Abstract: A vacuum insulating glass (IG) unit is provided with a plurality of spacers/pillars between opposing substrates. The spacers/pillars function (i) to support and space the substrates from one another, and (ii) as a getter to adsorb gas(es) located within the low pressure space between the substrates. Such spacers/pillars may be formed of one-piece getter inclusive material, or may be multi-piece including a getter coating.

Abstract: A non-metal window muntin formed from plastic or wood is described for use in hermetically sealed insulated glass windows. The process for forming the muntin includes machining polystyrene sheets which are painted with a latex pain and baked prior to use between sealed glass of the window.

Abstract: A fenestration sealed frame insulating glazing panel has an integral planar frame formed by four rigid plastic profiles interconnected end-to-end to define corners, the profiles having a low heat conductivity. Two glazing sheets are arranged in spaced parallel relationship attached on opposite sides of the frame in rigid manner by thermosetting adhesive to form an integral structure having an insulating cavity enclosed by the frame. The front face of each frame profile presented towards the cavity is covered by a low permeability sealant. The sealed frame glazing panel can include a third glazing sheet positioned in parallel between the first two glazing sheets and likewise interconnected at its perimeter to the frame to divide the insulating cavity into two parallel coextensive sub-cavities. The profiles of the frame can be made from structural plastic foam material, glass fiber, oriented thermoplastic, or various other materials of low thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A vacuum insulating glass (IG) unit and method of making the same. A dual edge seal including at least two separate portions is provided. The inner seal portion is flexible and hermetically seals off the low pressure area between the substrates. The outer seal portion may be less flexible, and protects the inner seal portion and provides for a bonding of the two substrates to one another. The outer seal portion may be formed by reaction injection molding (RIM), extrusion, or any other suitable method in different embodiments.

Abstract: The invention relates to a spacer profile of an elastically-plastically deformable material with low heat conductivity for a spacer frame to be mounted in the marginal area of at least two spaced-apart panes by forming an intermediate pane space, whereby the spacer profile comprises a chamber which has in one of its walls at least one elastically-plastically deformable reinforcement element extending along the chamber, and whereby the spacer profile has a diffusion-proof layer extending substantially over its entire width and length. In order to produce the profile through cold flexion, the lateral walls of the chamber are each provided with at least one reinforcement element.

Abstract: A vacuum insulating glass (IG) unit and method-of making the same. An edge-mounted pump-out structure is provided, including a pre-positionable insert capable of receiving a pump-out tube therein. Following formation of the edge-mounted pump-out structure and its positioning on the unit, an edge seal is formed for hermetically sealing off the low pressure space located between the substrates.

Abstract: A non-metal window muntin formed from plastic or wood is described for use in hermetically sealed insulated glass windows. The process for forming the muntin includes machining polystyrene sheets which are painted with a latex pain and baked prior to use between sealed glass of the window.

Abstract: A multipane window unit is provided in which a sash frame is formed having an integral spacing structure upon which glazing panes are directly affixed. The spacing structure is formed integrally with the sash frame at internal glazing surfaces. Adhesive can be affixed to the internal glazing surfaces to attach the glazing panes. In this manner, a rigid, structural sash frame can be formed prior to attachment of the glazing panes, thereby eliminating the need for using separately manufactured insulating glass units while obtaining similar and improved benefits.

Abstract: A vacuum insulating glass (IG) unit. In certain embodiments, single crystal spacers (e.g., of aluminum oxide) are provided between opposing substrates so as to maintain a low pressure space therebetween. The single crystal nature of the spacers enables them to be small enough so that they are not visibly obtrusive, and yet strong enough to maintain the low pressure space. In certain embodiments, the spacers may be of a hexagonal platelet shape.

Abstract: A sealed insulating unit includes two parallel opposed panes with a spacing and sealing system between the two panes. The panes and the spacing and sealing system together define a sealed gas space. The spacing and sealing system includes a spacer frame with a primary seal between each side of the spacer frame and the opposing pane face and a secondary seal extending between the panes outside the outer peripheral face of the spacer frame. Each primary seal is greater than 0.4 mm thick on construction of the unit and has at least 7 grams of sealant material on each side of the spacer frame per meter of the spacer frame length. A spacer for a sealed insulating unit has side walls in which are defined elongate recesses, the dimensions of the recesses being selected such that sufficient primary sealant can be accommodated to provide in the sealed insulating unit opposed primary seals each at least 0.4 mm thick.

