Abstract: The application describes treatment of hepatic encephalopathy using gastrointestinal specific antibiotics. One example of a gastrointestinal specific antibiotic is rifaximin. The instant application also provides methods for determining if a subject has a neurological condition or hepatic encephalopathy by determining the critical flicker frequency and/or the venous ammonia level of the subject at two or more time points. The invention further provides methods for treating these subjects.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for treating conditions associated with a chemosensory receptor, including diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic diseases, disorders or conditions by administrating a composition comprising a chemosensory receptor ligand, such as a bitter receptor ligand. Also provided herein are chemosensory receptor ligand compositions, including bitter receptor ligand compositions, and methods for the preparation thereof for use in the methods of the present invention. Also provided herein are compositions comprising metformin and salts thereof and methods of use.

Abstract: Indigestible oligosaccharides having a molecular weight of 450 Da to 3700 Da are used for the improvement of insulin resistance, the prevention of post-prandial glycaemic dip, and/or the decrease of the post-prandial glucose response of a meal, which is consumed within 72 hours after the consumption of the first product. The oligo-saccharides are especially galacto-oligosaccharides, and are advantageously administered a few hours prior to having the meal.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to lyophilized pharmaceutical compositions comprising polymeric nanoparticles which, upon reconstitution, have low levels of greater than 10 micron size particles. Other aspects of the invention include methods of making such nanoparticles.

Abstract: The present invention provides drug-free adaptable aggregate compositions, typically having a form of bilayer vesicles suspended in a polar, optionally thickened, fluid comprising different pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for use in or on a mammal for any medical indication, specifically for non-invasive treatment of local inflammation and the associated pain, in particular for use on the skin and underlying tissues, including muscles and/or superficial joints. Accompanying guidelines for selecting components to thereby optimizing the formulations are also provided.

Abstract: Novel synthesis routes for preparation of thiodigalactosides and intermediates are presented. The method includes the use of a 3-azido-galactosyl thiouronium salt derivative, which is activated to the corresponding thiol in situ, which in turn is directly reacted with a 3-azido-galactosyl bromide resulting in the 3,3?-di-azido-thio-di-galactoside before the thiol has a chance to reduce the azido 10 group. Hence, in situ formation of the 3-azido-galactosyl thiol from the thiouronium salt is essential in the synthesis procedure, because any other method that generate the thiol separately results in extensive unwanted azide reduction.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel n-alkenyl glycosides and glycoconjugates, n-alkyl glycoamino acids, and methods for the synthesis thereof. In another aspect, the present invention provides novel clustered glycopeptides and methods for the synthesis thereof. In still another aspect, the present invention provides methods for the treatment of cancer, preferably for the prevention of recurrence of cancer, and methods for inducing antibodies in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need, an effective amount of any of the inventive glycoconjugates as disclosed herein.

Abstract: Disclosed is a cellooligosaccharide composition comprising, as the main ingredient, at least one cellooligosaccharide selected from the group consisting of cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose and cellohexaose, which is in the powdery form having an average L/D value of 3.0 or lower, a bulk density of 0.80 g/mL or lower and an angle of repose of 60° or lower.

Abstract: The application describes treatment of hepatic encephalopathy using gastrointestinal specific antibiotics. One example of a gastrointestinal specific antibiotic is rifaximin. The instant application also provides methods for determining if a subject has a neurological condition or hepatic encephalopathy by determining the critical flicker frequency and/or the venous ammonia level of the subject at two or more time points. The invention further provides methods for treating these subjects.

Abstract: Hypersulfated disaccharides with utility in asthma or asthma related disorders are disclosed. The compounds are formulated with agents that enhance the oral delivery of the hypersulfated disaccharides. The delivery agents are selected from the group consisting of natural or synthetic polymers having ionic side chains as well as other compounds or types of compounds that improve the bioavailability of the disaccharides relative to delivery of the drug without such agents. The hypersulfated disaccharides are made from heparin or salts thereof.

