Abstract: A superconducting material and a process for producing a superconducting material comprising a compound oxide represented by the general formula:(Ba, .gamma.).sub.x (.alpha.,.beta.).sub.1 -.sub.x .epsilon..sub.y Cu.sub.1-y O.sub.3 -zin which".gamma." represents an element of the IIa group of the periodic table except Ba, an atomic ratio of .gamma. to Ba, being selected in a range between 1% and 90%,".alpha.represents Y or La,".beta." represents an element of the IIIa group of the periodic table but is different from .alpha., an atomic ratio of .beta. to .alpha. being selected in a range between 1 and 90%,".epsilon." represents a metal element of the IIIb group of the periodic table,x, y and z are numbers each satisfies ranges of O.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1, O.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1, and O.ltoreq.z.ltoreq.1 respectively, andthe expression of (Ba, .gamma.) and (.alpha., .beta.) mean that the respective elements occupy predetermined sites in a crystal in a predetermined proportion.

Abstract: Compositions having the formula Tl.sub.1-x Bi.sub.x Sr.sub.2 Ca.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.9 wherein x is from about 3/20 to about 11/20 are superconducting with transition temperatures above 110 K. Processes for making and using the compositions of the invention are provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a layered copper oxide as an insulator for superconductor or as a superconductor, which has a chemical composition represented by the formula of (R,Ce).sub.3 Sr.sub.2 Cu.sub.2 (M,Cu)O.sub.11, wherein R is a rare earth element other than Ce and M is one or both of Pb and T1, and has a crystal structure comprising a (M,Cu)Sr.sub.2 (R,Ce)Cu.sub.2 O.sub.7 ; unit of a TlBa.sub.2 CaCu.sub.2 O.sub.7 (1-2-1-2)-type structure and a [(R,Ce)O.sub.2 ].sub.2 unit of a fluorite-type structure alternately put on each other, or a chemical composition represented by the formula of (R,Ce).sub.3 Sr.sub.2 Cu.sub.2 (M,Cu)O.sub.10+z, wherein R is a rare earth element other than Ce, M is one or both of Pb or Tl, and has a crystal structure comprising a (R,Ce)Sr.sub.2 Cu.sub.2 (Cu,M)O.sub.6+z unit of a YBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.3 O.sub.6+.delta. -type structure and a [(R,Ce)O.sub.2 ].sub.2 unit of a fluorite-type structure alternately put on each other, wherein z is in the range of 0.ltoreq.z.ltoreq.

Abstract: A high efficiency integrating sphere that can be used in a large variety of scientific instruments. The sphere having an efficiency gain obtained by using a superconducting material, acting as a perfect reflector, on the inside hollow surface of the sphere. The sphere is operated with a delay between the incident and sensed light, heretofore not possible, and yielding substantial improvement in the signal-to noise ratio of the integrating sphere.

Abstract: The present invention provides a high temperature superconductor system comprising XTlSrCaCuO wherein X is chosen from the group consisting of Cr, Mo, and W. In a preferred embodiment, the superconductor comprises CrTlSrCaCuO. Methods of making the superconductor system are also provided.

Abstract: A high temperature superconducting system has the general composition Tl-R-X-Y, wherein: R is a Group 2A element; X is a Group 1B element; and Y is a Group 6A element. Preferably, the composition has the following formula Tl-Ba-Cu-O. The high temperature superconductor of the present invention has a transition temperature of about 90 K with the probability of one phase superconducting at a temperature perhaps as high as 270 K. Processes for making the high temperature superconductor are also provided.

Abstract: A now superconducting material comprising a compound oxide represented by the general formula:(Ba, Ca).sub.x (.alpha., Dy).sub.1-x Tl.sub.y Cu.sub.1-y O.sub.3-zwherein".alpha." represents Y or La;the atomic ratio of Ca to Ba is between 1% and 90%;the atomic ratio of Dy to .alpha. is between 1% and 90%;x, y and z are within the ranges of 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1, 0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1, and 0.ltoreq.z<1 respectively; andthe expression of (Ba, Ca) and (.alpha., Dy) mean that the respective elements occupy predetermined sites in a crystal in a predetermined proportion.

