Abstract: The KE architectural element is a component of a building or space. Designed by a licensed architect, interior designer, and general contractor, the KE architectural element will revolutionize the creative design approach to space planning of interiors. Used as a template tool, the KE architectural element will influence the arrangement of spaces. The KE architectural element will result in the efficient, effective, and sustainable solution of any project. The KE architectural element is formed out of standard metal framing parts and can fit any actual condition. Easy to assemble, the KE architectural element will be the central hub for all utility infrastructures, which is housed in compartments and distributed within zoned layers according to specified locations. The KE architectural element will adapt to a number of standard configurations of plumbing fixture, appliance, and cabinetry layouts.

Abstract: A cold-formed steel structural wall and floor framing system used for the construction of commercial and residential buildings. The framing system includes a plurality of horizontal, elongated, top and bottom spanning tracks. The spanning tracks are used for supporting a plurality of spaced apart vertical wall studs. Also, the spanning tracks are used to support a plurality of different floor systems, including but not limited to spanning steel floor decks with a concrete floor topping, composite floor joists, steel or wood joists, roof trusses and window and door headers.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, the inventive subject matter is directed to modular subunit based on a has a frame having three equal length structural segments joined at each end to form a triangular shape, and wherein the structural segments form a bounded section. The bounded section may be a load bearing structure. The bounded section may include three trapezoidal elements arranged to form a triangle. The bounded section may include one of the following: SIP, flooring system, a ceiling system, a roofing system, glass, drop panels, empty. A modular unit may be formed having two of the triangular frames separated by a perpendicular column at each corner to form a normal right pentahedral shape; and wherein the triangular frame further comprising three equal length structural segments joined at each end forming a triangular shape; wherein the structural segments form a bounded section.

Abstract: The invention relates to a profiled element with an elongated profiled body that consists of metal or plastic in particular. The profiled body comprises at least two separately designed longitudinal portions, each longitudinal portion comprising a meandering longitudinal edge and a rectilinear longitudinal edge that lies opposite the meandering longitudinal edge. The longitudinal portions are connected to each other by the rectilinear longitudinal edges. The invention further relates to such a profiled element in which the longitudinal portions can be designed separately or as a single piece, said profiled body having a substantially U- or V-shaped cross-section with two profiled limbs and a profiled connecting piece that connects the profiled limbs.

Abstract: A hinge assembly is provided for a frame structure. The hinge assembly includes a first generally flat plate having an inner face, an outer face and a bolt-receiving bore therethrough. The bolt-receiving bore extending between the inner face and the outer face along a bore axis at an acute angle to the outer face. A second generally flat plate has an inner face, an outer face and a bolt-receiving bore therethrough. The bolt-receiving bore in the second plate extending between the inner face and the outer face thereof along a bore axis at an acute angle to the outer face. A pin pivotably connects the first plate to the second plate. A first lip extends from the inner face of the first plate and a second lip extends from the inner face of the second plate.

Abstract: A pergola system includes a frame having a plurality of generally vertically-oriented, spaced-apart posts aligned in rows. A generally horizontally-oriented, spaced-apart frame member is attached to each row of posts. A plurality of rails and outer rails extend across the frame members and are oriented generally orthogonally to the frame members, the rails being attached to the frame members. A plurality of purlins extend across the rails outer rails, and are oriented generally orthogonally to the rails and outer rails, the purlins being attached to the rails and outer rails. The pergola system is freestanding.

Abstract: A method of making and utilizing a column assembly module for a building framework includes providing an elongate column member for being vertically disposed as part of a vertically elongate column assembly of a building framework. And securing to the elongate column member a spaced apart pair of horizontally elongate and vertically and horizontally extending side plates. The step of securing includes locating an inner surface of at least one side plate member and an outside opposing vertical edge of the column member so that a vertical interface plane lies at an interface of the inner surface of the at least one side plate member and the outside opposing vertical edge. During erection of the building framework a full-length beam assembly is disposed at an end portion thereof between the pair of projecting side plates to be connected thereto providing a beam-to-column joint assembly of the building framework.

Abstract: A tall wall construction for a multiple floor building is provided. The tall wall includes a bottom or first wall frame panel constructed to a standard wall height specification, a top or second wall frame panel constructed to a standard wall height specification, and a structural truss having a height equal to a corresponding floor system. The first framed wall panel is connected directly to the bottom of the structural truss panel and the second framed wall panel is connected directly to the top of the structural truss panel so that the first framed wall panel, the structural truss panel and the second framed wall panel are connected together in vertically alignment forming the tall wall construction.

