Abstract: The present invention is based on the discovery of new and advantageous properties of a class of known polymeric emulsifiers. The emulsifier class was found to be resistant to degradation by crude bacterial antigen preparations, which degradation caused emulsion instability when using prior art emulsifiers. This allows the formulation of safe, stable, and effective vaccines based on these emulsions of oil and water comprising such bacterial antigens. The polymeric emulsifier is a block copolymer having a general formula A-B-A in which component B is the divalent residue of a water-soluble polyalkylene glycol and component A is the residue of an oil-soluble complex monocarboxylic acid. Preferred emulsifier is a PEG-30-di-(polyhydroxystearate).

Abstract: A secondary fluid is provided for use in an internal combustion engine that burns a primary fuel. The secondary fluid comprises about 15 vol % to about 30 vol % of alcohol; and about 0.0025 vol % to about 0.5 vol % of a lubricity enhancer which optionally is a castor oil. The secondary fluid is a thermodynamically stable microemulsion with water being the continuous phase.

Abstract: A lip balm formulation for applying to a lip including at least one lipid, a surfactant, and a testosterone active, wherein the lip balm formulation includes about 25 to 60 wt. % of the surfactant based on the total weight of the formulation; wherein the surfactant includes a mixture of mono- and diglycerides and propylene glycol; wherein the surfactant has an HLB of 4; wherein the lip balm formulation includes about 30 wt. % to 60 wt. % of the at least one lipid based on the total weight of the formulation; wherein the at least one lipid includes hydrogenated palm oil; and wherein the surfactant minimizes the surface tension of the at least one lipid.

Abstract: A lip balm formulation for applying to a lip including at least one lipid, a surfactant, and a nicotine active, wherein the lip balm formulation includes about 25 wt. % to 60 wt. % of the surfactant based on the total weight of the formulation; wherein the surfactant includes a mixture of mono- and diglycerides and propylene glycol; wherein the surfactant has an HLB of 4; wherein the lip balm formulation includes about 30 wt. % to 60 wt. % of the at least one lipid based on the total weight of the formulation; wherein the at least one lipid includes hydrogenated palm oil; and wherein the surfactant minimizes the surface tension of the at least one lipid.

Abstract: A lip balm providing a caffeine, nicotine or testosterone active, where the lip balm contains at least one lipid in the range of about 30 wt. % to 60 wt. %; a surfactant in the range of about 60 wt. % to 25 wt. %; caffeine, nicotine or testosterone active in the range of about 1 to 40 wt. %; and less than 1.0 wt. % water, where the lip balm, when applied to a lip, delivers the active in less than about ten minutes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a coke reducing additive composition capable of simultaneously (a) reducing coke formation and (b) increasing distillate yield during pyrolysis of a feedstock in the presence of a plastic material, wherein the feedstock is a vacuum residue (VR), plastic material is a waste plastic material or an olefin polymer (OP) material, or a mixture thereof, and the coke reducing additive composition comprises a naphthenate, preferably a calcium naphthenate, or sodium naphthenate, or a mixture thereof, and to a method of employing the coke reducing additive composition, and to a method of use of the coke reducing additive composition of the present invention.

Abstract: A fuel emulsion for powering a diesel engine contains water, a fuel, and an emulsifier package which contains a quaternary ammonium surfactant. A method for powering a diesel engine with the fuel emulsion involves preparing the fuel emulsion by emulsifying a fuel and water in the presence of the emulsifier package. An emulsifier package for emulsifying a fuel and water contains a quaternary ammonium surfactant and at least one nonionic surfactant, which is an alkoxylate. The quaternary ammonium surfactant is obtainable by reacting a quaternizable nitrogen compound containing at least one quaternizable, especially tertiary, amino group with a quaternizing agent; which converts the at least one quaternizable, especially tertiary, amino group to a quaternary ammonium group, where the quaternizing agent is a hydrocarbyl epoxide in combination with a free hydrocarbyl-substituted polycarboxylic acid.

