Abstract: Building panels, such as a floor panels or wall panels. The panels including a first mechanical locking system at respective parallel and opposite third and fourth edges, such as long edges, configured to cooperate for horizontal and vertical locking between two adjacent building panels, preferably by means of a folding motion. The panels further including a second locking system at respective parallel and opposite first and second edges, such as short edges, configured to cooperate for horizontal and vertical locking of two adjacent building panels. An upper edge portion of one of the third edge or fourth edge, preferably the third edge, includes a first lower lip portion configured to cooperate with a first upper lip portion of an upper edge portion of the other of the third and fourth edge of an adjacent panel when the third and fourth edges are arranged in locking engagement.

Abstract: A polyurethane foam block can include a base having a plurality of recesses and a top surface having a plurality of connective components protruding outward from the top surface where each connective component of the plurality of connective components can align with a recess of the plurality of recesses. The polyurethane foam block can include a plurality of sidewalls extending upward from the base and defining an interior and a plurality of partitions extending from the base to the top surface to divide the block into a plurality of cavities. A wall can include base blocks and header blocks. The header blocks can be shaped and constructed similarly to the base blocks with one exception being the header blocks can include an-upward facing channel cutout. The wall can include a beam extending through channels of header blocks.

Abstract: A panel with a detachable protruding lip for wall, ceiling or floor coverings is provided. Furthermore, methods are provided for manufacturing wall, ceiling or floor coverings comprising or consisting of a plurality of the panels.

Abstract: A panel can have a face surface having a length and a width. The panel can include a first tongue that extends along the length and a second tongue that extends along the width. The pane can further include first front and back legs that extend along the length of the panel and define a first groove therebetween and second front and back legs that extends along the width of the panel and define a second groove. At least one of the first tongue or the first back leg can a longitudinal dimension that is greater than the length of the face surface; or at least one of the second tongue or the second back leg can have a longitudinal dimension that is greater than the width of the face surface.

Abstract: A panel can have a face surface having a length and a width. The panel can include a first tongue that extends along the length and a second tongue that extends along the width. The pane can further include first front and back legs that extend along the length of the panel and define a first groove therebetween and second front and back legs that extends along the width of the panel and define a second groove. At least one of the first tongue or the first back leg can a longitudinal dimension that is greater than the length of the face surface; or at least one of the second tongue or the second back leg can have a longitudinal dimension that is greater than the width of the face surface.

Abstract: A ceiling panel having an upper face, a lower face opposite the upper face, and first through fourth edges having a first edge portion adjacent the upper face and a second edge portion below the first edge portion. Each of the first and second edges may have a tongue and each of the third and fourth edges may have a groove. The first edge portion of each of the third and fourth edges may include a first flange having a distal surface. The first edge portion of each of the first and second edges may include a first recess having a first recess wall surface. The first flange may nest within the first recess of an identical adjacent ceiling panel with the distal surface of the first flange of the ceiling panel being spaced from the first recess wall surface of the first recess of the identical adjacent ceiling panel.

Abstract: A modular stiff wall panel assembly for a building structure includes a modular wall panel having a central portion has central ribs spaced therealong, a first wall track engaged with the central portion and having first ribs spaced therealong, and a second wall track engaged with the central portion and having second ribs spaced therealong wherein the second wall track is oppositely spaced from the first wall track, and a plurality of studs engaged with the central portion, the first wall track, and the second wall track. The central ribs, the first ribs, and the second ribs are linearly aligned, respectively, and registered parallel to a longitudinal axis of the studs, respectively. The central ribs, the first ribs, and the second ribs are coplanar on a single plane and disposed at an end-to-end pattern along an entire longitudinal length of the wall panel.

Abstract: A panel including an upper side, a lower side, a core and complementary locking elements provided in pairs on opposing panel edges. At least one pair of locking elements has complementary hook profiles, namely a receiving hook and an arresting hook. The receiving hook has a hook periphery arranged remote from the main body and a receiving recess arranged in the vicinity of the basic body. The receiving recess is open towards the panel upper side, and the arresting hook has an arresting recess, arranged in the vicinity of the basic body and open towards the panel lower side, and has an arresting shoulder remote from the basic body and which, in the vertical joining direction, fits into the receiving recess of the receiving hook. The arresting hook has a vertically locking arresting contour and the receiving hook has a form-fitting contour, which form fits with the arresting contour of the arresting hook.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cubic element for construction toys, including three, straight, open-ended channels each formed on an adjacent different face of the cube between two opposite faces of the cube and extending in orthogonal opposite directions to each other (X,Y,Z). Each channel includes a bottom wall and two upwardly extending parallel sidewalls, wherein the width of the bottom wall and the distance between the face which is distal to the channel that is extending orthogonally from the same cube face, and the sidewall adjacent the distal face, are substantially equal.