Abstract: The invention discloses compositions and formulations for the treatment of clean or infected wounds, some of the inventive formulations can be used to reduce or eliminate microbial contamination from surfaces such as skin, and inanimate objects such as countertops, cooking utensils, medical devices, cookware, food, grooming aids and agricultural biocides, and the like. Some of these compositions and formulations are well suited for use in wound dressings. Some of the formulation can kill and/or inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, spores and viruses. The formulations comprise a compound such as an osmoticum in high enough concentration to create an osmotic gradient and at least one compound that acts to comprise the integrity of a microorganism's membrane or cell wall. These formulations may optimally include at least one agent that thickens the formulations. In some aspects the formulation is in the form of an emulsion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of inhibiting the cytotoxic activity of extracellular histones in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of a polyanion to the subject. In particular the invention relates to a method for the treatment of patients who are suffering from sepsis and employs polyanions to rapidly form complexes with and thus neutralize or inhibit the cytotoxic activity of extracellular histone proteins, for example, those found in the blood circulation of sepsis patients.

Abstract: Provided herein are compounds used to inhibit the deamination enzyme responsible for the inactivation of therapeutic compounds, and methods of using them.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing variants of Tre; novel Tre variants; and a method for introducing Tre in sufficient concentration into the intracellular environment suitable to store treated mammalian cells, treat an aggregation disease, and protect treated cells from oxygen radicals are disclosed.

Abstract: This invention relates to the use of a preparation comprising sulfated oligosaccharides which trap spermine or spermidine or both, as an active slimming ingredient in a cosmetic, pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical composition. One of the objectives of the invention is to supply a cosmetic, pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition with a slimming effect.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to lyophilized pharmaceutical compositions comprising polymeric nanoparticles which, upon reconstitution, have low levels of greater than 10 micron size particles. Other aspects of the invention include methods of making such nanoparticles.

Abstract: Fructosylated puerarin being converted from puerarin by a bioconversion method conducted in an aqueous phase or nonaqueous phase system, including monofructosyl-(2,6)-puerarin, bifructosyl-(2,6)-puerarin, trifructosyl-(2,6)-puerarin, tetrafructosyl-(2,6)-puerarin and pentafructosyl-(2,6)-puerarin. Tests have shown that the oligosaccharylated puerarin is effective to treat acute myocardial ischemia, and can markedly suppress in vitro the proliferation of human breast cancer cell strain MDA-MB-23 and human chronmyelogenors leukemia cell strain K562, and it has a low toxicity.

Abstract: Maternal diabetes suppresses autophagy in neuroepithelial cells of the developing neural tube which leads to neural tube defect formation. Trehalose treatment reversed autophagy impairment and prevented neural tube defects in diabetic pregnancies. Trehalose resolved homeostatic imbalance by correcting mitochondrial defects, dysfunctional proteins, ER stress, apoptosis, and delayed neurogenesis in the neural tubes exposed to hyperglycemia. Methods of using trehalose as an intervention against hyperglycemia-induced neural tube defects are provided herein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cosmetic composition, which comprises a combination of at least two osmolytes chosen from the group comprising taurine or a derivative thereof, inositol, betaine and trehalose. This composition is intended for restoring, maintaining or reinforcing the moisturization of the skin and/or for protecting it against different types of stress and/or for preventing or retarding the appearance of the signs of aging of the skin, or for attenuating the effects thereof, or alternatively for promoting cell or tissue longevity.