Abstract: A node for a solar frame including an elongate portion having a channel extending through it in which a structural element is disposed or a solid elongate portion on to which a structural element is disposed. The node comprises a fin extending radially outward from the elongate portion where at least 5% of the volume of the fin is replaced by at least a single void extending essentially in parallel with the channel or the extrusion direction of the solid elongate portion. An apparatus for transmitting torque in a solar frame having structural elements and a support. A system for solar mirrors. A node for a solar frame. A method for connecting a structural element with a strut having a strut end piece of a solar mirror support frame. A method for producing a node for solar mirror frame.

Abstract: A framing structure includes elements that are integrally connected by a poured bonding core. The elements include a hollow-interior column and a beam having a cavity that is configured to receive a pourable bonding material. The hollow interior of the column and the cavity of the beam form a continuous volume that is configured to receive a pourable bonding material.

Abstract: A tensegrity apparatus having multiple tensegrity units for the transmission of solitary waves with adjustable profiles into a material or structure, and the detection of such waves from a material or structure.

Abstract: This application relates to a track assembly for supporting wall studs. The assembly includes an upper track and a lower track each having a base and opposed first and second sidewalls. A plurality of tabs are formed in the track sidewalls at spaced longitudinal intervals. Each tab defines a slot between the tab and an adjacent portion of the sidewall for slidably receiving a wall panel of a stud. The track assembly allows wall studs to be quickly and removably coupled to the tracks without the need for ladders, fasteners or special tools. In one embodiment the assembly is a slip track system permitting deflection of the upper track relative to the lower track after installation of the wall studs.

Abstract: A wall is provided with a plurality of stud frames disposed in at least one row, an outer layer, an inner layer, and an insulation layer. The stud frames are coupled between the outer layer and the inner layer. The stud frames are provided with a front stud, a back stud, a top plate, a bottom plate and at least one support member. The support members are coupled with the front stud and the back stud. The front stud and the back stud are disposed vertically. The broad sides of the front stud are parallel with the broad sides of the back stud. The top plate and the bottom plate are disposed horizontally. The top member is coupled with a top end of the front stud and a top end of the back stud. The bottom plate is coupled between the front stud and the back stud.

Abstract: A wall panel is configured as a load-bearing structure for supporting vertical loading in a building. The wall panel forms a frame with first and second faces configured to receive sheathing and has thickness defined between the first and second faces. The wall panel includes a plurality of vertical load-bearing columns centrally disposed between the first and second faces of the wall panel frame. A load distribution member is disposed at the top of the wall panel and is coupled to the load-bearing columns, which are supported at the bottom of the wall panel by a lower member. A plurality of sheathing supports are disposed on opposite sides of the load bearing columns, and each includes an attachment surface disposed at a distance from the load-bearing column. The attachment surfaces define the respective faces of the wall panel frame and are configured to hold the sheathing.

Abstract: A structure comprising a space frame including a plurality of strut sections which cross at one or more locations within the space frame to define a node at each respective crossing location, wherein the strut sections are laminates comprising a plurality of ply layers, and wherein the ply layers of the crossing strut sections are interleaved at the node(s). Also a method of forming the structure. Also An aerofoil structure, comprising a space frame defining a cage adapted to receive upper and lower covers so as to form upper and lower aerodynamic surfaces of the aerofoil, and at least one spar extending generally spanwise across the structure, wherein the spar includes a spar web and upper and lower spar caps, and wherein the spar web is disposed on one of an interior or exterior side of the cage, and the spar caps are attached to the other of the interior or exterior side of the cage.

Abstract: A method of making thermal insulation includes, forming a thermal insulation product precursor having randomly distributed inorganic fibers and about 5-500 wt. % heat-expandable hollow microspheres in dry or slurry form and having a polymeric shell and having disposed therein a blowing agent or gas, and calcium acetate or cupric carbonate, or a combination of calcium acetate and cupric carbonate, and heating the precursor to expand the microspheres.

