasifier fluidized bed (12). Fuel for the combusting bed (24) may be provided by removing a portion of the fluidized first fuel from the gasifier bed (12) and transporting (30,34) this removed portion into the combusting bed (12). Heat is transferred across the conductive walls of the combustor vessel (26). Product gas heating value is increased by separately removing (28) the products of combustion from the gasifier (10) and by recycling a portion of the product fuel gas (74) as the fluidizing gas (54) for the gasifier fluidized bed (12). A radiation shield (18) is also provided to reduce heat loss from the gasifier bed (12) and to remove elutriated material from the product fuel gas.

Abstract: A combustible gas producer plant is described in which a finely divided inert particulate material fluidized bed is divided into a first, combustible-gas producing section and a second, heating section, to both of which sections fuel is fed. Heat transfer, by bed material migration, from the second to the first section sustains the reaction in the first section leading to the production of combustible gas. A diaphragm water wall divides and surrounds the volumes above bed sections and is part of a boiler generating steam used (optionally with added oxygen) to fluidize the first bed section. The steam is also used to fluidize the bed material at the boundary of the bed sections and prevent in-bed gas migration across that boundary. The second section of the bed is fluidized with air or an air/inert gas mixture. Fluidization is effected with sparge tubes and the plant may include evaporator, superheater and economizer sections for the boiler.

Abstract: A downdraft channel gasifier for the efficient conversion of biomass materials to usable heat energy, which includes at least two generally triangularly shaped air ducts positioned longitudinally across an enclosed housing defining a combustion chamber. The air ducts have sloping sides which downwardly converge towards one another to define at least one open-botton V-shaped channel, the sloping sides primarily supporting the biomass fuel which will be combusted to derive producer gas. The air ducts are hollow and are in fluid communication with a high pressure air source at one end, and with the gasification chamber through air jet openings near their apexes. The high pressure air exits out air jet openings along the top edges of the air ducts, providing primary air for gasification of the biomass in the channels. The producer gas passes down between the channels and horizontally to an exit.

Abstract: An apparatus for withdrawing agglomerated solids, e.g. ash, from a fluidized bed of finely divided solid hydrocarbonaceous material, e.g. coal, is described. Agglomeration is effected by a high temperature reaction between the inorganic constituents of the hydrocarbonaceous material in the fluidized bed environment. A venturi is utilized to serve as a passage for withdrawing the agglomerated solids from the fluidized bed. Spiral or other descending ridges are positioned on the interior surface of the constricted cylindrical opening of the venturi to permit variable and increased rates of agglomerate discharge with improved separation and classification of the solid materials.

Abstract: Carbonaceous solid material such as coal is gasified in a fast fluidized bed gasification system utilizing dual fluidized beds of hot char. The coal in particulate form is introduced along with oxygen-containing gas and steam into the fast fluidized bed gasification zone of a gasifier assembly wherein the upward superficial gas velocity exceeds about 5.0 ft/sec and temperature is 1500.degree.-1850.degree. F. The resulting effluent gas and substantial char are passed through a primary cyclone separator, from which char solids are returned to the fluidized bed. Gas from the primary cyclone separator is passed to a secondary cyclone separator, from which remaining fine char solids are returned through an injection nozzle together with additional steam and oxygen-containing gas to an oxidation zone located at the bottom of the gasifier, wherein the upward gas velocity ranges from about 3-15 ft/sec and is maintained at 1600.degree.-200.degree. F. temperature.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for the conversion of solid carbonaceous fuels to combustible gases having a high energy content. The system utilizes a two-stage reaction system where a particulate fuel is entrained in a high velocity, hot gas stream emanating from a fixed-bed char reactor, the particulate fuel delivered to a gasification reactor by the hot gas stream while being rapidly heated (fast pyrolized). The gases produced are drawn a fixed distance through a bed of char at the bottom of the gasification reactor, after which they are withdrawn from the reactor and cooled. To promote methanation, the generated gases, after passing through the fixed bed of char in the gasification reactor, exit the reactor through a dip leg within the reactor filled with a catalyst which promotes methanation.