Abstract: A carbohydrate mixture for dietetic foods and pharmaceuticals is provided. The carbohydrate mixture comprises two different, substantially soluble carbohydrate components A and B, which remain undigested in the gastrointestinal tract and enter the large intestine without being resorbed. Carbohydrate component A may comprise at least one monosaccharide or of at least one oligosaccharide (disaccharide to hexasaccharide) or a mixture of two or more of these saccharides. Carbohydrate component B may comprise a polysaccharide (from heptasaccharide onwards) or a mixture of two or more polysaccharides. Carbohydrate component A=5 to 95 wt-% and carbohydrate component B=5 to 95 wt-% of the sum of the carbohydrate components A+B (=100 wt-%), and at least 80 wt-% of the carbohydrates/saccharides of both carbohydrate components have a prebiotic effect. The carbohydrate mixtures have not only a nutritive effect but they also stimulate health-promoting microorganisms present in the natural flora of the large intestine.

Abstract: A nutritional or pharmaceutical composition comprising fat, protein, carbohydrate, whey and casein is provided. The composition has a weight ratio of casein to whey between 1:1 to 1:2.4 and comprises: a) at least 3 grams arginine per 100 grams protein; b) at least 10 wt. % linoleic acid based on total fatty acids; c) at least 1 wt. % alpha linolenic acid based on total fatty acids; d) at least one long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acid in an amount exceeding 0.1 wt. % based on total fatty acids selected from docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid; e) 5 to 25 wt. % of at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid based on total fatty acids; and 2 to 12 grams indigestible oligosaccharides having a degree of polymerisation of 2 to 100 per 100 gram dry weight of the composition. Methods of treatment by administering the composition are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel family of alkylated halogenated di- and trisaccharides which exhibit pharmaceutical efficacy in the areas of permeation enhancers, anti-microbial effects, anti-fugal effects, facilitation of diagnostic procedures. The invention further includes methods of treatment and diagnostic kits.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel sweet-tasting refreshing beverage, which is free of phosphoric acid and instead contains at least 0.3% by weight/volume of gluconic acid, which is low in minerals, specifically contains less than 250 mg/liter of minerals, which is low in sugar, specifically contains at most 2.5% by weight/volume of sugar, wherein these sugars comprise at least 10% weight/weight galactose and in addition a proportion of isomaltulose and/or tagatose, and which has a glycemic index of at most 35 (GI<35).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition derived from the hydrolysate of plant containing crocin or the derivatives thereof. The composition includes a significant amount of crocetin monoester. The present invention also provides a method to hydrolyze crocin existing in a plant extract, and further relates to the use.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for treating conditions associated with a chemosensory receptor, including diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic diseases, disorders or conditions by administering a composition comprising a chemosensory receptor ligand. Also provided herein are chemosensory receptor ligand compositions and methods for the preparation thereof for use in the methods of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of treating infectious, inflammatory and post-traumatic disorders by administering various compounds newly discovered to have TLR4 inhibitory activity. In addition to methods of treatment, the present invention further provides for pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds, together with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. Because TLR4 is the most upstream receptor in the pro-inflammatory LPS signaling cascade, treatments of the invention, which inhibit or antagonize TLR4 action, may avoid the pitfalls associated with other cytokine inhibitors that act further down the pathway and accordingly play a less specific (and perhaps non-critical) role.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for enhancing the immune system and the treatment and/or prevention of immune system related disorders in a mammal, particularly newborns, said method comprising the administration of acid oligosaccharide and neutral oligosaccharide. Food compositions suitable for use in the above method are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pharmaceutically acceptable compound, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the above-mentioned pharmaceutically acceptable compound. The pharmaceutically acceptable compound provided by the present invention is a salt of a basic group-containing morphinan derivative and a carboxyl group-containing glycyrrhizinic acid and has the ability to be used to manufacture medicaments for treating and/or preventing cough, ameliorating pains, treating respiratory system diseases, treating cardiovascular diseases and treating liver diseases.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a theanine derivative, a preparation method thereof, and a use thereof for anti-acne treatment, having a selective inhibitory effect on Propionibacterium acnes in the skin.