Abstract: The disclosed technology includes a polyurethane foam block including a base having a plurality of recesses and a top surface having a plurality of connective components protruding outward from the top surface where each connective component of the plurality of connective components can align with a recess of the plurality of recesses. The polyurethane foam block can include a plurality of walls extending upward from the base and defining an interior. The polyurethane foam block can include a plurality of partitions extending from the base to the top surface to divide the block into a plurality of cavities, each cavity traversing a height of the block.

Abstract: The invention relates to a paving stone (1) and to a paving produced using same. A strip-shaped connection section (4) is provided at least on one lateral face of the paving stone, which vertically projects from same and interacts with strip-shaped connection sections of adjoining stones in the course of producing a paving and establishing a connection. The connection section (4) has a stepped shape with at least three graduated shoulders one over another. This both achieves a joint that expands in the upward direction, and prevents the pointing from loosening or being cast upward when forces act upon the paving, for example when subject to vibrations.

Abstract: The invention relates to a construction block (2) made of inert material, such as concrete, comprising two opposite main faces (4, 6), an upper face (8), a lower face (10), and two opposite lateral faces (12, 14), the upper and lower faces (8, 10) and the lateral faces (12, 14) having, respectively, complementary reliefs that are able to interlock when several of the blocks are juxtaposed. The relief of the upper face (8) comprises two tenons (16) extending in parallel and at a distance from the two main faces (4, 6), respectively, and the relief of the lower face (10) comprises two corresponding slots (16?) extending in parallel and at a distance from the two main faces (4, 6), respectively.

Abstract: The invention relates to a glue-down decorative floor covering system. The invention also relates to a glue-down floor covering realized by a plurality of tiles of the glue-down floor covering system according to the invention. The invention further relates to a tile for use in a glue-down floor covering system according to the invention.

Abstract: Floor panels are shown, which are provided with a mechanical locking system including a flexible tongue in a displacement groove. The flexible tongue may be formed from the core material of the floor panels and inserted during production into the displacement groove. The locking system may be locked with vertical folding.

Abstract: A set (1) of tiles (5) adapted to cover a surface (10) perpendicular to a thickness direction (V) of the tiles (5), each of the tiles comprising at least one upper layer (24), and an underlying rigid core layer (22), the core layer and the upper layer being superimposed in the thickness direction, and the core layer defining a lower surface (S) opposite the upper layer. The tiles comprise at least one first tile (15) having a first edge extending in a longitudinal direction (L), the core layer of the first tile (15) defining a connecting groove (28) in the first edge.

Abstract: The set of modular timber hollow bricks with thermal insulation properties includes wooden hollow bricks, marked as A and B which have a box structure. Hollow brick A and corner hollow brick B include two boards connected by crossbars in such a way, that they form a peripheral socket on the inside for a connection with the connector. The corner hollow brick B also has a connector on the side surface of the board. Each hollow brick has a circumferential socket, the size of which corresponds to half the thickness of the connector. The corner hollow brick B has a notch on the lateral surface. The hollow brick A and corner hollow brick B have each an additional reinforcing bar inside. The socket is filled with sealing foam before assembly.

Abstract: A surface element designed to be assembled together with similar surface elements to form a unit of a plurality of joined surface elements; said surface elements comprising a core, a decorative upper surface and edges for joining, including a first and a second edges allowing joining by rotational movement, and a third and a fourth edge allowing joining by vertical movement, wherein two adjacent edges of the surface element at the same time, and concurrently with said rotational movement, is joined with a surface element adjacent to the first edge and a surface element adjacent to the third or fourth edge.