Abstract: An apparatus in which a downflowing high pressure stream of hot raw synthesis gas from the reaction zone of a free flow partial oxidation gas generator at a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. to 3000.degree. F. is passed through a first gas diversion and residue separation chamber contained in a first pressure vessel where the velocity of the gas stream is reduced, solid material and molten slag are separated by gravity from the gas stream, and the direction is diverted into a thermally insulated side transfer line. The hot gas stream is then passed through a thermally insulated gas-solids impingement separation means contained in a second pressure vessel where its direction and velocity is changed and additional residue is separated. The hot gas stream is then passed upwardly through a radiant cooler where additional solid matter is removed by gravity and the gas temperature is reduced to a temperature in the range of about 900.degree. to 1800.degree. F.

Abstract: A process and pressurized, gasification reactor apparatus for converting combustible carbon containing materials such as coal char and other carbonaceous solids or carbonaceous solids/heavy oil combinations to an intermediate heating value fuel gas. The gasification reactor includes an insulated fluidized bed reactor chamber, an upper reactor housing for a freely suspended bayonet bundle type heat exchanger for (a) superheating incoming saturated steam and (b) cooling outgoing high temperature product gas, and a lower reactor housing structure which includes a free-floating, conically-shaped perforated plenum chamber. The superheated steam and oxygen are premixed with the plenum chamber before being pressure directed into the fluidized bed reactor chamber for mixture and combustion with the incoming combustible carbon containing materials such as coal char. After reaction of the superheated steam, oxygen and coal char in the fluidized bed reactor at temperatures ranging from 900.degree. F. to 1750.degree. F.

Abstract: Disclosed is a reactor for gasifying coal including a vortex burner. Helical ribs are arranged in the inner combustion gas supplying conduit of the burner to impart a spiral trajectory to the gas and also the coal-water suspension which suspension is supplied in the annular space between the inner conduit and an outer concentric conduit. Means are provided for adjustably supporting the ribs inside the inner conduit. In addition, other rib supporting arrangements and also burner structure for supplying the coal-water slurry centrally are disclosed.

Abstract: A slagging gasifier for the gasification of coal and organic waste materials is disclosed The gasifier includes a vertical blast furnace having a hearth section at the bottom thereof. A slag tap hole is formed in hearth section and opens into a quenching vessel. A honeycomb structure is formed on the inner surface of said hearth section in the area surrounding said slag tap hole, and the inner wall of the hearth section. A plurality of tuyeres extend into the hearth section and feed the furnace with steam and oxygen so as to permit the oxidation of coal and organic waste materials fed into the furnace. As a result of the oxidation, gas and molten slag are formed in the furnace. The slag is collected in the hearth section and exits the hearth section via the tap hole.

Abstract: Apparatus for thermally decomposing and gasifying either liquid or solid combustible material in a single reactor filled with working medium in a high active fluidization, said reactor being provided with two partitions, one of which is extended downwards up to the lower portion of the reactor, while the other is vertically extended at the lower and middle portions thereof substantially at a right angle to the first partition, whereby the reactor is divided into two sections, that is, thermal decomposition and gasification section and combustion and heating section, so that thermal decomposing and gasifying are performed by way of supplying the combustible raw material into the downwardly travelling working medium and at the same time supplying steam thereinto for generating and maintaining the high active fluidization of the working medium in the thermal decomposition and gasification section, while burning and heating are performed by way of supplying air or steam mixture gas of oxygen and steam into the up

Abstract: An apparatus in which the hot raw synthesis gas stream leaving the reaction zone of a free flow partial oxidation gas generator at a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. to 3000.degree. F. is passed through a first gas diversion and residue separation zone where the velocity of the gas stream is reduced and its direction is diverted into a side transfer line. Solid material and molten slag separate by gravity from the gas stream. The hot gas stream is then introduced into a second gas diversion and residue separation zone, which comprises a plurality of high temperature resistant, thermally insulated cyclones, where the direction and velocity is changed and additional residue is separated. About 0.5 to 20 vol. % of the hot gas stream may be passed through bottom outlets in said first and second gas diversion zones in order to prevent bridging.