Abstract: Skin-tightening compositions for providing a physical tightening effect to the skin and methods for using the same. The compositions may be in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion and include about 0.1 wt. % to about 6 wt. % of sodium silicate; at least 3 wt. % to about 11.5 wt. % of magnesium aluminum silicate; about 1 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of one or more fatty compounds; about 0.1 to about 20 wt. % of one or more nonionic emulsifiers; about 1 to about 25 wt. % of one or more polyols; and about 50 to about 90 wt. % of water, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. The weight ratio of the sodium silicate to magnesium aluminum silicate is from 0.08 to 1.0 and a total amount of sodium silicate and magnesium aluminum silicate is 3 wt. % to 13 wt. %.

Abstract: A method for removing sulphur compounds from a process stream by contacting the process stream with an aqueous solution containing glycolaldehyde as the predominant compound.

Abstract: The invention provides a foam control formulation in the form of a microemulsion, the formulation comprising: (a) from S to 70% w/w of primary surfactant, this surfactant having an HLB of from 1 to 12 and/or a cloud point of from 20 to 70° C.; (b) from 2 to 40% w/w of water-insoluble organic carrier liquid; and (c) water. Also provided is the use of this formulation to prevent and/or reduce foam in a fluid system, or as a processing aid to control foam production in a fluid system. The formulation may be used in an aqueous fluid system, such as an oilfield.

Abstract: An oil-in-water emulsion includes an aqueous phase and an oily phase, the aqueous phase including water and a relaxing agent, and the oily phase including an oil and at least one surfactant. The emulsion has dielectric properties simulating dielectric properties of the human body. A device including the emulsion, a simulated human body part filled with the emulsion; and at least one system capable of measuring a local specific absorption rate when the simulated human body part is exposed to an electromagnetic field are also described. A method for conducting specific absorption rate tests of an apparatus radiating an electromagnetic field including using the emulsion, and a process for manufacturing the emulsion are also described.

Abstract: Dual phase compositions for treating a hydrocarbon stream are disclosed, wherein the dual phase compositions are colloidal micellar solutions with an aqueous phase and an oil phase. Methods are also disclosed for reducing emulsions in a hydrocarbon stream by contacting the hydrocarbon stream with a dual phase composition.

Abstract: The invention relates to oil-in-water emulsions based on fatty alcohols and the use thereof as antifoams or deaerators for aqueous compositions.

Abstract: A microchannel structure including a dispersed-phase introduction channel which communicates with a dispersed-phase introduction inlet; a continuous-phase introduction channel which communicates with a continuous-phase introduction inlet; a discharge channel which communicates with a discharge outlet; a fine-particle formation channel; and a plurality of branch channels for dispersed-phase introduction which are microchannels; wherein one end of the fine-particle formation channel in a fluid traveling direction communicates with the continuous-phase introduction channel whereas the other end thereof communicates with the discharge channel; and wherein a side part of the dispersed-phase introduction channel and side part of the fine-particle formation channel communicate via the plurality of branch channel for dispersed-phase introduction.

Abstract: There is provided a method of producing a composition having a continuous phase and a disperse phase dispersed finely with low polydispersity in the continuous phase, with high production efficiency. The composition is produced by the production method including the steps of: (A) passing the swirling flow of the continuous phase liquid into a cylindrical body the circumferential surface of which is either in part or entirely formed by a porous membrane, (B1) supplying the disperse phase fluid to the swirling flow via the porous membrane to form the particles of the disperse phase on the porous membrane, and (B2) detaching the disperse phase particles formed on the porous membrane by the shear force of the swirling flow.

Abstract: Provided is an emulsified composition for diluting a cancer antigen peptide or a dimer thereof. Also provided is a novel cancer vaccine composition or specific CTL inducer that efficiently induces CTL irrespective of the type of cancer antigen peptide when mixing the emulsified composition for dilution and a water phase comprising a cancer antigen peptide or a dimer thereof. The present invention relates to an emulsified composition for diluting a cancer antigen peptide or a dimer thereof, comprising a particular ester, a particular surfactant, a particular emulsifier, and a water phase. The present invention also relates to a cancer vaccine composition or specific CTL inducer obtained by freshly diluting and mixing a water phase comprising a cancer antigen peptide or a dimer thereof with the emulsified composition for dilution.