Abstract: Complex superconducting oxides are fabricated through appropriate selection and use of fundamental superconducting "building blocks." In this fashion, the invention provides a rationalized method of fabricating complex oxides having desirably high T.sub.c values. In another aspect of the invention, novel, 112 and 12 superconducting oxides are described.

Abstract: 1. In the (Bi,Tl)-Ca-(Sr,Ba)-Cu-O based superconducting ceramics production process, a process for preparing superconducting ceramics characterized by(a) providing powders includingi) a compound of Bi oxide or Tl oxide,ii) a Ca compound,iii) an Sr compound or Ba compound, andiv) a Cu compoundas starting powders;(b) compounding and mixing powders from compounds of the starting powders, the compounds each having lower vapor pressure, i.e., powders from compound ii), compound iii), and compound iv) at a compounding ratio to obtain a mixture, and primarily calcining the mixture at a temperature of 850.degree. to 1050.degree. C., to form a Ca--(Sr,Ba)--Cu--O based oxide; and(c) further mixing the Ca--(Sr,Ba)--Cu--O based oxide with a compound having a higher vapor pressure, that is, the powder of compound i), at a compounding ratio, and secondarily calcining at a temperature of 500.degree. to 820.degree. C.

Abstract: Compositions containing a crystalline phase of the formula Tl.sub.2 Ba.sub.2 CuO.sub.6+x wherein x is from 0 to 0.5. Processes for manufacturing such compositions and for using them are disclosed.

Abstract: Superconducting materials of the (T1,In)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system-type are modified to raise their critical tempertures by substituting an element M for part of the Tl/In and optionally substituting Y or a rare earth element for some of the Ca.M is a transition metal with valency electrons in d orbitals in its normal state and having accessible tri-and/or tetra-valent states, that is V, Ti, Cr, Zr, Nb, Hf or Ta (which are preferred) Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, Rh, W, Os, Ir, Re or Ru.

Abstract: A high temperature superconductor system having the nominal composition: Tl-Ba-Ce-Cu-O. The high temperature superconductor of the present invention has a transition temperature of about 90 K. Processes for making the high temperature superconductor are also provided.

Abstract: An oxide-based strengthening and toughening agent, such as tetragonal Zro.sub.2 particles, has been added to copper oxide superconductors, such as superconducting YBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.x (123) to improve its fracture toughness (K.sub.IC). A sol-gel coating which is non-reactive with the superconductor, such as Y.sub.2 BaCuO.sub.5 (211) on the ZrO.sub.2 particles minimized the deleterious reactions between the superconductor and the toughening agent dispersed therethrough. Addition of 20 mole percent ZrO.sub.2 coated with 211 yielded a 123 composite with a K.sub.IC of 4.5 MPa(m).sup.0.5.

Abstract: A new high Tc superconducting compound oxide material represented by the general formula:AuBvCwCuxOyin which"A" is selected from the group consisting of magnesium(Mg), calcium(Ca), strontium(Sr) and barium(Ba);"B" is selected from the group consisting of yttrium(Y), lanthanum(La), and lanthanide elements;"C" is selected from the group consisting of vanadium (V), tantalum(Ta), indium(In), and thallium(Tl), and ##EQU1##

Abstract: A high temperature superconductor having the formula Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O and a transition temperature about 70 K (with some evidence of a 100 K phase) is provided. Processes for making high temperature superconductors are also provided.

Abstract: An oriented superconducting material may be made by cold pressing a nonoriented superconducting material selected from the group consisting of Bi.sub.1, Bi.sub.2, Tl.sub.1, Tl.sub.2, Pb substituted Bi.sub.1, Pb substituted Bi.sub.2, Pb substituted Tl.sub.1, and Pb substituted Tl.sub.2 superconductor materials at a pressure sufficient to form an oriented superconducting material.