Abstract: A pressure container forms a shaft gasifier for receiving coarse coal in the form of a coal bed. A burner extends through the pressure container into a chamber therein and produces at least one primary gas jet directed against the coal bed, thereby gasifying the coal and generating a product gas and forming liquid slag. The liquid slag collects in a slag bath tank having an overflow weir over which the collected slag flows and falls freely toward a cooling water bath beneath the chamber. A water jet nozzle directs at least one water jet against the liquid slag as it falls freely between the weir and the cooling water bath. This atomizes the liquid slag, thereby cooling the slag and generating steam. At least a part of the steam is supplied as process steam to the coarse coal.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for removing ash formed within, and accumulated at the lower portion of, a fluidized bed coal gasification reactor vessel. A supplemental fluidizing gas, at a temperature substantially less than the average fluidized bed combustion operating temperature, is injected into the vessel and upwardly through the ash so as to form a discrete thermal interface region between the fluidized bed and the ash. The elevation of the interface region, which rises with ash accumulation, is monitored by a thermocouple and interrelated with a motor controlled outlet valve. When the interface rises above the temperature indicator, the valve opens to allow removal of some of the ash, and the valve is closed, or positioned at a minimum setting, when the interface drops to an elevation below that of the thermocouple.

Abstract: Apparatus for effecting the conversion of solid fuels (including solid organic waste materials having a fuel valve) by high temperature gasification into clean-burning and uniform gaseous fuel called "producer gas." The apparatus comprises a two-section, stacked double-shell gasifier reactor defining sequentially descending, drying, distillation, oxidation and reduction reaction zones through which a continuously fed column of the solid fuel descends during its conversion to a gaseous fuel.

Abstract: An integral gasifier including a pretreater section and a gasifier section separated by a distribution grid is defined by a single vessel. The pretreater section pretreats coal or other carbon-containing material to be gasified to prevent caking and agglomeration of the coal in the gasifier. The level of the coal bed of the pretreater section and thus the holding or residence time in said bed is selectively regulated by the amount of pretreated coal which is lifted up a lift pipe into the gasifier section. Thus, the holding time in the pretreater section can be varied according to the amount of pretreat necessary for the particular coal to be gasified.

Abstract: The hot raw synthesis gas stream leaving the reaction zone of a free flow partial oxidation gas generator at a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. to 3000.degree. F. is passed through a first gas diversion and residue separation zone where the velocity of the gas stream is reduced and its direction is diverted into a side transfer line. Solid material and molten slag separate by gravity from the gas stream. The hot gas stream is then introduced into a second gas diversion and residue separation zone where additional residue is separated. About 0.5 to 20 vol. % of the hot gas stream may be passed through bottom outlets in said first and second gas diversion zones in order to prevent bridging. The hot gas stream from the second gas diversion zone is passed upwardly through a radiant cooler where additional solid matter is removed by gravity and the gas temperature is reduced to a temperature in the range of about 900.degree. to 1800.degree. F.

Abstract: PCT No. PCT/US79/00929 Sec. 371 Date Nov. 1, 1979 Sec. 102(e) date Nov. 1, 1979 PCT Filed Nov. 1, 1979 PCT Pub. No. WO81/01295 PCT Pub. Date May 14, 1981A rotating fluidized bed gasifier system especially useful in compound engines comprising an annular fluidization chamber containing a bed of carbon containing pulverulent solid materials. The chamber, which is defined by inner and outer spaced apart coaxial, cylindrical, perforated walls, rotates about the longitudinal axis of the cylinders. Steam enters the bed, which is maintained at about 1800.degree. F., through the outer perforated wall and fluidizes the particles. The steam reacts endothermically with the carbon to produce reaction product gas which exits the bed, together with unreacted steam, through the inner perforated wall. In a preferred form of the invention the bed is maintained at approximately 1800.degree. F. by combining a rotating fluidized bed combustor with the gasifier.