Abstract: The invention provides water-in-oil emulsions containing (a) 12-21% by weight of polyglyceryl-2 dipolyhydroxystearate, (b) 4-7% by weight of a hydrogenated ethoxylated castor oil, (c) 25-35% by weight of mineral oil, (d) 20-30% by weight of further oil substances (e), 3-5% by weight of hydrotropes, (f) 3-4% by weight of metal soaps and (g) 10-30% by weight of water, based on the overall composition. The emulsions are useful for finishing textiles and papers.

Abstract: Heavy oil emulsions, comprising decant oils and No. 6, No. 5 and No. 4 oils, and water are stabilized by adding certain saccharide-based esters. Preferably, the saccharide-based esters are naturally-occurring saccharide esters such as gallotannins, saponin, red gum, and the like.

Abstract: An electrically neutral composition in the form of a water-in-oil or an oil-in-water emulsion is imparted with a unipolar electrostatic charge on spraying from an aerosol spray device by incorporating into the composition a non-ionic surfactant and at least one polar or ionic or aromatic or linearly conjugated compound. The amount of the polar or ionic or aromatic or linearly conjugated compound included in the composition is about 0.01 to about 80% w/w based on the non-ionic surfactant, but is such that the theoretical conductivity of the emulsion is less than the bulk conductivity of the emulsion.

Abstract: A water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion which is stable even with a high water content is provided. The water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion is obtained by a three-phase emulsification using a reverse vesicle of an amphiphilic compound as an emulsifier. As the amphiphilic compound, a sucrose fatty acid ester is preferable, and a sucrose fatty acid ester with an HLB value of 6-12 is more preferable. The reverse vesicle can be prepared by mixing an amphiphilic compound with a non-polar solvent. The water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion can be formed by using the prepared mixture containing the reverse vesicle as an oil phase and adding water thereto for emulsification. As the non-polar solvent, an alicyclic hydrocarbon solvent such as cyclohexane is preferable. The reverse vesicle preferably has a particle diameter of not more than 1 ?m.

Abstract: A crude oil simulant is disclosed that is an emulsion of an organic continuous phase, an aqueous dispersed phase, and an emulsifier. To enhance the biodegradability rate of the simulant various strains of bacteria can be added to the aqueous phase. Nutrients can be added to the aqueous phase to increase activity of the bacteria. The components of the simulant of the invention can be mixed under high shear conditions such as 1,000-12,000 reciprocal minutes. The emulsion based oil simulants can be prepared on-site and can be readily tailored to simulant a wide variety of crude oils under various conditions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to dispersing agents for pigments or extenders based on acrylic acid alkyl ester polymers, wherein at least part of the ester groups of the polymers is reacted to form acid amides, wherein the dispersing agent is obtainable by the aminolysis of ester groups of the polymers by means of amines, such as amino alkylenyl heterocycles. The invention also relates to the use of the dispersing agents according to the invention for the production of pigment concentrates and coating media, and to a process for producing the dispersing agents.

Abstract: A superior powder form of a metallic soap for enhancing the properties of an invert emulsion drilling fluid may be prepared by a dry process saponification reaction. The process includes mixing a source of metal cations with the product of a Diels-Alder reaction of dienophiles with fatty acids and/or resin acids and allowing the mixture to react. Heating the mixture increases the rate of reaction. The solid product is ground to form a powder. The properties of the drilling fluid that may be improved by adding the soap include filtration control, fluid loss control, emulsification and emulsion stability, and electrical stability.

Abstract: A water-in-hydrocarbon emulsion includes a water phase, a hydrocarbon phase and a surfactant, wherein the water phase is present in an amount greater than or equal to about 5% vol. with respect to volume of the emulsion, and the water phase and the surfactant are present at a ratio by volume of the water phase to the surfactant of at least about 1. A method for preparing the emulsion is also provided.