Abstract: A vacuum insulating glass (IG) unit is provided with an indium inclusive peripheral/edge seal, preferably deposited originally in the form of a viscous slurry. The use of such material for the edge seal permits lower processing temperatures to be used. This in turn may in some embodiments allow thermally tempered glass to be used in IG units without losing substantial temper during the fabrication process, permit certain low-E coatings to be used, and/or allow a lesser number of supporting pillars to be used.

Abstract: In a transparent layered product in which a coating film having a surface with roughness is formed on a glass sheet, the reflectance of the transparent layered product is decreased by controlling the refractive index distribution in a transition layer produced by the roughness. In the transition layer present at the surface of the coating film, in which the refractive index varies continuously in its thickness direction, the variation in refractive index in the thickness direction was indicated by a convex curve over the whole area of the transition layer, when the variation is shown on a plane defined by a horizontal axis indicating a refractive index and the vertical axis indicating the thickness direction of the transition layer, with the glass sheet positioned on the lower side.

Abstract: This invention relates to a one-part thermoplastic moisture cure polyurethane composition, comprising a) at least one polyurethane prepolymer component; and b) at least one thermoplastic component. This composition is especially useful in the window area as a sealant.

Abstract: A composite structure comprising a preformed flexible laminate in adhering contact with at least a first and second transparent or translucent panel members such as would be useful as an insulated glass unit. The flexible laminate contains an undulating spacer element either partially or totally embedded within a core material and has a polymeric coating on at least one surface thereof. The flexible laminate effectively seals the interior of the panel structure from air and/or moisture and maintains a desired distance between the panels. A multi-cavity extrusion die for forming the preformed flexible laminate has a core cavity for receiving the core material as well as the undulating continuous spacer element. Converging walls within the core cavity serve to embed at least one side of the spacer element in the core material and a land area forms a desired shape or configuration wherein the spacer element undulation is maintained.

Abstract: A vacuum insulating glass (IG) unit. A plurality of substantially transparent sapphire or Al2O3 inclusive spacers or pillars are provided between the opposing glass substrates. The translucent characteristics of the spacers/pillars enable them to be more aesthetically pleasing, while at the same time being strong enough to support the opposing substrates and withstand the applicable forces of atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A spacer frame bar for insulated windows or other insulated glass panels. The bar includes a tubular spacer member having first and second side webs for engaging the spaced apart glass panes, and upper and lower webs spanning between the side webs. The upper web is provided with a series of vertical corrugations, which serve to increase the length of the thermal conductive path across the upper web. The corrugations are also arranged so that only the upper edges thereof are exposed to sunlight passing through the window, thereby minimizing thermal gain due to absorption of solar radiation. Staggered rows of slits may be formed in the channels of the corrugations to as to further increase the length of the conductive path. The channels may also be filled with an insulating material, such as a resilient foam material. The invention also provides a two-piece construction in which the top web clips onto the upper edges of the side webs.

Abstract: A multi-sheet glazing unit includes a closed spacer frame, the spacer frame has one side having a pair of legs joined to a base to provide the spacer frame with a U-shaped cross-section. An inner sheet has an edge mounted in an edge receiving member mounted between the legs of the U-shaped side of the spacer frame. The remaining edges of the inner sheet are within the interior of the closed spacer frame and spaced from the spacer frame. The inner sheet is held within the spacer frame by sheet retaining members mounted to the spacer frame. A sheet e.g. glass sheet is secured by a moisture-impervious adhesive to outer surface of each of the legs of the spacer frame. One type of sheet retaining members has a horizontal member and a vertical member, and a locking member. The locking member is mounted on the horizontal member spaced from the vertical member to form a groove to hold the inner sheet within the closed interior of the spacer frame.

Abstract: A fire-resistant glazing assembly comprises two glass sheets (1, 2) connected together along their edges by a spacer (3) and a water-containing interlayer (4) between the two panes (1, 2). The spacer (3) is made of silicone rubber. A bead (6) of a heat-activated foaming material is advantageously placed between the spacer (3) and the adhesive sealing material (7) serving to provide the peripheral seal.