Abstract: A flooring product is disclosed herein. The flooring product comprises a pair of oriented strand boards and an acoustic barrier layer. Each oriented strand board includes a first surface, a second surface, a first profiled edge, a stepped section, a second profiled edge, and a recessed section. The acoustic barrier layer is positioned between and at least partially secured to the oriented strand boards. Upon the securing of the acoustic barrier layer to the oriented strand boards, the stepped sections are arranged to form a tongue, where the acoustic barrier layer extends from the tongue to form a first rounded bulge. The recessed sections are arranged to form a groove, where the acoustic barrier layer extends into the groove to form a second rounded bulge. When two flooring products are assembled, the first rounded bulge of one flooring product contacts the second rounded bulge of the other flooring product.

Abstract: A decorative wall system is provided that includes a number of panels that can be secured to an underlying wall and to one another in an overlapping configuration to provide a multi-layer, three-dimensional appearance to the wall. In one embodiment of the wall system, the system includes individual panels that include a decorative front surface and a rear surface. The rear surface includes undercuts along each side of the rear surface that can be positioned over the side edges of the front surface of an adjacent wall panel. The panels may each include an adhesive layer including compressible strings therein that assist the adhesive in holding the panel on a surface by forming a vacuum between the panel and the surface to which the panel is attached.

Abstract: This application relates to a light-weight, multi-purpose construction panel. The panel may be formed, for example, from molded plastic. Each panel includes a substantially planar deck on a first side thereof and a second side comprising alternating male and female sleeves arranged in honeycomb-like compartments defined by a plurality of wall elements. A pair of panels may be releasably coupled together with their respective second sides facing inwardly to form a construction assembly. When a pair of panels is coupled together, the male sleeves of one panel matingly fit within the females sleeves of the other panel, and vice versa. The panel assemblies may be used for many different construction applications including flooring, roofing and wall structures.

Abstract: An interlocking block construction system is provided. A plurality of interlocking blocks may each include: a top portion having a top protruding ridge; a bottom portion having a bottom recessed channel; a first side having a side protruding ridge; and a second side having a side recessed channel. The top protruding ridge of a first interlocking block is formed to fit within a bottom recessed channel of a second interlocking block. The side protruding ridge of the second interlocking block is formed to fit within a side recessed channel of a third interlocking block. The plurality of interlocking blocks connected together form a wall.

Abstract: A mesh foundation construction method using hollow blocks is disclosed. The method may include: leveling an upper part of a ground selected for reinforcing; arranging a multiple number of hollow blocks adjacent to one another in a mesh form such that one side touches the upper part of the ground, where a hollow block includes an enclosed sidewall that defines a hollow part, which penetrates from said one side to the other side; and filling the hollow parts with a filler, which includes one or more of gravel and sandy soil. With this method, a ground that does not provide a supporting force sufficient to hold an upper structure can be reinforced to support an upper structure without forming a deep foundation, such as piles, etc.

Abstract: A ceiling system in one embodiment includes an overhead support grid including a plurality of downward facing grid faces and an array of rectilinear grid openings. A plurality of grid-concealment ceiling panels are disposed in the grid openings and arranged diagonally such that corners of the panels are disposed proximate to mating corners of diagonally adjacent panels. Each panel includes peripheral edge portions which extend beneath and at least partially conceal grid faces surrounding the grid opening in which each panel is mounted. In one embodiment, the grid faces are completely concealed. Mating corners of ceiling panels meet at mutually configured chamfered corner surfaces which lie at cruciform intersections between the grid faces. The ceiling panels are arranged in diagonal rows in the support grid. Diagonal rows of filler ceiling panels are provided between diagonal rows of grid-concealment ceiling panels.

Abstract: A building panel, such as a flooring panel or wall panel and a method of assembling the same into a floor, wall cladding, etc. The panel is provided with a locking means in the form of groove (6) and tongue (7) forming a tongue/groove joint for assembling of the panels. In a preferred embodiment, the groove (6) and the tongue (7) are made of water resistant material and fanned with a snap-together joint.

Abstract: Hard panels formed from a wood-based material and having a decorative layer for floor coverings are provided, at least on two opposite edges, with coupling devices made in one piece with the panels wherein similar panels may be coupled together to form a floor covering, wherein these coupling devices provide for an interlocking in a direction perpendicular to the plane of coupled panels, as well as in a direction perpendicular to the edges concerned and parallel to the plane of coupled panels. These coupling devices are constituted of a tongue and a groove. The top side of the tongue has a protrusion that cooperates with a meshing recess located in the lower side of the upper lip of the groove of the coupling devices, and a portion extending generally parallel with the plane of the panel to form a contact surface cooperating with the lower side of the upper lip of the groove.