Abstract: A surfactant has the formula (R1—X)nZ, where R1 is an aliphatic group comprising a C10–C25 principal straight chain bonded at a terminal carbon atom thereof to X, and comprising at least one C1–C6 side chain. X is a charged head group, Z is a counterion, and n is an integer which ensures that the surfactant is charge neutral.

Abstract: Improved fuel compositions and fuel additive packages are disclosed which serve to increase the combustion efficiency of conventional fuels while reducing the level of CO2 emissions generated upon the combustion of the fuels. The fuels may be essentially water-free hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline or diesel fuel, or may be in the form of hydrosols. The additive packages of the invention include sorbitan oleate, a polyoxyethylene alcohol, an alkylene glycol, and an amine.

Abstract: Non-polymeric drag reducing agents in the form of maleated fatty acids and the esters thereof and the organic, inorganic or amine salts thereof are described herein. These additives are useful to reduce drag in hydrocarbon fluids and multi-phase fluids of hydrocarbon(s) and water. No injection probes or other special equipment is expected to be required to introduce the drag reducing agent into the liquid stream, nor is grinding (cryogenic or otherwise) of the additive necessary to form a suitable drag reducing agent. The drag reducing additives of the invention are not subject to shear degradation and do not cause undesirable changes in the emulsion or fluid quality of the fluid being treated, or undesirable foaming.

Abstract: Water-in-oil emulsions (a) with a viscosity of at most 5000 mPa.

Abstract: The invention provides baked products incorporating a mixture comprising diacetyl tartaric acid esters on mono- and diglycerides based on C12 to C22 fatty acids, wherein the mixture contains diacetyl tartaric acid glycerol monoesters that contain: (A) one fatty acid group, one diacetylated tartaric acid monoester groups and a free hydroxyl group and (B) one fatty acid group and two diacerylated tartaric acid monoester groups in which the molar percentages of (A) and (B) obtained by a specific NMR-technique which satisfies certain defined parameters.

Abstract: Water-in-oil emulsions (a) with a viscosity of at most 5000 mPa·s (b) with a content of water and water-soluble substances totalling at least 75% by weight, and with a content of lipids, emulsifiers and lipophilic constituents totalling at most 15%, based in each case on the total weight of the preparations, (c) the oil phase of which comprises at least 75% of one or more substances chosen from the group of nonpolar lipids which are liquid at room temperature and have a polarity of greater than 30 mN/m, and/or silicones of any polarity this weight proportion being based on the total weight of the oil phase, (d) comprising at least one interface-active substance chosen from the group of substances of the general formula (I)

Abstract: A mixture contains diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides based on C12 to C22 fatty acids or comprises diacetyl tartaric acid glycerol monoesters containing: (A) one fatty acid group, one diacetylated tartaric acid monoester group and a free hydroxyl group; and (B) one fatty acid group and two diacetylated tartaric acid monoester groups, in which the molar percentages of (A) and (B) obtained by a specific NMR-technique satisfy certain defined parameters. Preferably the mixture is based on mono- and diglycerides of substantially saturated C16 and/or C18 fatty acids. Processes for preparing the mixture defined above and the use thereof as emulsifier, dough conditioner, in flour and in bakery improves for yeast-leavened baked products are disclosed as are baked products in which the mixture defined above has been incorporated.

Abstract: The invention provides a mixture comprising esters selected from the group consisting of diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides based on C12 to C22 fatty acids and succinic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides based on C12 to C22 fatty acid esters which mixture comprises diacetyl tartaric acid glycerol monesters and/or succinic acid glycerol monoesters containing: (A) one fatty acid group, one succinic acid or diacetylated tartaric acid and one free hydroxyl group or a mixture comprising these esters and (B) one fatty acid group, two succinic acid groups or two diacetylated tartaric acid groups or one succinic acid group and one diacetylated tartaric acid group monoester groups in which the concentrations of (A) and (B) obtained by a specific NMR technique satisfies certain defined parameters.