Abstract: A spacer profile for a spacer frame to be mounted in an insulating window unit by forming a space between the panes, with a chamber for receiving hygroscopic materials and with at least one contact web to lie against the inner side of a pane, which is connected via a bridge section with the chamber, is characterized i that the profile corpus of the spacer profile consists of an elastically-plastically deformable material with poor heat conductivity, and that at least the contact webs are permanently materially connected with a plastically deformable reinforcement layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composite insulated glass assembly, comprising a pair of spaced substrates with a flexible and resilient polymeric spacing member between the substrates, at the periphery thereof. At joints in the spacer, or at corners, where small incisions may be made for ease in forming corners, and such similar discontinuities, sealing material is positioned, bonded in the space to fill any gap or opening and restore any reduction in thermal or other value of the spacer at these positions. The spacer is conveniently positioned adjacent the periphery of the assembly and is substantially free of sealing material except at the corners.

Abstract: An integral metal spacer for insulated glass units and method of fabricating the spacer. The spacer defines a substantially closed cross-section contour having a bottom surface, a pair of sidewalls, and a pair of generally abutting inner surfaces. A gap may be defined between the adjacent inner surfaces. The three interior corners are defined by fully mitered sidewalls. A pair of bridges are provided to integrally interconnect the inner surfaces of adjacent spacer segments. The method of fabricating includes taking a roll of flat metal stock and completely punching all corner and other structures therein while the stock is planar; severing the punched stock into individual spacer members; roll-forming the individual members into a finished linear spacer piece; applying desiccant during roll-forming; applying sealant; thereafter folding the elongate member into a square spacer thereby locking the desiccant therein.

Abstract: A vacuum insulating glass (IG) unit is provided with an array of pillars or supports between opposing glass sheets. At least some of the pillars are coated on at least one surface thereof with a dry lubricant material such as diamond like carbon (DLC). This coating permits the glass sheet(s) to move relative to one another during thermal expansion while minimizing the degree to which the pillars scratch or crack the glass during such relative movement. The provision of such coating(s) minimizes pillar scratching of the glass and/or pillars inducing indentations in the glass substrate(s).

Abstract: A refrigerator door for a refrigerated display case includes a glass unit having first and second spaced apart glass panels where the first panel has a forward facing surface and the second panel has a rearward facing surface. A spacer element extends between the first and second glass panels. A door rail element includes an external perimeter wall extending from a point adjacent the edge of the first glass panel to a point adjacent the second glass panel. The door rail element also includes a portion which extends within the space between the first and second spaced apart glass panels and a portion which extends externally of the spaced apart glass panels to the perimeter wall. The door rail element further includes a rear wall portion extending inwardly toward the center of the door from the perimeter wall and over a portion of the rearward facing surface of the second glass panel. In one aspect, one or more of the door rail elements may be formed from a composite, for example, resin and glass fibers.

Abstract: An improved insulated glass including a spacer unit and a pair of glazing panels bonded to opposite sides thereof. The spacer unit includes a peripheral spacer portion and a muntin portion within the spacer portion. The spacer unit is a one-piece, injection-molded unit, and consequently the spacer portion and the muntin portion form an inseparable integrated whole.

Abstract: A spacer channel for a frame which separates window panes to form an insulated window has a plurality of openings through a wall of the channel that faces outward along the periphery of the frame and glass sandwich. The openings are designed to prevent significant passage of sealant from the outside of the channel to the inside of the channel through the openings. This is done by the cross sectional area of each opening being so small that it resists viscous flow of the sealant through the opening, or by a cover over the opening.

Abstract: An insulating glass unit is provided having a first glass sheet spaced from a second glass sheet by a spacer frame. The spacer frame, preferably a flexible spacer frame, has a first side and a second side, with the first side located adjacent an inner-surface of the first glass sheet and the second side located adjacent the inner-surface of the second glass sheet. A sealant system, e.g. a three component sealant system, is provided adjacent each side of the spacer frame, e.g. by forming or flowing the sealant system on the outer surface of the spacer frame, to hold the glass sheets to the spacer frame. The sealant system includes a first structural sealant, such as a thermosetting material, spaced from a second structural sealant, such as another or the same thermosetting material. A moisture barrier material, preferably a thermoplastic material such as PIB, is located between the first and second structural sealant materials.

