Abstract: The invention relates to a tenofovir prodrug and pharmaceutical uses thereof. In particular, the invention relates to a compound as shown in general formula (I): and its isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate, as well as their uses in preparing drugs for treating viral infectious diseases, especially HIV infection, hepatitis B, or diseases caused by hepatitis B virus, wherein the definition of each substituent in the general formula (I) is as defined in the specification.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to the discovery that fractionated coconut oil is effective for alleviating existing skin disorders when applied topically to the skin of a person afflicted with such a disorder. The disclosure further relates to the discovery that fractionated coconut oil can be used to prevent or inhibit onset of a skin disorder or to reduce the severity of a skin disorder when administered prophylactically to the skin of a person. A cromolyn compound, a corticosteroid, or both, can be included in the composition.

Abstract: The invention concerns a storage stable pharmaceutical formulation comprising preferably two active compounds in a non-swellable diffusion matrix, whereby the compounds are released from the matrix in a sustained, invariant and, if several compounds are present, independent manner and the matrix is determined with respect to its substantial release characteristics by ethylcellulose and at least one fatty alcohol. The invention also concerns methods for producing such pharmaceutical formulations.

Abstract: The invention concerns a storage stable pharmaceutical formulation comprising preferably two active compounds in a non-swellable diffusion matrix, whereby the compounds are released from the matrix in a sustained, invariant and, if several compounds are present, independent manner and the matrix is determined with respect to its substantial release characteristics by ethylcellulose and at least one fatty alcohol. The invention also concerns methods for producing such pharmaceutical formulations.

Abstract: Novel compounds which are antagonists or inverse agonists at one or more of the opioid receptors, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, to processes for their preparation.

Abstract: Process for manufacturing 1-amino-1,3,3,5,5-pentamethylcyclohexane mesylate comprising step (i): (i) reacting 1-amino-1,3,3,5,5-pentamethylcyclohexane with methane sulfonic acid in a solvent or a mixture of two or more solvents selected from anisole, cumene, pentane, hexane, heptane, isooctane, methyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isopropylketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, dimethyl sulphoxide, tetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,1-diethoxypropane, 1,1-dimethoxymethane, and 2,2-dimethoxypropane.

Abstract: Described herein are compositions comprising particles of poorly soluble drugs encapsulated by stabilizers. Further described are pharmaceutical compositions comprising such encapsulated compositions. Also described are methods of making such encapsulated particle compositions, and methods of making the corresponding pharmaceutical compositions. The encapsulated particle compositions described herein allow poorly soluble drugs to be administered with good bioavailability by routes that are non-invasive to patients, such as by oral administration.

Abstract: Provided is a pharmaceutical composition for prevention and treatment of drug or alcohol addiction or bipolar disorder, comprising sodium phenylbutyrate (PBA). The pharmaceutical composition for prevention and treatment of drug or alcohol addiction or bipolar disorder in accordance with the present invention provides effects capable of inhibiting increases in locomotor activity which is a behavioral indicator of drug or alcohol addiction or bipolar disorder, by controlling a level of a neurotransmitter via regulation of expression of a neurotransmitter transporter.

Abstract: The present invention belongs to the field of pharmaceutical industry and relates to a new method for the treatment of psychostimulant addiction, in particular cocaine addiction, or pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof, with a therapeutically effective amount of 9,10-didehydro-N-methyl-N-(2-propy-nyl)-6-methyl-8?-aminomethylergo-line in the form of free base or in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt, in particular the bimaleate salt, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing said compound. In literature, the compound is also known under code LEK-8829. More particularly, present invention relates to a novel method of treatment for reduction of abstinence symptoms after cocaine withdrawal and for suppression the symptoms of craving for cocaine withdrawal and for suppression the symptoms of craving for cocaine reinforcement, and to the use of said active substance for the preparation of the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of cocaine addiction.

Abstract: An asafetida extract in the preparation of medicine for abstinence of drugs. A method for abstinence of drugs, which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of asafetida extract to subjects. The asafetida extract may be extracted from factice resin of Ferula sinkiangensis K. M. Shen or Ferula fukanensis K.M. Shen, and consists essentially of ?-pinene, ?-terpinene, 2-borneol, terpin-4-ol, D-fenchyl alcohol, pinocarveol, ?-ocimene A, ?-ocimene B, di-sec-butyl disulfide, sec-butyl-trans-1-butenyl disulfide, sec-butyl-cis-propenyl disulfide, sec-butyl-cis-1-butenyl disulfide, sec-butyl-trans-2-butenyl disulfide and thio-sec-butyl-trans-methylethenyl disulfide. The asafetida extract may also be extracted from factice resin of F.

Abstract: A non-stoichiometric clathrate of lipid and sulfur has been shown to effectively stabilize nerve cell membranes. As such, said compound has proven useful in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders such as, addiction, depression, autism, Tourette's syndrome, and the like.