Abstract: The present subject matter relates to a set of panels, in particular floor panels, including a first panel and at least one second panel, wherein the panels have a first edge and a second edge; the first edge and the second edge are configured to establish a connection between the first and the second panels; the first edge includes a lower lip with a step; the second edge includes a downwardly open locking groove, which in a connected state of the panels, or of the edges, cooperates with the step and ensures a lock in a horizontal direction; the connection can be established by a vertical relative movement of the panels with respect to each other; a separate clip is provided which is disposed on the first edge and includes a movable clip head and a clip base.

Abstract: An impact attenuating tile system that can be selectively installed and uninstalled without damaging the modular tiles making up the system is disclosed. The system uses a support ladder to support the seam between two modular tiles. The seam can support wheelchairs and other heavy equipment positioned on the seam between two tiles without the tiles coming apart. Additionally, the tiles can be selectively removed without damaging or disfiguring the tiles. The system taught herein allows a user to implement a system which provides fall height attenuation, is ADA complaint, is not prone to creating tripping hazards even under high loads, and can be removed or replaced as deemed appropriate and can be selectively removed without cutting, disfiguring compromising the tiles.

Abstract: A building board, in particular a flooring panel of wooden material is provided. The building board includes a top and an underside, in which at least the top is provided with a decorative layer imitating a natural material. The building board further includes connecting mechanisms corresponding to one another and peripheral side surfaces. At least one side surface and at least one connecting mechanism is provided with a pattern.

Abstract: Hard panels formed from a wood-based material and having a decorative layer for floor coverings are provided, at least on two opposite edges, with coupling devices made in one piece with the panels wherein similar panels may be coupled together to form a floor covering, wherein these coupling devices provide for an interlocking in a direction perpendicular to the plane of coupled panels, as well as in a direction perpendicular to the edges concerned and parallel to the plane of coupled panels. These coupling devices are constituted of a tongue and a groove. The top side of the tongue has a protrusion that cooperates with a meshing recess located in the lower side of the upper lip of the groove of the coupling devices, and a portion extending generally parallel with the plane of the panel to form a contact surface cooperating with the lower side of the upper lip of the groove.

Abstract: Flooring panel or wall panel and a use thereof in a wet room. The panel is provided with a locking means in the form of groove and tongue forming a tongue/groove joint for assembling of the panels. The groove and the tongue are preferably made of water tight material and formed with a snap-together joint.

Abstract: An impact attenuating tile system that can be selectively installed and uninstalled without damaging the modular tiles making up the system is disclosed. The system uses a support ladder to support the seam between two modular tiles. The seam can support wheelchairs and other heavy equipment positioned on the seam between two tiles without the tiles coming apart. Additionally, the tiles can be selectively removed without damaging or disfiguring the tiles. The system taught herein allows a user to implement a system which provides fall height attenuation, is ADA complaint, is not prone to creating tripping hazards even under high loads, and can be removed or replaced as deemed appropriate and can be selectively removed without cutting, disfiguring compromising the tiles.

Abstract: This invention concerns a system of construction elements for the dry construction of a structure by way of shaped protrusions for mutual connection during assembly. It consists of construction element modules for raising walls, the ceiling and roof, and that the module consists of two elements with adjacent sides connected by a third element, creating a self-tightening connection, and the shaped protrusions of construction elements have two lateral contact surfaces, guiding (1) and self-tightening (2), inclined at specific angles ? and ?, and these angles are determined, respectively, between the perpendicular to the upper or lower protrusion surface and the guiding or self-tightening surface. The invention also includes applications of the specified system for raising compact and low structures, as well as for completing walls in buildings with skeletal constructions, and also as a block system for raising miniature constructions.

Abstract: Hard panels formed from a wood-based material and having a decorative layer for floor coverings are provided, at least on two opposite edges, with coupling devices made in one piece with the panels wherein similar panels may be coupled together to form a floor covering, wherein these coupling devices provide for an interlocking in a direction perpendicular to the plane of coupled panels, as well as in a direction perpendicular to the edges concerned and parallel to the plane of coupled panels. These coupling devices are constituted of a tongue and a groove. The top side of the tongue has a protrusion that cooperates with a meshing recess located in the lower side of the upper lip of the groove of the coupling devices, and a portion extending generally parallel with the plane of the panel to form a contact surface cooperating with the lower side of the upper lip of the groove.