Abstract: An insert for a glazing unit includes a body having a width and a height. The insert is configured to fit within the spacer of the glazing unit. A typical glazing unit has at least two outer glazing sheets separated by a substantially rigid, U-shaped spacer disposed about the perimeter of the sheets to create an interior cavity between the outer sheets and the spacer. The width and height of the body of the insert are adapted to allow the insert to fit within the U-shaped spacer. The spacer has a longitudinal length dimension substantially equal to the perimeter of the glazing sheets. The body of the insert also has a longitudinal length dimension substantially equal to the length of the spacer. The body of the insert is fabricated from a non-flowable material having substantially stable dimensions. In one embodiment of the invention, the insert includes an inwardly facing, intermediate glazing sheet-receiving channel that is adapted to slidably receive and position an intermediate glazing sheet.

Abstract: A vacuum insulating glass (IG) unit and method of making the same. A plurality of spacers or pillars are provided in contact with and/or embedded within an edge seal in order to better control the gap or spacing between the two opposing glass substrates.

Abstract: A multi-sheet glazing unit includes a spacer frame having a pair of legs joined to a base to provide a U-shaped cross-section. A sheet e.g. glass sheet is secured by a moisture-impervious adhesive to the outer surface of each of the legs of the spacer frame. A plurality of sheet retaining members in a spaced relationship to one another is maintained on the legs of the spacer frame between the glass sheets and spaced from the base. The sheet retaining members each have a pair of flexible fingers mounted on a platform member, angled away from the platform member toward one another and spaced above the platform member. A sheet mounted between the fingers is maintained spaced from the outer sheets. A method for making the unit is also disclosed.

Abstract: A multipane window unit is provided in which a sash frame is formed having an integral spacing structure upon which glazing panes are directly affixed. The integrally spacing structure is formed integral with the sash frame at vertical internal glazing surfaces. Adhesive can be affixed to the vertical internal glazing surfaces the glazing panes. In this manner, a rigid, structural sash frame can be formed prior to attachment of the glazing panes, thereby eliminating the need for using separately manufactured insulating glass units while obtaining similar and improved benefits.

Abstract: Siding is provided for protective use on a structure. The siding simulates log construction and includes one or more panels which each include a top section, mounting section, flat section, female locking flange section, bowed section and male locking flange section. Each panel may be textured to simulate real logs. A film can be adhesively attached to the surface of the panels to simulate wood grain, as well.

Abstract: Firewall that is used in an area of a fire compartment to prevent fire from skipping to other areas, whereby the fire wall is comprised of modularly constructed sub-elements which are essentially composed of profiles assembled to form a surrounding frame that simultaneously separate two glass panes, whereby the glass panes extend to the outer edge of the profiles, and the frame is covered by a partial enameling of the glass panes, and the sub-elements can be connected to each other by connecting elements with the interposition of fireproof laminates.

Abstract: An integral metal spacer for insulated glass units and method of fabricating the spacer. The spacer defines a substantially closed cross-section contour having a bottom surface, a pair of sidewalls, and a pair of generally abutting inner surfaces. A gap may be defined between the adjacent inner surfaces. The three interior corners are defined by fully mitered sidewalls. A pair of bridges are provided to integrally interconnect the inner surfaces of adjacent spacer segments. The method of fabricating includes taking a roll of flat metal stock and completely punching all corner and other structures therein while the stock is planar; severing the punched stock into individual spacer members; roll-forming the individual members into a finished linear spacer piece; applying desiccant during roll-forming; applying sealant; thereafter folding the elongate member into a square spacer thereby locking the desiccant therein.

Abstract: A multi-sheet glazing unit includes a spacer frame having a pair of legs joined to a base to provide a U-shaped cross-section. A sheet e.g. glass sheet is secured by a moisture-impervious adhesive to outer surface of each of the legs of the spacer frame. A plurality of sheet retaining members in a spaced relationship to one another are maintained on the legs of the spacer frame between the glass sheets and spaced from the base. The sheet retaining members each have a groove for receiving edge of a sheet e.g. glass sheet to secure the sheet between the outer sheets. The sheet retaining member includes a first part having a vertical stop and a non-vertical platform e.g. horizontal platform and an elongated securing member detachably secured on the horizontal platform spaced from the vertical stop to form the groove. A method for making the unit is also disclosed.