Abstract: A new high temperature superconducting system with transition temperature above 120 K is disclosed. One superconductor in that system in a preferred embodiment comprises TlRBaCuO wherein R is chosen from Group 2A elements excluding Ba. In a preferred embodiment, the superconductor is TlCaBaCuO. In another preferred embodiment, the superconductor comprises TlSrCuO. Processes for making high temperature superconducting system are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and reactors are described for the production of thallium cuprate based high temperature superconductor films on a variety of substrates. The reactors provide for low volume cavities, means for rapidly heating and cooling to and from a predetermined elevated temperature and control of the thallium oxide overpressure during the processing. Uniform high temperature superconducting films are obtained while inhibiting reaction between the substrate and superconducting film during the processing.

Abstract: High T.sub.c superconducting compounds are made by forming a reaction mixture of the oxides of Sr, Cu, Ca and Tl, compressing these into a hardened body, and placing the hardened body into a container. The container is then evacuated and sealed. The hardened body is heated under pressure until the oxides of Sr, Ca, Cu, and Tl react to form a superconducting compound.

Abstract: A high temperature superconducting system has the general composition Tl-R-X-Y, wherein: R is a Group 2A element; X is a group 1B element; and Y is a Group 6A element. Preferably, the composition has the following formula Tl-Ba-Cu-O. The high temperature superconductor of the present invention has a transition temperature of about 90 K with the probability of one phase superconducting at a temerature perhaps as high as 270 K. Processes for making the high temperature superconductor are also provided.

Abstract: A superconducting material and a process for producing a superconducting material comprising a compound oxide represented by the general formula:(Ba, .gamma.).sub.x (.alpha.,.beta.).sub.1 -.sub.x .epsilon..sub.y Cu.sub.1-y O.sub.3-zin which".gamma." represents an element of the IIa group of the periodic table except Ba, and atomic ratio of .gamma. to Ba, being selected in a range between 1% and 90%,".alpha." represents Y or La,".beta." represents an element of the IIIa group of the periodic table but is different from .alpha., an atomic ratio of .beta. to .alpha. being selected in a range between 1 and 90%,".epsilon." represents a metal element of the IIIb group of the periodic table, x, y and z are numbers each satisfies ranges of 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1, 0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1, and 0.ltoreq.z.ltoreq.1 respectively, andthe expression of (Ba, .gamma.) and (.alpha.,.beta.) mean that the respective elements occupy predetermined sites in a crystal in a predetermined proportion.

Abstract: A superconducting material and a process for producing a superconducting material comprising a compound oxide represented by the general formula:(Ba, .gamma.).sub.x (.alpha.,.beta.).sub.1-x .epsilon..sub.y Cu.sub.1-y O.sub.3-zin which".gamma." represents an element of the IIa group of the periodic table except Ba, an atomic ratio of .gamma. to Ba, being selected in a range between 1% and 90%,".alpha." represents Y or La,".beta." represents an element of the IIIa group of the periodic table but is different from .alpha., and atomic ratio of .beta. to .alpha. being selected in a range between 1 and 90%,".epsilon." represents a metal element of the IIIb group of the periodic table, x, y and z are numbers each satisfies ranges of 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1, 0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1, and 0.ltoreq.z.ltoreq.1 respectively, andthe expression of (Ba, .gamma.) and (.alpha., .beta.) mean that the respective elements occupy predetermined sites in a crystal in a predetermined proportion.

Abstract: A process of making high-temperature Tl-based superconductors. The process includes the steps of reacting solid Ba-Ca-Cu-oxides with Tl.sub.2 O.sub.3 vapor. The process allows high quality Tl-based superconductors to be easily fabricated.

Abstract: A new high temperature superconductor with transition temperature above 120 K. is disclosed. The superconductor in a preferrred embodiment comprises TlRBaCuO wherein R is chosen from Group 2A elements excluding Ba. In another preferred embodiment, the superconductor comprises TlSrCuO. Processes for making high temperature superconductors are also disclosed.