Abstract: A bamboo frame member mounting structure includes multiple bamboo frame members that are respectively bonded to one another at a predetermined angle with an adhesive, one or a plurality of pin holes obliquely extending through each bamboo frame member, and one or a number of pins peripherally coated with a layer of an adhesive and respectively fitted into the pin hole or pin holes on each of two bonded bamboo frame members to enhance the connection of each two bonded bamboo frame members.

Abstract: A stage comprising a support structure, a stage platform supported by the support structure and a fenced enclosure provided above the stage platform. The support structure includes an upstanding central support column; upstanding outer support columns provided around the central support column substantially equidistant from the central support column with adjacent pairs of the support columns all substantially equidistant; main beam members each extending between the central support column and a respective one of the outer support columns; and transversal beam members each extending between a respective pair of adjacent ones of the outer support columns. The main beam members are fixedly anchored to the central and outer support columns and the transversal beam members are coupled to support channels of the outer support columns while remaining slidable relative thereto.

Abstract: A portable, modular building structure.

Abstract: A beam-column connection structure is formed, after installing a continued beam member to a predetermined position, by connecting and fixing lateral beam members, to side faces of an end portion of the continued beam member using a drift pin while connection grooves are fitted to side face connection metal fittings which are attached to the end portion, connecting an extension beam member to the end portion of the continued beam member using a drift pin while a connection groove formed at an end face of the extension beam member is fitted to the end face connection metal fitting, and connecting and fixing column members, to the upper face and lower face of the end portion of the continued beam member using a drift pin while fitting holes, formed at end faces of the column members, are fitted to the top end side portions of column connection pole-like fittings.

Abstract: A freestanding storage station includes a pair of spaced-apart, generally parallel side members and a roof that is supported by the side members. Each side member includes a cross bar, and at least one saddle-shaped, hollow ballast-receiving member that straddles the cross bar and rests on the ground. When filled with ballast, the ballast-receiving members serve to stabilize the storage station relative to the ground and enable the storage station to resist movement due to environmental winds or collision. The ballast-receiving members include a first ballast-receiving portion and a second ballast-receiving portion, and the ballast member straddles the cross bar such that the first ballast-receiving portion resides on an interior-facing side of the cross bar and the second ballast-receiving portion resides on an exterior-facing side of the cross bar.

Abstract: There is provided building structures that are demountable from a first configuration to be reassemblable to the first configuration or another configuration. The building structures include systems and kits for the structure, post anchors, kits for floor structure, method for assembling floor structures, wall and ceiling support systems, electrical junction box supports, and kits for frame assembly.

Abstract: The deadweight comprises several support members and support frames which define a general cubic shape. A plate is positioned on each face of the cube, with cement filling the center of the deadweight to provide additional weight, stability, and support. Fork lift sleeves are provided to allow easy positioning of the deadweight. Each plate comprises a plurality of apertures for fitting a 12? or 20.5? box truss. A large rectangular aperture is positioned on each side plate, permitting users to reach into an enclosure to bolt the box truss to the desired plate. The bolt apertures are adapted to mount a box truss flush to each plate. A leveling mechanism is provided to ensure the deadweight and box truss will be stable even on uneven ground.

Abstract: A prefabricated house including two or more modules, each module having one or more foldable walls. The foldable walls have one or more multi-frame openings. The two or more modules are structured to be joined at one of the one or more multiframe openings.

Abstract: A frame member is provided for a structure. The frame member includes a generally flat, elongated first surface having an elongated slot therein extending along an axis. The slot is defined by first and second converging sidewalls lying in corresponding planes which are at acute angles to the first surface. A first diverging outer abutment wall is generally perpendicular to the first converging sidewall and a second diverging outer abutment wall is generally perpendicular to the second converging sidewall. A first diverging inner abutment wall is generally perpendicular to the second converging sidewall and a second diverging inner abutment wall is generally perpendicular to the first converging sidewall.

Abstract: A configuration, all components of which are man portable in some embodiments, for holding panels to protect assets against external force and impacts from airborne projectiles. An open box-like stackable frame module holds panels along a side of the frame. Multiple frames are connected to construct a protective barrier, such as a wall. Frames include provisions for connection in a vertical configuration so as to allow stacking of the frames to increase the height of the barrier. A method of installing is also provided.