Abstract: A spacer frame is disclosed having a polygonal, preferably mainly square frame where the frame surrounds glass panes of a sealed glass window unit by forming an upper and a lower horizontal part, at least two side parts, all of which form at least one linear listing or frame. The frame additionally has corresponding asymmetric corner keys and symmetric corner keys, each having legs. The upper horizontal part of the spacer frame preferably has a design which facilitates installation of a mechanism for a blind or pleated sheet which can be fixed underneath the spacer frame thereby hanging between respective panes of the sealed glass unit. The asymmetric corner-keys are connected with one leg to spacer elements and the other leg to the upper horizontal spacer listing elements which has two profile elements. In connection with the spacer element permanent magnets are located in two identical sets positioned on each side of an inner glass pane of the sealed unit.

Abstract: A lazing unit (1) comprises two sheets of glass (2,3) which are separated by a spacer bar (5). An outer secondary seal (10) extends around the periphery of the glazing unit. The seal (10) has a number of peripherally spaced-apart fixing inserts (50) extending around the periphery of the glazing unit for fixing the glazing unit support (17). Each fixing insert (50) has a base wall section (51), parallel side walls (52) and end wall sections (53) which define an arcuate slot (55) closed at both ends. The configuration of the fixing inserts (50) allows simple fitting while ensuring the maximum bulk of material for structural strength. Opposed fixing inserts (50) are engaged, on assembly, by a toggle (60).

Abstract: An insert for a glazing unit includes a body having a width and a height. The insert is configured to fit within the spacer of the glazing unit. A typical glazing unit has at least two outer glazing sheets separated by a substantially rigid, U-shaped spacer disposed about the perimeter of the sheets to create an interior cavity between the outer sheets and the spacer. The width and height of the body of the insert are adapted to allow the insert to fit within the U-shaped spacer. The spacer has a longitudinal length dimension substantially equal to the perimeter of the glazing sheets. The body of the insert also has a longitudinal length dimension substantially equal to the length of the spacer. The body of the insert is fabricated from a non-flowable material having substantially stable dimensions. In one embodiment of the invention, the insert includes an inwardly facing, intermediate glazing sheet-receiving channel that is adapted to slidably receive and position an intermediate glazing sheet.

Abstract: A method of producing a vacuum between two glass sheets to form an insulating glazing. One of the sheets has a hole drilled in its thickness. Spacers are placed between the two glass sheets with the sealing joint being placed around the periphery of the sheets. A vacuum is created between the sheets through the hole which is then closed. The spacers are fixed on one of the sheets by bonding with a mineral compound covering at least the bonding zones on the glass sheet. The second sheet is placed on the spacers and on the peripheral sealing joint. The peripheral sealing and the bonding with the spacers are simultaneously effected by raising the temperature.

Abstract: A refrigerator door is described for a refrigerated display case. The door includes a glass unit having first and second spaced apart glass panels where the first panel has a forward facing surface and the second panel has a rearward facing surface. A spacer element extends between the first and second glass panels. The door relevant includes an external perimeter wall extending from front to back from a point adjacent the edge of the forward glass panel to a point adjacent the rearward glass panel. A second frame element wall extends between the first and second spaced apart glass panels and extends externally out of the spaced apart glass panels to the perimeter wall. The door rail element also includes a rear wall portion extending inwardly toward the center of the door from the perimeter wall and over a portion of the rearward facing surface of the second glass panel.

Abstract: A glazing element for an architectural opening comprises a transparent or translucent laminar element having a major, generally planar portion and at least one secondary portion inclined thereto which meets the said major portion at a surface discontinuity. A three dimensional surface shaping is thus formed which may represent cut glass or glazing bars or a stained glass window.

Abstract: A spacing profile for a spacing frame, which is to be fitted in the edge area of a double-glazing unit, forming an interspace, with a profile body of a material possessing low thermal conductivity. The spacing profile additionally comprises a desiccant cavity, and further a metal foil, which extends essentially over the entire width of the spacing profile. Only the metal foil together with a center piece of the connecting flanges forms the walls of the desiccant cavity.