Abstract: A method for treating or preventing a disorder or a condition by double inhibition of serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) reuptake in a subject in need thereof, while limiting the risks of cardiovascular disturbances and/or organ and/or tissue toxicity, comprising the step of administering to said subject a mixture of enantiomers of milnacipran enriched in the (1S,2R) enantiomer of milnacipran and/or of at least one of its metabolites, as well as their pharmaceutically-acceptable salts.

Abstract: The present invention concerns the use of a mixture of enantiomers enriched in the dextrogyral enantiomer of milnacipran and/or of at least one of its metabolites, as well as their pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, for the preparation of a drug intended to prevent or to treat disorders that can be managed by double inhibition of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake, while limiting the risks of cardiovascular disturbances and/or organ and/or tissue toxicity.

Abstract: Addictive drugs like cocaine, heroin or amphetamines are spreading in an epidemic manner in the western world and are an important factor in the spread of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS (multiple use of infected needles among drug addicts) the present invention describes a vaccine and immunoserum against drugs. The vaccine contains the drug bound to a carrier protein in order to produce antibodies against the drugs in the affected person. The use of the drug in the presence of the antibodies deactivates the drug. The desired drug effect is thus eliminated and the vicious circle between stimulation and application is broken.

Abstract: The invention relates in part to a method of reducing the abuse potential of an oral dosage form of an opioid analgesic, wherein an analgesically effective amount of an orally active opioid agonist is combined with an opioid antagonist into an oral dosage form which would require at least a two-step extraction process to be separated from the opioid agonist, the amount of opioid antagonist including being sufficient to counteract opioid effects if extracted together with the opioid agonist and administered parenterally.

Abstract: Desoxypeganine and its pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be used in the treatment of alcoholism. Said substances are administered preferably in a continuos and controlled manner. The pharmaceutical administration form enables controlled release, e.g. for oral, transdermal or another route of parenteral administration.

Abstract: A protocol for prevention of Alzheimer's disease onset is described. The protocol involves stimulating the implicit memory, followed by continuing such stimulation in conjunction with psychological treatments followed by continuing said stimulation of the implicit memory and, in addition, stimulating the explicit memory. Use of this protocol results in a permanent replacement of undesirable behaviors with desirable ones.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the use of certain pyrido[1,2-a]-pyrazine derivatives, also described as bis-azabicyclic compounds and defined by the formula (I) herein, in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and microadenomas in mammals, and to related compositions.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for changing addiction-related behavior of a mammal suffering from addiction to a combination of abused drugs. The method includes administering to the mammal an effective amount of gamma vinylGABA (GVG) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or an enantiomer or a racemic mixture thereof, wherein the effective amount is sufficient to diminish, inhibit or eliminate behavior associated with craving or use of the combination of abused drugs.

Abstract: A method for assuaging tobacco addiction comprises pulsing doses of nicotine into a user's bloodstream so it reaches the brain before passing through the liver. A nicotine-burst tablet is held in the mouth by a user to receive each nicotine-pulse dose. The tablet is configured to suddenly release its entire nicotine payload from an otherwise inert or benign material. Such nicotine payload is relatively small, e.g., under one milligram. The therapeutic effects depend on the change of nicotine levels in the blood over a change in time. Rapid nicotine onset of a small dose is more assuaging than a slow build-up to a high dosage. An oral carrier comprises a nicotine saturated instant-dissolve paper that delivers one nicotine pulse. An additive prevents abuse by causing excessive use to catalyze a foul taste or sickening sensation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly efficient method for treating substance addiction and for changing addiction-related behavior of a mammal suffering from substance addiction. The method includes administering to a mammal an effective amount of gamma vinylGABA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present invention also provides a method of treatment of cocaine, morphine, heroin, nicotine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, or ethanol addiction by treating a mammal with an effective amount of gamma vinylGABA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one embodiment, the method of the present invention includes administering to the mammal an effective amount of a composition which increases central nervous system GABA levels wherein the effective amount is sufficient to diminish, inhibit or eliminate behavior associated with craving or use of drugs of abuse.

Abstract: Methods of treating, and/or improving impulse control disorder, which comprises administering to a living subject, a composition comprising chitosan as an effective ingredient, having a weight-average molecular weight of 80,000 to 100,000 and a number-average molecular weight of 30,000 to 40,000, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Also provided are methods for giving an activity of repressing impulse to food products and drinks by putting said chitosan in the food products, drinks and the material therefor.