Abstract: A gazebo provided in this invention includes a gazebo frame and a canopy coupled to the gazebo frame. The gazebo according to embodiments of the invention. has the following advantages, such as no need for additional connecting components or tools to connect or fasten different sections of the gazebo, low potential security risk, quick disassembling under inclement weather conditions which may reduce the potential losses of a user, conveniences for a user to disassemble and store, capability of repeated assembling and disassembling for connecting components which prolongs the life of a gazebo, little chances of missing connecting components, no burden of worrying about after-sales service.

Abstract: A buckling restrained brace includes an axial member, a plurality of restraining members, and a plurality of securing units. The axial member includes a middle section extending in an axial direction, and two coupling sections extending respectively from opposite ends of the middle section and coupled fixedly to two connecting plates of a framework of a building. The restraining members extend in the axial direction and are disposed around and contact the axial member. Each securing unit secures an adjacent pair of the restraining members together. Each restraining member cooperates with an adjacent one of the restraining members to define an opening therebetween through which a portion of the axial member is exposed for viewing.

Abstract: A method, and associated apparatus, for assembling a structural frame from elongate, tubular columns having plural sides, and a selected style of elongate beams, with respect to which, the method includes the steps of (a) pre-fitting the sides of such columns and the ends of such beams with attached, gravity-set, complementary interconnect structures (either collar-form or non-collar form in nature), including column-side-fitted interconnect structures and beam-end-fitted interconnect structures, (b) utilizing gravity, bringing interconnect-structure pre-fitted beams and columns into correct, predetermined, relative design dispositions relative to one another, and (c) through the performing of the bringing step alone, and on the resulting occurrence of the achievement of the mentioned correct, predetermined, relative design dispositions between a beam and a column, simultaneously and immediately thereby establishing (1) a full-moment load-bearing connection, and (2) a relatively positionally gravity-set-and-s

Abstract: A method and system is provided for constructing a multilevel structure using a hybrid top chord bearing floor framing system. The method and system may include a top chord bearing floor truss positioned on a first frame structure. The top chord of the truss may include a load-bearing interface with a top surface and a bottom surface. The truss may be wholly supported by the load-bearing interface of the top chord. The method and system may further include a second frame structure on the top surface of the truss. The first frame structure may be secured to the second frame structure via a fastener that extends through both the second bottom load bearing member and load-bearing interface of the truss into the first top load bearing member of the first frame structure.

Abstract: Rigid insulation products are provided, including a single unitary insulating member having slots for receiving the ends of floor joists. The insulating member may be pre-attached to a wood member, which functions as a joist header, or may be attached to a joist header during construction.

Abstract: A storage bin support system for providing a leg structure to better support the storage bin and allow for easier access underneath. The storage bin support system generally includes a bin for holding the particulate material, wherein the bin includes a roof, sidewalls, and a base, and wherein the roof includes an inlet for filling the bin and wherein the base includes an outlet for emptying the bin, and a supporting framework for supporting the bin above a ground surface in an upright position, wherein supporting framework includes an outer framework and an inner framework interconnecting the outer framework with the base. The outer framework is spaced along an outer perimeter of the bin and the inner framework includes a plurality of upper angled supports comprising an upper end and optionally a plurality of lower angled supports comprising a lower end.

Abstract: A construction system using framing components in the shape of a double-Y member wherein two longitudinal members which are connected to form a right angle are then connected to one end of a third longer longitudinal member at the vertex of the pair. Another pair is connected at the other end of the longer member, thus forming a Y-shape at each end and wherein all five longitudinal members are co-planar. Multiple ones of these double Y elements are joined at the ends of the double Y, each double-Y element being rotated 90° before joining to the next one. The resulting construction yields a three dimensional framework which defines a repeating pattern of volumetric shapes which all fall into one of two categories: cubes and rhombicuboctahedrons (a 26 sided three dimensional shape which can be described as a cube which has been mitered at each corner and each edge).

Abstract: A three-dimensional parking garage has a three-dimensional frame and multiple vehicle carriers. Each vehicle carrier has a bottom frame, and the three-dimensional frame comprises a front transverse beam, multiple front columns, multiple longitudinal crossbeams, and multiple rear columns; each front transverse beam, front column, longitudinal crossbeam, and rear columns are formed by two nested components; the vehicle carrier further has an accessorial frame, a first vehicle plate and a second vehicle plate. The frame of the three-dimensional parking garage can adopt thinner plates as raw materials. The vehicle plate used for vehicle parking of the parking garage is disposed between the side beam of the bottom frame and the accessorial frame, and the accessorial frame with a smaller span length, so the material is thinner and steel with 1.6 mm thickness can be used, and the materials can be significantly saved and costs can be greatly reduced.