Abstract: Provided herein are bioactive agents comprising a compound that inhibits the ion transport activity of a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and that is linked to a macromolecule that interacts with a cell that expresses CFTR. The bioactive agents described herein are useful for treating diseases, disorders, and sequelae of diseases, disorders, and conditions that are associated with aberrantly increased CFTR activity, for example, secretory diarrhea.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds useful for the treatment or prevention of bacteria infections. These compounds have formula I: The invention also provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions containing the compounds and methods of using the compositions in the treatment of bacteria infections. Finally, the invention provides processes for making compounds of the invention.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for treating orthomyxovirus infections comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Abstract: Hypersulfated disaccharides with utility in asthma or asthma related disorders are disclosed. The compounds are formulated with agents that enhance the oral delivery of the hypersulfated disaccharides. The delivery agents are selected from the group consisting of natural or synthetic polymers having ionic side chains as well as other compounds or types of compounds that improve the bioavailability of the disaccharides relative to delivery of the drug without such agents. The hypersulfated disaccharides are made from heparin or salts thereof.

Abstract: This invention provides a polyvalent vaccine comprising at least two conjugated antigens selected from a group containing glycolipid antigen, polysaccharide antigen, mucin antigen, glycosylated mucin antigen and an appropriate adjuvant. This invention also provides a multivalent vaccine comprising at least two of the following: glycosylated MUC-1-32mer, Globo H, GM2, Ley, Tn(c), sTN(c), and TF(c). This invention provides the vaccine above, wherein the adjuvant is saponin-based adjuvant. This invention provides a method for inducing immune response in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of the vaccine above to the subject. Finally, this invention provides a method for treating cancer in a subject comprising administering an appropriate amount of the vaccine above to the subject.

Abstract: A method for preparing sucralose with high yield, comprising the following preparation steps: First, negative effects of other impurities on reaction are reduced by first preparing a pure Vilsmeier chlorinating reagent. Second, side reactions are prevented by adding composite catalyst to increase selectivity of chlorination reaction. Third, by extracting less polar impurities using less polar solvent when sucralose-6-ester is undergoing deesterification, products are qualified at the very first time so that refining steps are avoided. Accordingly, product loss is reduced and product yield is increased. By using the present invention to prepare sucralose, product yield could be increased to more than 40%.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel green tea beverage packed in a container which shows a good aroma release in the mouth and a lingering aftertaste, has a richness and concentration feeling in the flavor, and can be drunk delectably even in a cold state. Specifically disclosed is a green tea beverage packed in a container characterized in that: the concentration of saccharides, i.e., the sum of monosaccharides and disaccharides, is 150-500 ppm; the ratio by concentration of the disaccharides to the monosaccharides (disaccharides/monosaccharides) is 2.0-8.0; the ratio by concentration of electron-localized catechins to the aforesaid saccharides (electron-localized catechins/saccharides) is 1.8-4.0; and the ratio by content of furfural to geraniol (furfural/geraniol) is 0.5-3.0. It is preferred that the ratio by concentration of the aforesaid saccharides to soluble solid matters originating in tea leaves (saccharides/(soluble solid matters originating in tea leaves×100)) is 5.0 to 10.0.

Abstract: An oral composition for increasing equol production by inner-intestinal bacteria, wherein such composition contains difructose anhydride as an active ingredient to activate the equol production function of inner-intestinal bacteria.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition containing a carbohydrate or a derivative thereof as an active ingredient. The composition relieves stimulus of the skin caused by dye and prevents inflammation caused by dye. In addition, the present invention relates to a hair dye composition comprising a composition containing a carbohydrate or a derivative thereof as an active ingredient. The hair dye composition reduces stimulus of the skin and inflammation caused by dye.

Abstract: A glycodendrimer comprising: a) a non-toxic dendrimer polypropyletherimine core supporting 16 terminal carboxylic acid groups, and b) conjugated to said core 2, 3, 4 or 5 glucosamine molecules, wherein each glucosamine is linked directly through a zero length amide bond with a residue of a terminal carboxylic acid group. The invention also extends to defined populations comprising said glycodendrimer molecules, pharmaceutical compositions comprising said molecules or populations, process for preparing the molecules and formulations, and therapeutic uses of the molecules, populations and compositions.