Abstract: A coaxial feed system for fluidized bed coal gasification processes including an inner tube for injecting particulate combustibles into a transport gas, an inner annulus about the inner tube for injecting an oxidizing gas, and an outer annulus about the inner annulus for transporting a fluidizing and cooling gas. The combustibles and oxidizing gas are discharged vertically upward directly into the combustion jet, and the fluidizing and cooling gas is discharged in a downward radial direction into the bed below the combustion jet.

Abstract: The apparatus of U.S. Pat. No. 3,988,123 is improved by constructing the heat recovery stage as a relatively elongated water-wall type of heat exchanger within a pressure shell, rather than of shell and tube type. The heat exchanger is advantageously formed from contiguous, externally finned, vertical tubes that are rigidly joined together to form a laterally closed, heat recovery chamber, the fin portion of one being welded along its tip to the tube portion of another adjoining such fin portion. The heat exchanger tubes preferably continue vertically throughout substantially the entire height of the gasification reaction i.e. combustion chamber of the first stage of the apparatus, completely eliminating the intermediate quench stage of the patented apparatus and serving to recover heat from the combustion stage as well as from the heat recovery stage by a heat exchange fluid, such as water, flowing through the tubes.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for conduct of fluidized bed reactions having an improved grate wherein at least one substantially continuous open slot sufficiently wide for passage of heavy solid particles is provided for preferential removal of heavy particles from the fluidizing chamber. The apparatus and process is particularly useful in coal gasification applications.

Abstract: An assembly of a quench ring and dip tube is for use with a reactor vessel. It is particularly beneficial where the reactor generates large quantities of molten slag. The quench ring is mounted against the floor of the reactor vessel for cooling same, and there are a plurality of spray passages directing cooling water against the inside of the dip tube which surrounds the ring at the upper end, while extending into a bath of quench water.

Abstract: Solid fuel is acted on by a gasifying medium in a fluidized bed W. The resulting gas enters a cyclone 20 having an outlet for solid particles connected to a gasification chamber 30 in which the particles are gasified by a separate stream of gasifying medium supplied by an injector 25.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with novel apparatus and process for converting crude carbon such as coal, carbonaceous wastes and the like into valuable chemical products and/or energy. A mass of solid crude carbonaceous fuel is fed into a high temperature liquid which acts as a solvent for carbon at a temperature sufficient to carbonize the mass and by which the carbon is separated from impurities. Volatile fractions are removed from the mass which acts as a distillation column. Air, or another oxygen source, is introduced into the reactor wherein it reacts with the carbon dissolved in the liquid therein, which may preferably be iron to form a hot fuel gas. The hot fuel gas is then used to produce useful energy, generally via a stepwise procedure.

Abstract: Apparatus for continuously pyrolyzing, vaporizing or gasifying a particulated carbonaceous feed material in which preheated heat-containing bodies or pebbles are admixed with the feed material in a stratified manner to form a downwardly moving columnar reaction mass, with a remaining portion of the pebbles substantially devoid of any feed material disposed in a surrounding layer relative to the reaction mass. Gas is continuously passed transversely through the reaction mass and surrounding layer in a manner to sweep the gaseous pyrolysis reaction products out of the reaction chamber and wherein the layers of pebbles surrounding the reaction mass serve to effect a deposition of carbonaceous residue preventing encrustation and fouling of the reactor.

Abstract: Symmetrical stepped grate/rabble arm combinations for use in a fixed bed coal gasifier are shown in which the stepped grates comprise step plates having in combination threwith means for controlling the rate of discharge of solids therefrom. The solids discharge controlling means described comprise adjustable mechanical dams at spaced locations along the step plate periphery together with means for the positioning thereof.