Abstract: The tile includes a monolithic support grid structure having a rectangular configuration with four peripheral edges. The support grid structure includes a lattice framework of elongated rib members crisscrossing at right angle on the underside of the support grid structure and defining a network of cells. The support grid structure also includes a plurality of support members, each downwardly projecting from a corresponding intersection between the crisscrossing elongated rib members and having a ground-engaging distal end with a tip that is coincident with a common bottom plane. The tile includes a plurality of tile edge connectors that are positioned on the underside and made integral with the support grid structure.

Abstract: A floor board assembly convenient to lay is characterized in that, in one embodiment, it comprises a frame, a filler board and an upper material with the frame and filler board affixed to the underside of the upper material. The frame includes latch tongues that extend outwardly from the lower side edges of the frame, and the tongues have locking projections that fit into recesses arranged just inside the periphery of the underside of the frame. The tongues and intervening spaces (with locking bars behind them) are space along the periphery of the board, such that any side of one board may be joined to any side of a similarly configured board. The upper material may be selected from a variety of materials, including LVT (luxury vinyl tile), carpet, high pressure laminate or other decorative material. The filler board may be selected to accomplish reduced cost, and/or improved acoustics. In other embodiments, a frame and/or upper material may be absent.

Abstract: The invention relates to a panel with complementary locking means provided in pairs on opposite panel edges. One of the locking means is hook profiles with a receiving hook and a locking hook. The free step end of the locking hook is designed narrower than the width of the receiving opening of the receiving hook. The locking contour of the locking hook protrudes at least partially past the plane of the joint surface of the receiving hook so that the free step end fits into the receiving opening far enough at first that a part of the horizontal locking surface of the locking hook makes contact with the horizontal locking surface of the receiving hook during a joining motion without elastic deformation of the hook profiles, and that the receiving hook bends so that the width of the receiving opening can be expanded so that the locking step can be inserted entirely into the receiving recess and the locking contour of the locking hook is further inserted into a form-fit contour of the receiving hook.

Abstract: Floor panels are provided with a mechanical locking system including a flexible locking element in a locking groove which during a horizontal motion is displaced vertically.

Abstract: Hard panels formed from a wood-based material and having a decorative layer for floor coverings are provided, at least on two opposite edges, with coupling devices made in one piece with the panels wherein similar panels may be coupled together to form a floor covering, wherein these coupling devices provide for an interlocking in a direction perpendicular to the plane of coupled panels, as well as in a direction perpendicular to the edges concerned and parallel to the plane of coupled panels. These coupling devices are constituted of a tongue and a groove. The top side of the tongue has a protrusion that cooperates with a meshing recess located in the lower side of the upper lip of the groove of the coupling devices, and a portion extending generally parallel with the plane of the panel to form a contact surface cooperating with the lower side of the upper lip of the groove.

Abstract: Hard panels formed from a wood-based material and having a decorative layer for floor coverings are provided, at least on two opposite edges, with coupling devices made in one piece with the panels wherein similar panels may be coupled together to form a floor covering, wherein these coupling devices provide for an interlocking in a direction perpendicular to the plane of coupled panels, as well as in a direction perpendicular to the edges concerned and parallel to the plane of coupled panels. These coupling devices are constituted of a tongue and a groove. The top side of the tongue has a protrusion that cooperates with a meshing recess located in the lower side of the upper lip of the groove of the coupling devices, and a portion extending generally parallel with the plane of the panel to form a contact surface cooperating with the lower side of the upper lip of the groove.

Abstract: A building structure comprises a post having a vertically extending longitudinal face. A plurality of horizontal logs extends from said longitudinal face and has an end face in abutment with said longitudinal face. The post having an undercut channel in said longitudinal face and extends along said post. At least one of said end faces has a recess aligned with said undercut channel, and a spline assembly extends between said post and said log to secure said log to said post. The spline assembly includes a key located in and extends between said channel and said recess and an insert in one of said undercut channel and said recess. The insert co operates with said key to facilitate relative sliding movement therebetween.