Abstract: A composition comprising from 10 to 15% by weight of sucrose palmitate which may be used in the treatment of acne.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composition that stably contains hesperidin. The present invention provides a composition containing (A) hesperidin, (B) at least one dihydric alcohol selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, and 3-methyl-1,3-butanediol, and (C) a sugar alcohol. In the composition, the decomposition of hesperidin is suppressed and hesperidin is stably contained.

Abstract: Hypersulfated disaccharides of formula I and other hypersulfated disaccharides disclosed herein are used to treat diseases or conditions associated with human neutrophil elastase imbalances. The disaccharides and/or intermediates useful to prepare such compounds are prepared from heparin. The diseases and conditions which are treated with a compound of formula I include chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF). The formulations are delivered to the lungs in an aerosol formulation or dry powder means or via nebulization. Oral forms are also suitable.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of use for compounds in treating, reducing the incidence, reducing the severity or pathogenesis of an intestinal disease or condition in a subject, including, inter alia, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A composition comprising from 10 to 15% by weight of sucrose palmitate. The composition can be used to treat eczema.

Abstract: Fructosylated puerarin being converted from puerarin by a bioconversion method conducted in an aqueous phase or nonaqueous phase system, including monofructosyl-(2,6)-puerarin, bifructosyl-(2,6)-puerarin, trifructosyl-(2,6)-puerarin, tetrafructosyl-(2,6)-puerarin and pentafructosyl-(2,6)-puerarin. Tests have shown that the oligosaccharylated puerarin is effective to treat acute myocardial ischemia, and can markedly suppress in vitro the proliferation of human breast cancer cell strain MDA-MB-23 and human chronmyelogenors leukemia cell strain K562, and it has a low toxicity.

Abstract: A method for increasing the absorption of magnesium, zinc, and/or copper through the intestines of a subject desiring such an increase, includes administering to the subject a difructose anhydride (DFA) in an amount effective to increase the absorption of magnesium, zinc, and/or copper present in the intestines.

Abstract: The application describes treatment of hepatic encephalopathy using gastrointestinal specific antibiotics. One example of a gastrointestinal specific antibiotic is rifaximin.

Abstract: A wound healing powder, comprising a sugar selected from the group consisting of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable monosaccharides and disaccharides, in an amount of at least 25% by weight of the powder mixture; and an absorbent agent which forms a bioabsorbable biocompatible matrix with wound secretions, comprising a polymer formed of one or more of saccharide or saccharide derivative monomers and lactic acid monomers, in an amount of at least 25% by weight of the powder mixture.

Abstract: A process for treating fibroses including administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition which includes at least one biocompatible polymer of the following general formula (I): AaXxYy wherein: A represents a monomer selected from the group consisting of a sugar or —(O—CH2—CH2—CO)—, X represents a carboxyl group bonded to monomer A and is contained within a group according to the following formula: —R—COO—R?, in which R is a bond or an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, optionally branched and/or unsaturated, and which can contain one or more aromatic rings except for benzylamine and benzylamine sulfonate, and R? represents a hydrogen atom or a cation, Y represents a sulfate or sulfonate group bonded to monomer A and is contained within a group according to one of the following formulas: —R—O—SO3—R?, —R—N—SO3—R?, —R—SO3—R?, in which R is a bond or an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, optionally branched and/or unsaturated, and which can contain one or more aromatic rings except for benzy

Abstract: Processes for producing dairy products having lower levels of neutral lipids, and/or higher levels of polar lipids, by extraction using near critical carbon dioxide or dimethyl ether. These products may be used as ingredients in infant formulas. Infant formulas containing beta-serum are also claimed. “Beta-serum” means an aqueous dairy ingredient separated from dairy streams containing greater than 60% fat which have been through phase inversion from an oil-in-water to a water-in-oil emulsion, such as the serum produced during the production of butter oil.