Abstract: A metal building stud having two supplemental flanges extending from at least one slot in the stud web yielding a stud with increased strength, both in compression (longitudinally) and in shear (transverse). The slotted stud also includes a plurality of indents that also enhance the stud strength both in compression and in shear. The slotted web further presents a reduced web area through which heat or sound may be conducted and slots in which insulation is received, both increasing resistance to heat and sound transfer. Slots and supplemental flanges may also be provided in the stud primary flanges. The primary flanges may include a fold back portion under a line of flexure presenting two layers through which an attaching screw must pass under that line of flexure that retains the screw in the primary flanges.

Abstract: A modular exterior building assembly comprising a plurality of non-insulated panels including at least one front wall panel, at least one rear wall panel, at least two side wall panels and at least one roof panel. Each of the non-insulated panels includes beams having rotating hooks and/or pins therein. The hooks are configured to be rotated to engage the pins in adjacent beams of adjacent non-insulated panels to connect the non-insulated panels together to form the modular exterior building.

Abstract: A tubular beam for construction of temporary structures preferably includes a rectangular tube, a first end plate and a second end plate. A plurality of tube access openings are formed through each side of the rectangular tube. A fastener hole pattern is formed around each tube access opening. The first and second end plates are attached to each end of the rectangular tube. A plate access opening is formed through the first and second end plates. The fastener hole pattern is formed around the plate access opening. Two or more adjacent tubular beams may be assembled to each other in “I,” “L,” “T” or “double T” configurations by inserting a plurality of threaded fasteners through the fastener holes in each adjacent tubular beam. The plurality of threaded fasteners are secured with a plurality of nuts. A fastening plate may also be used to join two adjacent tubular beams.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention comprise interchangeable pre-fabricated planar trusses, sections, and structures, and methods for efficiently creating the interchangeable pre-fabricated planar trusses, sections and, structures. Embodiments of the method comprise determining the application needs; designing the interchangeable pre-fabricated planar trusses for the application needs; continuously producing the interchangeable pre-fabricated planar trusses through in-line processing; galvanizing the interchangeable pre-fabricated planar trusses; transporting the interchangeable pre-fabricated planar trusses to the assembly site with reduce transportation costs; and assembling the trusses on site with a reduced labor costs.

Abstract: An oil derrick comprising a derrick tower, where the derrick tower is asymmetrical about its z axis in both x and y directions. The dual offset derrick tower structure allows for a unique drill floor arrangement.

Abstract: A building structure includes an upper chord element, a lower chord element and web elements extending between the upper chord element and the lower chord element. The upper chord element forms part of an outer surface of a roof for the building structure.

Abstract: The invention provides load-resisting segments (e.g., panels or frames for openings) for transmitting loads through a building structure. In the context of a wall, the load-resisting segments transmit shear loads downward to structural elements below the wall, such as to a building foundation. The load-resisting segments may comprise a truss configuration, i.e., an assembly of members forming a rigid framework. Each load-resisting segment can include web members and pairs of truss plates secured to sides of the segment to secure connections of the web members to each other and to other members. The wall segments can include beam-separation blocks that reduce truss plate failure by spacing apart the ends of two web members bearing against a chord or post to position the intersection point of the load paths of the web members with the load path of the chord or post.

Abstract: A shelter having a longitudinal axis and equipped with a parallelepiped-shaped central element or module and two parallelepiped-shaped end elements or modules, which are aligned with the central module along the longitudinal axis and are rigidly connected to the central module at respective opposite axial ends of the central module; the central module has a first framework defined by a plurality of bars and closed by panels carried by the first framework, and each end module has a respective second framework, structurally independent from the first framework and formed by a plurality of tubes connected to one another by means of ISO-standard corner blocks defining the respective external vertices of the shelter.