Abstract: A method and product is disclosed which provides emulsion stability and filtration control to invert emulsion drilling fluids. The product comprises a blend of a carboxylic acid terminated polyamide and a mixture produced by the Diels-Alder reaction of dienophiles, preferably carboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids, acid anhydrides, or combinations or mixes thereof, with a mixture of fatty acids and resin acids. The product is extremely effective, decreasing by about two-thirds the amount of emulsifier generally required to formulate an effective drilling fluid. The product also greatly reduces and in many cases eliminates the need for conventional fluid loss additives, and additionally provides electrical stability. Moreover, the product has a pour point as low as about 20 degrees Fahrenheit with minimal solvents, thereby eliminating the need to ship large amounts of inert material for use, and may be transported in a highly active state.

Abstract: The present invention relates to dispersing agents for pigments or extenders based on acrylic acid alkyl ester polymers, wherein at least part of the ester groups of the polymers is reacted to form acid amides, wherein the dispersing agent is obtainable by the aminolysis of ester groups of the polymers by means of amines, wherein, for the aminolysis, at least one amine is used from the group comprising a) amines of general formula NH2—R1—NR2R3, wherein R1 is a divalent alkylene radical comprising 2-4 carbon atoms and R2 and R3 are aliphatic and/or alicyclic alkyl radicals which comprise 1-12, preferably 1-6 carbon atoms and which can be the same or different. The invention also relates to the use of the dispersing agents according to the invention for the production of pigment concentrates and coating media, and to a process for producing the dispersing agents.

Abstract: The invention relates to fine emulsions comprising at least one W/O emulsifier and at least one hydrophilic component, and to a process for their preparation. The fine emulsions are obtainable by converting a W/O preemulsion comprising at least one W/O emulsifier into an O/W fine emulsion by adding at least one hydrophilic component and, where appropriate, changing the temperature. Suitable W/O emulsifiers are preferably sorbitol esters. The fine emulsions are preferably spray emulsions for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.

Abstract: The invention relates to emulsion bases containing (a) polyol poly-12-polyhydroxystearates, (b) polyol esters selected from the group consisting of sorbitan esters, oligoglycerol esters and partial glycerides, (c) citric acid esters, (d) waxes and (e) metal soaps. The emulsion bases are distinguished by the fact that they enable both stable creams and lotions to be produced, irrespective of the polarity of the oils combined therewith.

Abstract: Described are compositions comprising perfluoroalkyl haloalkyl ethers and, optionally, surfactant; uses for perfluoroalkyl haloalkyl ether compounds and compositions thereof, optionally comprising surfactant; and perfluoroalkyl haloalkyl ethers.

Abstract: Non-polymeric drag reducing agents in the form of maleated fatty acids and the esters thereof and the organic, inorganic or amine salts thereof are described herein. These additives are useful to reduce drag in hydrocarbon fluids and multi-phase fluids of hydrocarbon(s) and water. No injection probes or other special equipment is expected to be required to introduce the drag reducing agent into the liquid stream, nor is grinding (cryogenic or otherwise) of the additive necessary to form a suitable drag reducing agent. The drag reducing additives of the invention are not subject to shear degradation and do not cause undesirable changes in the emulsion or fluid quality of the fluid being treated, or undesirable foaming.

Abstract: A method of maintaining as well as restoring the condition of weathered asphalt shingles and strips which are applied to flat roofs, pitched roofs, or vertical walls. The process involves applying resaturant neat or as a water emulsion. Suitable resaturants include fatty acid methyl esters, petroleum distillates, and water emulsions thereof. The process restores the suppleness and softness of the weathered shingles or strip and adds about three years to the lifetime of the roof. The process may be repeated for additional lifetime extension.

Abstract: A method for making an oil soluble coking process additive, includes the steps of: providing mixture of a metal salt in water wherein the metal salt contains a metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and mixtures thereof; providing a heavy hydrocarbon; forming an emulsion of the mixture and the heavy hydrocarbon; heating the emulsion so as to react the metal salt with components of the heavy hydrocarbon so as to provide a treated hydrocarbon containing oil soluble organometallic compound, wherein the organometallic compound includes the metal and is stable at a temperature of at least about 300° C. The oil soluble additive and a process using same are also disclosed.