Abstract: A method for preventing or treating drug dependence comprising administering to a human in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a 1,4-(diphenylalkyl)piperazine compound represented by the following formula [I] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is lower alkoxy; R2 is lower alkoxy; A is lower alkylene and B is lower alkylene;

Abstract: The invention is directed in part to oral dosage forms comprising a combination of an orally analgesically effective amount of an opioid agonist and an orally active opioid antagonist, the opioid antagonist being included in a ratio to the opioid agonist to provide a combination product which is analgesically effective when the combination is administered orally, but which is aversive in a physically dependent subject. Preferably, the amount of opioid antagonist included in the combination product provides at least a mildly negative, “aversive” experience in physically dependent addicts (e.g., precipitated abstinence syndrome).

Abstract: An enteral nutritional product for a person having ulcerative colitis contains in combination (a) an oil blend which contains eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3), and (b) a source of indigestible carbohydrate which is metabolized to short chain fatty acids by microorganisms present in the human colon. Preferably the nutritional product also contains one or more nutrients which act as antioxidants.

Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed utilizing olanzapine-N-oxide for the treatment of psychosis in humans. Olanzapine-N-oxide exhibits a lessened liability toward drug-drug interactions than olanzapine and a more predictable dosing regimen than olanzapine. Olanzapine-N-oxide is also useful for the treatment of acute mania, mild anxiety states, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autistic disorder, excessive aggression, substance abuse, depressive signs and symptoms, tic disorder, functional bowel disorder and fungal dermatitis.

Abstract: A protocol for permanent modification of behavior and elimination of undesired habits is described. The protocol involves stimulating the implicit memory, followed by continuing such stimulation in conjunction with psychological treatments followed by continuing said stimulation of the implicit memory and, in addition, stimulating the explicit memory. Use of this protocol results in a permanent replacement of undesirable behaviors with desirable ones.

Abstract: A method of treating an individual with an immune system with decreased activity by administering an effective amount of a lipid preparation derived from a natural source and enriched to contain at least 10% (w/w) phosphatidic acid (PA) is disclosed.

Abstract: The invention is directed in part to oral dosage forms comprising a combination of an orally analgesically effective amount of an opioid agonist and an orally active opioid antagonist, the opioid antagonist being included in a ratio to the opioid agonist to provide a combination product which is analgesically effective when the combination is administered orally, but which is aversive in a physically dependent subject. Preferably, the amount of opioid antagonist included in the combination product provides at least a mildly negative, “aversive” experience in physically dependent addicts (e.g., precipitated abstinence syndrome).

Abstract: A liquid composition including a Nicotine or alkaloid having the same direction of activity, content of between 0.0001% and 0.1% that can be consumed orally.

Abstract: A tablet for the transmucosal administration of nicotine. The nicotine is in one or more layers upon a non-nicotine containing matrix. The nicotine layers rapidly dissolve in the mouth. The nicotine is then rapidly absorbed by the intra-oral mucosal surfaces. The short, rapid pulse of nicotine is similar to that given by cigarette smoking. The nicotine may be provided in a plurality of layers separated by one or more layers that are essentially free of nicotine to support the nicotine layers.

Abstract: A single entity product is provided for administration to persons being treated for nutritional deficiencies associated with addiction to alcohol, wherein the product is an extended-release multivitamin with minerals and trace elements in beneficial dose ranges and specifically contains thiamine and folic acid in the desired amounts of about 100 mg and 1 mg, respectively. The product may also contain riboflavin in an amount between about 1 mg and about 3 mg, pyridoxine in an amount between about 1 mg and about 3 mg, cyanocobalamin in an amount between about 6 mg and about 12 mg, biotin in an amount between about 10 mcg and about 50 mcg, niacin in an amount between about 10 mg and about 50 mg, vitamin D in an amount between about 200 IU and about 500 IU, vitamin E in an amount between about 10 IU and about 50 IU, selenium in an amount between about 5 mcg and about 50 mcg, and/or magnesium in an amount between about 100 mg and about 400 mg.

Abstract: The invention relates in part to a method of reducing the abuse potential of an oral dosage form of an opioid analgesic, wherein an analgesically effective amount of an orally active opioid agonist is combined with an opioid antagonist into an oral dosage form which would require at least a two-step extraction process to be separated from the opioid agonist, the amount of opioid antagonist including being sufficient to counteract opioid effects if extracted together with the opioid agonist and administered parenterally.

Abstract: A nicotine method and solution which utilizes an acidic solution containing nicotine. The solution is for use to treat various medical conditions, such as to reduce the need of a user of smoking tobacco to smoke tobacco, to reduce attention deficit disorder symptoms in a person who has attention deficit disorder, and/or to reduce Alzheimer's disease symptoms in a person who has Alzheimer's disease. The solution is palatable and may be introduced into the person by the person drinking it. Subsequent to drinking, the blood plasma levels are sufficient to reduce the need to smoke tobacco, to reduce attention deficit disorder symptoms, and/or to reduce Alzheimer's disease symptoms.