Abstract: A new high temperature superconducting system with transition temperature above 120 K is disclosed. One superconductor in that system in a preferred embodiment comprises TlRBaCuO wherein R is chosen from Group 2A elements excluding Ba. In a preferred embodiment, the superconductor is TlCaBaCuO. In another preferred embodiment, the superconductor comprises TlSrCuO. Processes for making high temperature superconducting system are also disclosed.

Abstract: A high temperature superconductor system is provided having the following formula: M-A-B-C-D-E, wherein, M is a metallic element, A is an element in Group 3A, B is an element in Group 2A, C is another element in Group 2A, D is an element in Group 1B, and E is an element in Group 6A. In an embodiment, the high temperature superconductor has the following formula: R-Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (wherein R is chosen from the group consisting of La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y). Processes for making these high temperature superconductors are also disclosed.

Abstract: Improved process for making Tl-Ca-Ba-CuO superconductors. A solution of the monocarboxylates (e.g., acetates) of Ca, Ba, and Cu is dried, calcined, mixed with Tl.sub.2 O.sub.3, and the mixture is heated to make a superconductor. The method minimizes introduction of contaminants. Novel compositions result.

Abstract: Compositions having the nominal formulaTl.sub.e Pb.sub.a Ca.sub.b Sr.sub.c Cu.sub.d O.sub.xwherein a is from about 1/10 to 3/2,b is from about 1 to 4,c is from about 1 to 3d is from about 1 to 5e is from about 3/10 to 1x=(a+b+c+d+e+y) where y is from about 1/2 to 3,are superconducting. Processes for manufacturing such compositions and for using them are disclosed.

Abstract: Improved process for making Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu oxide superconductors. A solution of the nitrated of Ca, Ba, and Cu is reacted with a quaternary ammonium carbonate in a slurry (heel) of Tl.sub.2 O.sub.3. Carbonates of Ca, Ba, and Cu precipitate homogeneously on the Tl.sub.2 O.sub.3 particles. Solids are recovered, dried, and heated to make a superconductor. The method minimizes introdution of contaminants. Novel compositions result.

Abstract: This invention provides improved methods for the preparation of precursor powders that are used in the preparation of superconducting ceramic materials that contain thallium. A first solution that contains the hydrogen peroxide and metal cations, other than thallium, that will be part of the ceramic is quickly mixed with a second solution that contains precipitating anions and thallium (I) to form a precipitate which is dried to yield precursor powders. The precursor powders are calcined an sintered to produce superconducting materials that contain thallium.

Abstract: A process of making high temperature Tl-based superconductors is disclosed. The process includes the steps of reacting solid Ba-Ca-Cu-oxides with Tl.sub.2 O.sub.3 vapor. The process allows high quality Tl-based superconductors to be easily fabricated.

Abstract: A high temperature superconducting system has the general composition Tl-R-X-Y, wherein: R is a Group 2A element; X is a Group 1B element; and Y is a Group 6A element. Preferably, the composition has the following formula Tl-Ba-Cu-O. The high temperature superconductor of the present invention has a transition temperature of about 90 K with the probability of one phase superconducting at a temperature perhaps as high as 270 K. Processes for making the high temperature superconductor are also provided.

Abstract: Stable, bulk electrical superconductors are prepared by heating mixed metal oxides in the presence of oxygen in a closed vessel in a preheated oven for 1-5 hours at 850.degree.-900.degree. C. The final oxides are in the molar ratio Ti.sub.0.6-1.1 Ca.sub.2-3 Ba.sub.0.75-1.25 Cu.sub.2-3 O.sub.(5+.delta.)-(9+.delta.), where .delta. is less than one.

Abstract: A new high temperature superconductor with transition temperature above 120 K is disclosed. The superconductor in a preferred embodiment comprises T1RBaCuO wherein R is chosen from Group 2A elements excluding Ba. In another preferred embodiment, the superconductor comprises T1SrCuO. Processes for making high temperature superconductors are also disclosed.

Abstract: Compositions containing a crystalline phase of the formula Tl.sub.2 Ba.sub.2 CuO.sub.6+x wherein x is from 0 to 0.5. Processes for manufacturing such compositions and for using them are disclosed.