Abstract: A blind structure with a base, a plurality of rails, a plurality of posts supporting the rails and a skidable member coupled to the base; wherein the skidable member supports the base above the ground. In certain configurations the plurality of posts includes retention means for a plurality of wire mesh sheets that form the walls of the blind structure. In further configurations, at least one wall of the blind structure comprises an automatically closing door.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a bracket for use in a metal stud wall having internal bridging members for tying the metal studs and bridging members together. The bracket is an L shaped bracket having a leg for overlying the bridging member joined to an upright for overlying the metal stud. The outside corners of the leg and upright of the L shaped bracket are truncated such that the diagonal dimension across the L-shaped bracket is less than the width of the channel of the metal stud so that the bracket may be inserted within the channel of the metal stud and rotated to the proper position for attaching to the bridging member and metal stud.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a unitized overhead glazing system of the present invention includes an array of assembled structural framing cassettes each having at least five photovoltaic modules. In an embodiment, each cassette forms one electrical string and is pre-wired, tested, and shipped ready to install for a variety of applications, including, but not limited to, parking canopies, covered walkways and specialty awnings. The unitized overhead glazing system can be utilized to generate electricity, provide shade, collect water, reduce heat island effect, provide more controlled lighting and support infrastructure for plug-in vehicles. The unitized overhead glazing system is designed to be installed and maintained from below, eliminating safety concerns associated with conventional canopies where work must be performed while on top of the canopy. The unitized overhead glazing system incorporates sealing methods and components to manage water, limit debris build up, and maximize energy yield.

Abstract: A semi-butterfly connecting clamp and a building steel framework joint structure are mainly used for connection of a building steel framework. The connecting clamp includes a bearing plate, two L-shaped self-locking blocks, and two clamp wings provided at two ends of the bearing plate, respectively. Each of the clamp wings is integrally formed by a pre-tightening plate and a self-locking fastening plate. A groove is provided at an end of the self-locking fastening plate near the bearing plate. A wedge-shaped piece, having an inclined upper surface and a locking bolt hole, is placed on the self-locking fastening plate at a position near the groove. The retaining distance of the connecting clamp can be conveniently adjusted according to the size of the retained vertical column, and it can weaken the destruction action of the applied outside force on the building steel framework when the outside force acts on the connecting clamp.

Abstract: This application relates to a track assembly for supporting wall studs. The assembly includes an upper track and a lower track each having a base and opposed first and second sidewalls. A plurality of tabs are formed in the track sidewalls at spaced longitudinal intervals. Each tab defines a slot between the tab and an adjacent portion of the sidewall for slidably receiving a wall panel of a stud. In one embodiment the tabs are punched-out portions of the sidewalls formed in a metal press and each comprise a fixed end proximal to the track base and a free end distal from the base. The track assembly allows wall studs to be quickly and removably coupled to the tracks without the need for ladders, fasteners or special tools. In one embodiment the assembly is a slip track system permitting deflection of the upper track relative to the lower track after installation of the wall studs.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a system and method for constructing support structures in buildings or other projects, which can support molds for use when pouring reinforced concrete slabs. The disclosed structures can accommodate more than one molds stacked vertically one over the other, and can remain in place to define walls or other separators in the completed structure. In one embodiment, the disclosed structure is a wall panel including a frame and vertical support members. The wall panel includes features allowing the vertical stacking of multiple wall panels. The wall panel includes a load distribution member in the form of a T-beam with a web portion disposed between the vertical support members.

Abstract: A method of making and utilizing a column assembly module for a building framework includes providing an elongate column member for being vertically disposed as part of a vertically elongate column assembly of a building framework. And securing to the elongate column member a spaced apart pair of horizontally elongate and vertically and horizontally extending side plates. The step of securing includes locating an inner surface of at least one side plate member and an outside opposing vertical edge of the column member so that a vertical interface plane lies at an interface of the inner surface of the at least one side plate member and the outside opposing vertical edge. During erection of the building framework a full-length beam assembly is disposed at an end portion thereof between the pair of projecting side plates to be connected thereto providing a beam-to-column joint assembly of the building framework.

Abstract: A light steel structural stud includes a web portion, a pair of flanges and a pair of flange lips. The web portion has a web face and sides. The pair of flange portions each extend generally orthogonally from each side of the web portion. Each flange portion is in a plane that is generally parallel to the plane of the other flange portion. Each of the flange portions has a flange face. The pair of flange lips each extend generally orthogonally from each of the flange portions and are generally parallel to the web portion. Each flange lip has a double thickness and at least a portion of each flange portion has a double thickness.