Abstract: Coal gasification apparatus having a hydrogenation gasifier chamber for gasifying a portion of coal charge and a steam gasifier vessel for gasifying unconverted coal from the hydrogenation chamber with the chamber disposed above the vessel and a pressure lock interposed between the outlet of the chamber and the inlet of the vessel to permit unconverted coal to flow into the vessel and prevent gas generated therein from passing into the chamber. An oxygen inlet is provided at the lower end of the vessel for residual-oxidation of remaining coal. A heat exchanger is provided for heat exchange between hot gas leaving vessel and incoming steam. The chamber may be preceded by a steam-heated heating tank for preheating the coal under pressure and then suddenly decompressing the coal.

Abstract: A coal gasification power plant is described in which low BTU gas is generated and used to operate a gas tubine and accompanying equipment for the generation of power. This plant is equipped with means for enabling the intermittent operation of multiple fixed bed coal gasifier units thereof to simultaneously produce water gas (intermediate BTU gas) and low BTU gas (producer gas) as required to operate the gas turbine.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for continuously pyrolyzing or gasifying a particulated carbonaceous feed material in which preheated heat-containing bodies or pebbles are admixed with the feed material in a stratified manner to form a downwardly moving columnar reaction mass, with a remaining portion of the pebbles substantially devoid of any feed material disposed in a surrounding layer relative to the reaction mass. Gas is continuously passed transversely through the reaction mass and surrounding layer in a manner to sweep the gaseous pyrolysis reaction products out of the reaction chamber, and wherein the layers of pebbles surrounding the reaction mass serve to effect a deposition of carbonaceous residue, preventing encrustation and fouling of the reactor system.

Abstract: Apparatus for converting a combustible material such as a hydrocarbon or carbon fuel into a gaseous fuel containing H.sub.2 and/or CO by reaction with a heated mixture of O.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O prepared by decomposition of H.sub.2 O.sub.2, characterized by the provision of a venturi section located upstream of the entrance to a reaction chamber for increasing the velocity of the flow of the O.sub.2 --H.sub.2 O mixture and arrangement of the combustible feed line to add the combustible to the mixture at the venturi.

Abstract: In a fluid coking process, a gas containing coke particles is elutriated in a riser portion of a vessel to remove selectively the larger coke particles. The elutriated gas flows into a bed of solids positioned in the upper portion of the vessel.

Abstract: The relatively small degree of backmixing of gas in a well-arranged fast fluidized bed is exploited to introduce heat into a fluidized bed reaction system wherein a fluidized bed treatment zone receiving heat and for the purpose of conducting an endothermic treatment of matter can have a gas atmosphere, such as relatively pure steam, that is maintained independently of and without admixture by any gas or gases that are associated with a step for introducing the heat. The treatment advantageously constitutes a treatment of a carbonaceous matter, such as coal or petroleum or municipal solid waste, with hot steam for purpose of gasifying or carbonizing or cracking the matter. The arrangement is also useful for a broad range of endothermic chemical or physical treatment of matter at high temperature.

Abstract: A fluidized bed of material retained in a vessel receives a high velocity gas stream through a venturi orifice and passage to assist in the agglomeration of ash particles. The particles form a semi-fixed bed within the passage upstream from the venturi orifice. The particular dimensions of the semi-fixed bed are dependent, in part, upon the orifice size of the venturi. An iris valve defining the orifice permits adjustment of the cross-sectional area of the orifice thereby controls the velocity of the gas stream through the venturi.

Abstract: An apparatus for the continuous gasification of coal by partial combustion with a reactant gas is disclosed, wherein a vertical gasification reactor is provided with a reactant supply and ash removal assembly adapted to supply coal and reactant gases and to remove ash particles to and from the reactor via a constricted passageway in the reactor bottom. The assembly includes an ash quench chamber having means for supplying coal and reactant gases through the reactor disposed therein which opens opposite the constricted passageway a predetermined distance therefrom. The apparatus may be operated continuously without collecting by-product ash particles in the reactor and without superheating the reactant supply means.