Abstract: A new method for producing a fractionated vegetable oil from a plant material. The plant material is extracted with a non-polar solvent and the solvent is evaporated giving a crude oil which includes non-polar and polar lipids. The crude oil is mixed with an alcohol at a controlled temperature and a resulting alcoholic phase is separated and evaporated to recover a polar lipid rich fractionated vegetable oil. The invention also refers to the use of the polar lipid rich fractionated vegetable oil as a surface active agent.

Abstract: A process for preparing a water-in-oil emulsion of a water-soluble polymer is disclosed, comprising polymerizing at least one water-soluble vinyl monomer in a water-in-oil emulsion, wherein the dissolved oxygen concentration of the emulsion under polymerization is about 100 ppb or less. The desired emulsion can be obtained without being accompanied by the formation of agglomerates.

Abstract: This invention provides a milk lotion, cream or the like which does not undergo oil-water phase separation but remains stable for a long time and, in addition, has a good skin feel with good spreadability. It is a water-in-oil emulsifier composition comprising liquid oil basis, liquid oil component gelling agent, water and, as a water-in-oil type surfactant, polyglycerin fatty acid ester and/or polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil.

Abstract: Disclosed are a fatty acid esters composition of a polyglycerine containing more than 70% of a fatty acid monoester which is defined by a specified analysis method, a process for the preparation thereof, a process for the preparation of a highly-purified fatty acid esters composition of a polyglycerine, and a highly-purified fatty acid esters composition of a polyglycerine having an oxirane oxygen concentration of below 100 ppm which is defined by a specified analysis method. The fatty acid esters compositions of a polyglycerine are useful as additives for a variety of food-stuffs, additives for a variety of thermoplastic resins, and as additives for a variety of cosmetics or detergents.

Abstract: A method for making an oil soluble coking process additive, includes the steps of: providing mixture of a metal salt in water wherein the metal salt contains a metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and mixtures thereof; providing a heavy hydrocarbon; forming an emulsion of the mixture and the heavy hydrocarbon; heating the emulsion so as to react the metal salt with components of the heavy hydrocarbon so as to provide a treated hydrocarbon containing oil soluble organometallic compound, wherein the organometallic compound includes the metal and is stable at a temperature of at least about 300° C. The oil soluble additive and a process using same are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a gelled hydrocarbon fluid useful as a fracturing fluid in subterranean formations comprising at least one gelling agent which is a salt of a carboxylic acid having from about 6 to about 30 carbon atoms. An activator which is a difunctional and/or trifunctional carboxylic acid is preferably added to control gel time.

Abstract: The composition disclosed herein comprises about 55 to about 90 weight percent of a monoglyceride component comprising a monoglyceride having an acyl chain of 12 to 22 carbons, about 5 to about 35 weight percent of an acetylated monoglyceride component comprising an acetylated monoglyceride having an acyl chain of 12 to 22 carbons, and about 2 to about 40 weight percent water. The present composition is a liquid crystalline phase composition at a temperature of about 20 to about 80° C., preferably a cubic liquid crystalline gel.

Abstract: An oily composition comprises a solid phase containing a water-soluble effective substance and/or a water-dispersible effective substance and an oil phase containing an oily component and an emulsifying agent having an HLB value of not more than 10, wherein the solid phase is dispersed in the oil phase in the form of a fine particulate state having an average particle size of not more than 5 &mgr;m and the water content or the aqueous alcohol solution content of the solid phase is not more than 30% by weight.

Abstract: A method for making an oil soluble coking process additive, includes the steps of: providing mixture of a metal salt in water wherein the metal salt contains a metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and mixtures thereof; providing a heavy hydrocarbon; forming an emulsion of the mixture and the heavy hydrocarbon; heating the emulsion so as to react the metal salt with components of the heavy hydrocarbon so as to provide a treated hydrocarbon containing oil soluble organometallic compound, wherein the organometallic compound includes the metal and is stable at a temperature of at least about 300° C. The oil soluble additive and a process using same are also disclosed.