Abstract: A pharmaceutical analgesic composition comprise an opioid analgesic agent and moxonidine as a non-opioid agent with analgesic activity. Administration of an opioid analgesic agent and moxonidine as a non-opioid agent produces analgesia in the treatment of pain in mammals.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for treating substance abuse comprising administering an effective amount of olanzapine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a patient in need thereof.

Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed utilizing olanzapine-N-oxide for the treatment of psychosis in humans. Olanzapine-N-oxide exhibits a lessened liability toward drug-drug interactions than olanzapine and a more predictable dosing regimen than olanzapine. Olanzapine-N-oxide is also useful for the treatment of acute mania, mild anxiety states, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autistic disorder, excessive aggression, substance abuse, depressive signs and symptoms, tic disorder, functional bowel disorder and fungal dermatitis.

Abstract: Compounds of Formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts having selective dopamine D3 receptor activity suitable for treating central nervous system disorders. Formula I: ##STR1## R.sub.1 is independently H or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkyl including isomeric forms thereof;R.sub.2 is H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, a halogen, OCH.sub.3 , OCF.sub.3, CF.sub.3, CN, SCH.sub.3 or NHCOCH.sub.3 ; andR.sub.3 is H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, a halogen, OCH.sub.3 , OCF.sub.3, CF.sub.3, CN, SCH.sub.3 or NHCOCH.sub.3.

Abstract: Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists of formula I: ##STR1## and their use in treating psychiatric disorders and neurological diseases, anxiety-related disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, supranuclear palsy and feeding disorders as well as treatment of immunological, cardiovascular or heart-related diseases and colonic hypersensitivity associated with psychopathological disturbance and stress in mammals.

Abstract: A method of treating and reducing a drug dependency such as a nicotine dependency is provided. The method comprises initially administering to a subject a drug, such as nicotine or another agonist of the drug in an amount which would normally provide the desired pharmacologic effects and at least partially satiate the needs for the drug by a user. The method also comprises administering to the subject an antagonist to the drug or its other agonist in an amount sufficient to at least partially block the pharmacologic defects of the drug or its other agonist while there is a substantial amount of the drug or other agonist present in the system of the user. In one embodiment of the invention, the drug and the antagonist are administered substantially simultaneously so as to occupy a substantial portion of the receptors of the user for that drug thereby blocking or attenuating the effects of any further intake of the drug or other agonist.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly efficient method for treating substance addiction and for changing addiction-related behavior of a primate suffering from substance addiction. The method includes administering to a primate an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including gamma vinylGABA. The present invention also provides a method of treatment of nicotine addiction by treating a patient with an effective amount of a composition including gamma vinylGABA.

Abstract: The invention is to a method for the treatment of withdrawal symptoms selected from the group consisting of nausea, sweating, shaking, substance craving and hot flushes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel method for treating acute hepatic failure comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of human growth hormone (hGH) to a patient suffering from the acute hepatic failure as well as a novel therapeutic agent for acute hepatic failure comprising the human growth hormone as an active ingredient.

Abstract: An enteral nutritional product for a person having ulcerative colitis contains in combination (a) an oil blend which contains eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3), and (b) a source of indigestible carbohydrate which is metabolized to short chain fatty acids by microorganisms present in the human colon. Preferably the nutritional product also contains one or more nutrients which act as antioxidants.

Abstract: A method of treating and reducing a drug dependency such as a nicotine dependency is provided. The method comprises initially administering to a subject a drug, such as nicotine or an agonist of the drug in an amount which would normally provide the desired pharmacologic effects and at least partially satiate the needs for the drug by a user. The method also comprises administering to the subject an antagonist to the drug or an agonist in an amount sufficient to at least partially block the pharmacologic effects of the drug or an agonist while there is a substantial amount of the drug or an agonist present in the system of the user. In one embodiment of the invention, the drug and the antagonist are administered substantially simultaneously so as to occupy a substantial portion of the receptors of the user for that drug thereby blocking or attenuating the effects of any further intake of the drug or an agonist thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel compounds that affect certain excitatory amino acid receptors, and are useful in the treatment of neurological disorders and psychiatric disorders.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the treatment or prevention of substance use disorders using an orally active, long acting, CNS-penetrant NK-1 receptor antagonist and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such a NK-1 receptor antagonist.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of forskolin and of the extracts containing it for the treatment of alcohol addiction.

Abstract: Alcoholic addiction is treated by administering pyridine nucleotide phosphate derivatives having the formula represented by Formula 1: ##STR1## where y can be a second NAD group or an adenosine group and x can be 1, 2, or 3.

Abstract: The present invention concerns the use of a mixture of enantiomers enriched in the dextrogyral enantiomer of milnacipran and/or of at least one of its metabolites, as well as their pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, for the preparation of a drug intended to prevent or to treat disorders that can be managed by double inhibition of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake, while limiting the risks of cardiovascular disturbances and/or organ and/or tissue toxicity.