Abstract: A reactor for the pressure gasification of coal by treatment with oxygen and steam and, if desired, additional gasifying agents, at elevated temperatures and pressures, includes a water-cooled jacket and a rotary grate for moving the material to be gasified and for distributing the gasifying agents introduced into the reactor. The rotary grate is made of at least two concentric parts each of which rotates independly of the other part.

Abstract: Stirrer construction adapted for both vertical and rotational movements is described for use in a fixed bed coal gasifier. Rabble arms projecting from a depending shaft are arranged as an upper and a lower set. The rabble arms in the lower set each present shear edges at and adjacent the tips thereof in order to be lowered into the ash zone, when desired, to break away the hard sintered masses that tend to develop along the wall there. Also, the lower set of rabble arms is designed for use in the combustion ("hot") zone to break up or loosen clinker formation with minimum damage to the ceramic liner in this portion of the gasifier. The rabble arms in the upper set are longer than the rabble arms in the lower set and extend closer to the wall of the gasifier being used both in order to center the stirrer shaft and to stir the upper regions of the coal bed.

Abstract: There is disclosed herein a method and an apparatus for converting organic materials into a high quality fuel product. The process involves introducing the organic materials into a stream heated to a temperature of about 1600.degree. - 2000.degree. F and comprised of a carrier gas and a hard, particulate material. The organic material is rapidly converted into a fuel product which is then separated from the stream. The process can be used to form either a liquid or gaseous fuel product.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for gasifying coal wherein the gasification takes place in a spout fluid bed at a pressure of about 10 to 30 atmospheres and a temperature of about 1800.degree. to 2200.degree.F and wherein the configuration of the apparatus and the manner of introduction of gases for combustion and fluidization is such that agglomerated ash can be withdrawn from the bottom of the apparatus and gas containing very low dust loading is produced. The gasification reaction is self-sustaining through the burning of a stoichiometric amount of coal with air in the lower part of the apparatus to form the spout within the fluid bed. The method and apparatus are particularly suitable for gasifying coarse coal particles.

Abstract: A steam generating system for a gas producer of the type including a combustion chamber and an annular water jacket surrounding the chamber is disclosed characterised in that the upper part of the jacket is of larger diameter than the lower part thereof, the lower part being heated through substantially direct contact with the combustion chamber and the upper part being insulated from the chamber preferably by means of a skin of fire bricks or the like; an open upwardly directed vent pipe communicating with the lower part of the jacket; and a steam exhaust line communicating with the upper part of the jacket. The system also includes a venturi arrangement for introducing the generated steam to the air blast as well as a safety valve in the steam line which is adapted to respond to temperature changes in the air blast.

Abstract: Granulated coals or cokes derived from coal, in sizes up to about 3/4 inch and containing ash matter with an initial deformation temperature above about 2,300.degree.F, are fed to a slow fluidized bed comprising relatively large particles of coke intermingled with roughly spherical ash agglomerates, maintained at about 2,050.degree.F to 2,650.degree.F, and supplied with a gasification medium, for example, steam mixed with oxygen or air. A fast fluidized bed of coke fines is superposed above the slow bed and is contiguous therewith. Gasification products are discharged together with relatively fine particles of coke, which are collected and returned to the fast bed. Ash agglomerates are withdrawn from the bottom of the slow bed via a standpipe leading to a mechanical grate. An oxidizing medium is introduced below the grate to consume coke particles that accompany the ash agglomerates entering the standpipe.