Abstract: The specification describes and claims an insulating glass unit and a process for making. The unit comprises two glass panes spaced apart by a spacer of thermoplastics material adherent to the panes, an inert or heavy gas trapped within the unit and a layer of silicone elastomer located at the periphery of the unit between edge portions of the glass panes and in contact with external surfaces of the spacer. The thermoplastics material has a water vapor permeability of not more than about 0.2 l/m2/day (measured at 20° C. for 4 mm thickness) and a shear strength of more than 0.2 MPa as determined at a sealant thickness of 0.5 mm at 23° C. and a shear speed of 100 mm/min.

Abstract: An insert for a glazing unit includes a body having a width and a height. The insert is configured to fit within the spacer of the glazing unit. A typical glazing unit has at least two outer glazing sheets separated by a substantially rigid, U-shaped spacer disposed about the perimeter of the sheets to create an interior cavity between the outer sheets and the spacer. The width and height of the body of the insert are adapted to allow the insert to fit within the U-shaped spacer. The spacer has a longitudinal length dimension substantially equal to the perimeter of the glazing sheets. The body of the insert also has a longitudinal length dimension substantially equal to the length of the spacer. The body of the insert is fabricated from a non-flowable material having substantially stable dimensions. In one embodiment of the invention, the insert includes an inwardly facing, intermediate glazing sheet-receiving channel that is adapted to slidably receive and position an intermediate glazing sheet.

Abstract: An insulating glass includes two or more glass sheets forming an air space layer between them. The glass sheets are separated by a spacer made of a resin having a JIS A hardness of from 10 to 90 at 25° C. The resin is a thermoplastic composition including a butyl rubber and a crystalline polyolefin. The resin contains from 50 to 98 wt % butyl rubber, from 2 to 50 wt % crystalline polyolefin, and from 10 to 200 wt % inorganic fillers, based on the total amount of butyl rubber and crystalline polyolefin in the resin.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an insulating unit includes the steps of: providing a pair of sheets and a substrate; forming the substrate into at least one spacer section having a base and a pair of outer legs connected to the base, the spacer section having a surface designated as a supporting surface; providing a bead on the supporting surface, the bead provided on the supporting surface includes a moisture pervious adhesive having a desiccant therein and assembling a spacer frame that includes the at least one spacer section and the sheets provide an insulating unit having the pair of sheets in a fixed relationship.

Abstract: A glazed element having a high insulating power provided with a plastic profile, especially intended to be fastened to a bearing structure. The glazed element having a high insulating power includes at least two glass sheets between which a vacuum has been created, these being separated from each other by mounts distributed over the entire surface and being joined together around their periphery by an inorganic seal. At least part of the external surface of at least one of the inorganic seal and the at least two glass sheets covered by at least one plastic profile.

Abstract: A thermally insulating evacuated glass panel comprises two spaced apart glass sheets separated and bonded by a mesh-like supporting structure. The mesh-like supporting structure is formed by a plurality of elongated spacers arranged in orthogonal directions for enclosing a plurality of small evacuated spaces. The elongated spacer contains a mixture of a glass sealing material and a number of glass spheres. The evacuated spaces provide efficient insulation for the glass panel. The glass panel can be cut into smaller pieces of desired size and shape without losing its insulating property.

Abstract: In a double glazing including a pair of glass sheets 1, a plurality of spacers 2 disposed between opposed sheet faces of the glass sheets 1 by a predetermined pitch, and a sealing member 4 interposed between the glass sheets 1 along the entire peripheries thereof, with a space V between the glass sheets being sealed in a vacuum condition, each spacer 2 is formed so as to maintain a predetermined distance between the glass sheets when subjected to a static normal external pressure normally applied thereto in the direction of sheet thickness and also to relieve stress through plastic deformation when subjected to an impact dynamically applied in the sheet thickness direction.

Abstract: A spacing profile for a spacing frame, which is to be fitted in the edge area of a double-glazing unit, forming an interspace, with a profile body of a material possessing low thermal conductivity and with a diffusion-impermeable metal foil which is bonded to the profile body so as to establish a material fit, is characterized in that the metal foil is, at least on the surface facing away from the profile body, provided with a corrosion preventing coating which comprises a colored lacquer coating and/or a layer of chromium or of a chromium alloy, wherein the corrosion preventing coating comprises a thickness which is lower by at least a factor of 2.5, preferably by at least a factor of 10 and further preferred by at least a factor of 20, as compared to the thickness of the metal foil.