Abstract: A panel having a core and at least two opposite edges with coupling parts at two opposite edges. The coupling parts of the panels can be coupled to each other by means of a downward movement, such that a locking is obtained in the plane of the panels and perpendicular to the edges, as well as perpendicular to the plane of the panels. The coupling parts at the two edges comprise locking parts ensuring locking in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the panels, and at least one of these locking parts forms part of a flexible portion made in one piece with the core. The flexible portion is bendable at least in the plane of the panel. The panel includes at least one support portion which forms a support against bending of the flexible portion in a direction transverse to the plane of the coupled panels.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing floor panels that have at least a substrate and a top layer provided on the substrate, the top layer including a thermoplastic layer that is translucent or transparent, the method may involve providing the top layer, including the thermoplastic layer, on the substrate. The method may also involve heating at least the thermoplastic layer, and structuring the thermoplastic layer using a mechanical press element.

Abstract: Disclosed is a floorboard to provide simplified assembly of flooring panels without damage and achieve enhanced horizontal coupling force. The floorboard includes a tongue part provided at a first flooring panel and a recessed part provided at a second flooring panel. The tongue part includes a tongue protrusion, a tongue bottom portion, and a raised retaining portion protruding downward from the tongue bottom portion. The recessed part includes an upper lip caught by the tongue protrusion when the tongue part is inserted into the recessed part, a lower lip, a raised portion protruding upward from an end of the lower lip, and a guide wall defining an inner wall of the recessed part and having the same contour as an arc drawn by an end of the tongue protrusion as the tongue part introduced between the upper and lower lips is pivotally rotated.

Abstract: A joint (1) having a first edge (2) and a second edge (3), the first edge (2) being provided with a distal edge (21) and a downwards protruding heel (22) The distal edge (21) is further provided with an upper joint edge (25) beneath which a groove (23) is arranged. The second edge (3) is provided with lower cheek (31) having a distal end (32) at which an upwards protruding lower cheek heel (33) is arranged. The second edge (3) is further provided with an upper joining edge (35) beneath which an undercut (34) is arranged. A moveable locking element (40) is arranged in the space created by the undercut (34). The moveable locking element (40) have a locking tongue (41), a locking tongue leg (42) and a maneuvering leg (43).

Abstract: Floor panels (2) are shown with a discontinuous surface (31) layer and core (30), which are mechanically connectable to each other along one pair of adjacent edges, said floor panels comprising at least two floor elements (1, 1?), which are connected with glue.

Abstract: A large-area protective covering system for installation in a staggered or grid configuration is provided comprised of a plurality of essentially identical large area panels with honeycomb internal structures which have locking systems on the sides and ends for locking the panels in place. The panels, once locked together have little movement along their x, y or z axis.

Abstract: Floor panels are shown with discontinuous surface layers, which are mechanically connectable to each other along one pair of adjacent edges, said floor panels comprising at least two floor elements whereof at least one of the floor elements is non rectangular.

Abstract: A decorative panel is manufactured for installation on a surface of a room. The decorative panel is formed from a material that can be shaped having a decorative portion, two female mounting portions and two male portions. The female portions have punched holes for fastening the panels directly to a surface, and the male portions of an adjacent panel are positioned into the female portions to partially hold the adjacent panel and to obscure from view the punched holes and fastening hardware. The panel design and installation method allows the decorative panels to be attached directly to a building material such as sheet rock without any intervening supporting structure.

Abstract: Floor panels are shown with discontinuous surface layers, which are mechanically connectable to each other along one pair of adjacent edges, said floor panels comprising at least two floor elements whereof at least one of the floor elements is non rectangular.

Abstract: A disk shaped modular floor tile includes three sets of a first projection, a second projection, and a third projection wherein the second and third projections of the same set are arranged oppositely to each other; and notches each formed between any adjacent first projection and second projection, any adjacent second projection and third projection, or any adjacent third projection and first projection. The first projection has a convex edge between two adjacent notches. The notch has a concave edge formed continuously with the convex edge. Each of the second projection and the third projection comprises a convex edge formed continuously with the concave edge, a first straight edge formed continuously with the convex edge, and a second straight edge formed continuously between the first straight edge and the concave edge. The second straight edge is at an obtuse angle with respect to the first straight edge.