Abstract: Granulated coals or cokes derived from coal, in sizes up to about 3/4 inch and containing ash matter with an initial deformation temperature below about 2,300.degree.F, are fed to a slow fluidized bed comprising relatively large particles of coke intermingled with roughly spherical ash agglomerates, maintained at about 1,900.degree.F to about 2,450.degree.F, and supplied with a gasification medium, for example, steam mixed with oxygen or air. A fast fluidized bed of coke fines is superimposed above the slow bed and is contiguous therewith. Gasification products are discharged together with relatively fine particles of coke, which are collected and returned to the fast bed. Ash agglomerates are withdrawn from the bottom of the slow bed via a standpipe leading to a slagging grate. Combustion of coke fines in a forehearth beneath the slagging grate creates slagging temperatures therein and at the grate. Molten slag falls through a taphole and into a pool of water, from which slag frit and water are discharged.

Abstract: The gasification of solid fuels or mixtures of solid and liquid fuels takes place in a cylindrically-shaped pressure reactor vessel having feed jets at the top of the vessel for introducing the fuel and the gasification medium into the vessel. A ring-shaped chamber containing a bath of molten iron surrounds a gas discharge pipe within the lower portion of the vessel. A water bath is established below the lower rim of the discharge pipe in the vessel and pipe means passing through the side wall of the vessel at an elevation above the lower rim of the discharge pipe and below the ring-shaped chamber discharge the gases liberated within the vessel. Reactor means are provided for utilizing the residual heat of the gases passing from the vessel. In one embodiment, the reactor means comprise a fluidized bed chamber into which coal and steam are injected to utilize the residual heat of the gases.

Abstract: Coal is gasified under elevated pressures and temperatures in a reactor having a rotatably mounted grate and supply conduits for oxygen-containing and oxygen-free gasifying agents. The rotary grate contains an internal chamber adjacent to the bearing for the grate and one of the supply conduits is adapted to feed an oxygen-free fluid to this internal chamber. The uppermost portion of the rotary grate contains a substantially closed internal chamber which has a supply conduit for feeding an oxygen-free fluid thereto. A mixing chamber is positioned between the uppermost chamber and the chamber adjacent the bearing for the grate and is provided with passages which lead to the charge to be gasified. The mixing chamber communicates with the uppermost chamber as well as the chamber adjacent the bearing and also has a supply conduit for feeding gasifying agents containing free oxygen thereto.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for withdrawing agglomerated solids from a fluidizing chamber housing a main, fluidized bed of finely divided solids which comprises at least one withdrawal chamber having a width less than the fluidizing chamber and positioned below the fluidized bed. This withdrawal chamber has sufficient dimensions (width (or diameter when cylindrical) and depth) to contain a second fluidized or semi-fixed bed within said chamber when a high velocity gas stream is introduced into the bottom portion of the withdrawal chamber. This high velocity gas stream forms an inverted cone in the withdrawal chamber, wherein the walls of the cone are defined by the fluidized or semi-fixed bed within the withdrawal chamber. The velocity of the gas stream is adjusted to selectively remove high density agglomerates downward from the main fluidized bed without removing the fluidized solids in admixture therewith.

Abstract: An oxidizing gas is injected through a nozzle into a bed of carbonaceous particles in a downward direction at an angle of declination at least as great as the angle of repose of the bed particles and at a gas inlet velocity of about 50 to 500 feet per second to supply the gas needed to fluidize the bed of carbonaceous particles.

Abstract: A reactor for the continuous gasification of coal under superatmospheric pressures and elevated temperatures with gaseous gasifying agents containing free oxygen and with oxygen-free gasifying agents such as steam and/or carbon dioxide is disclosed. The reactor includes a substantially conical rotary grate which is rotatably mounted in the lower portion of the reactor housing. The rotary grate feeds the gasifying agent and/or discharges the gasification residues. Notwithstanding the inside diameter of the reactor housing, the clearance a between the rotary grate and the housing is 100-200 millimeters, the height b of the annular rim of the rotary grate is 100-350 millimeters, and the vertical distance c from the rotary grate to the housing bottom is 100-350 millimeters.