Abstract: An ion exchangeable mixture containing a polymeric compound consisting of an ion exchange resin, an acrylamide mixture containing at least one bisacrylamide and at least one acrylamide, and a copolymer obtained by reacting the polymeric compound with the acrylamide mixture, and a method of producing the same are provided. The ion exchangeable membrane produced by using the ion exchangeable mixture has significantly smaller electric resistance than conventional ion exchangeable membranes, and has excellent selective permeability because the ion exchangeable membrane is electrically charged. The ion exchangeable membrane can be produced under very mild production conditions, and thus can be produced very easily. Furthermore, the ion exchangeable membrane can be also formed into film during a crosslinking reaction in a solvent of water, and thus is advantageous in that the ion exchangeable membrane can be freely produced into desired sizes, shapes and forms.

Abstract: Methods of making macroporous anion exchange resins are described. The macroporous anion exchange resins are in the form of particles such as beads that contain a hydrophilic, crosslinked, (meth)acrylic-type polymeric material. Additionally, methods of purifying a negatively charged material using the macroporous anion exchange resins, methods of making chromatographic columns that contain the macroporous anion exchange resins, methods of making filter elements that contain the macroporous anion exchange resins, and methods of making porous composite materials that contain the macroporous anion exchange resins are described.

Abstract: Methods of making macroporous cation exchange resins are described. The macroporous cation exchange resins are in the form of particles such as beads that contain a hydrophilic, crosslinked, (meth)acrylic-type polymeric material. Additionally, methods of purifying a positively charged material using the macroporous cation exchange resins, methods of making chromatographic columns that contain the macroporous cation exchange resins, methods of making filter elements that contain the macroporous cation exchange resins, and methods of making porous composite materials that contain the macroporous cation exchange resins are described.

Abstract: The invention relates to compositions which include: (a) a polythiophene containing repeating units represented by the following general formula (I), wherein X represents, for example, —CH2—CH(CH2—O—(CH2)4SO3?H+)—; and (b) further polymers, that are different than polythiophene (a), and which contain SO3? M+ or COO?M+ groups. Also disclosed are electroluminescing (EL) arrangements that contain hole-injecting layers which include such compositions.

Abstract: A polyelectrolyte-coated particle, devices for using the particle, methods for using the particle for separating PCR reaction products and/or DNA sequencing reaction products, and compositions for coating the particle are provided.

Abstract: A method for preparing a membrane to be assembled in a membrane, electrode assembly includes the step of swelling an ion-conducting membrane in a liquid containing at least one solvent or to an atmosphere containing the vapor phase of at least one solvent by controlling the content of the solvent in the ion-conducting membrane. A method for manufacturing a membrane electrode assembly using an ion conducting membrane includes the steps of: providing an ion-conducting membrane in a pre-swollen state; coating the ion-conducting membrane on both sides with an electrode layer to form a sandwich; and hot-pressing the sandwich to form an ion-conducting bonding of the layers of the sandwich. Furthermore, a membrane electrode assembly is disclosed including a hot pressed sandwich having an electrode layer, a ion-conducting membrane and again an electrode layer, thereby using the ion-conducting membrane in its pre-swollen status prior to the hot-pressing.

Abstract: The present invention provides one component aqueous compositions comprising (i) a cationic stain blocking polymer chosen from (a) 0.01 to 7 wt. % of anion exchange resin copolymer gelular or dual morphology beads that have a weight average particle size of from 0.1 to 20 ?m and a low copolymerized crosslinker content of from 0.5 to 2.0 wt. %, (b) from 1 to 30 wt. % a crosslinked cationic addition polymer and (c) mixtures thereof, (ii) one or more emulsion copolymer having a copolymerized residue of at least one phosphorus acid monomer, and (iii) a stabilizer of from 0.1 to 2 wt. % of an inorganic phosphorus containing dispersant, and from 0.2 to 5.0 wt. % of a mixture of a nonionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant, both wt. % s based on the total weight of emulsion compolymer solids. The compositions provide stabilized binders for in a single coat primer plus topcoat coatings and paints.

Abstract: The present invention provides one component aqueous compositions comprising (i) from 0.01 to 7 wt. %, based on the total weight of solids in the composition, of anion exchange resin beads having a weight average particle size of from 0.1 to 20 ?m a low crosslinker content, the anion exchange resin copolymer beads being chosen from gelular beads, beads having a dual morphology, and mixtures thereof, (ii) an emulsion copolymer having a copolymerization residue of one or more phosphorus acid monomer, and having an anionic surfactant or its polymerization residue and a reductant or its polymerization residue and, (iii) at least one phosphorous containing surfactant in the amount of from 0.1 to 5 wt. %, based on the weight of emulsion copolymer solids. The compositions find use as coating binders and either pigmented or unpigmented paints and enable the provision of a single coat primer plus topcoat with excellent stain blocking.

Abstract: Sulfonated block copolymer composition formed by dissolving in an aprotic polar solvent at least one sulfonated block copolymer having at least one end block A and at least one interior block B wherein each A block contains essentially no sulfonic acid or sulfonate ester functional groups and each B block is a polymer block containing from about 10 to about 100 mol % sulfonic acid or sulfonate ester functional groups based on the number of sulfonation susceptible monomer units of the B block.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composite or a composite membrane consisting of an ionomer and of an inorganic optionally functionalized phyllosilicate. The isomer can be: (a) a cation exchange polymer; (b) an anion exchange polymer; (c) a polymer containing both anion exchanger groupings as well as cation exchanger groupings on the polymer chain; or (d) a blend consisting of (a) and (b), whereby the mixture ratio can range from 100% (a) to 100% (b). The blend can be ionically and even covalently cross-linked. The inorganic constituents can be selected from the group consisting of phyllosilicates or tectosilicates.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polyarylene-based copolymer including a plurality of segments having an ion exchange group and a plurality of segments having substantially no ion exchange group, wherein at least one of the segments having an ion exchange group includes a polyarylene structure, the polystyrene-equivalent weight-average molecular weight of the segments having an ion exchange group is from 10,000 to 250,000, and the ion exchange capacity of the polyarylene-based copolymer is 3.0 meq/g or more.

Abstract: An anion exchange resin produced comprising providing an anion exchange resin with a nitrosating agent and applying an antioxidant to the resin to inhibit formation of nitrosamines on the anion exchange resin.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting formation of nitrosamines and an anion exchange resin produced therefrom comprising providing an anion exchange resin with a nitrosating agent and applying an antioxidant to the resin to inhibit formation of nitrosamines on the anion exchange resin.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting formation of nitrosamines and an anion exchange resin produced therefrom comprising providing an anion exchange resin with a nitrosating agent and mixing a cation exchange resin with the anion exchange resin to inhibit formation of nitrosamines on the anion exchange resin.

Abstract: A proton-conducting electrolyte membrane containing a porous inorganic substrate, a porous portion of the porous inorganic substrate being filled with a proton-conducting polymer, wherein the proton-conducting polymer is a co-polymer of: (i) a monomer compound having an ethylenically unsaturated bond and a sulphonic acid group in the molecule; and (ii) a silyl compound represented by Formula (1): (R1O)n—Si—R2m??Formula (1) wherein R1 is an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R2 is an organic group capable of co-polymerizing; m and n each are an integer of 1 to 3, with the proviso that m plus n equals 4; and R2 may be the same or different when m is 2 or 3.

Abstract: A process for the storage or transportation of pretreated, conditioned ion exchangers as catalysts for chemical reactions is disclosed. The preconditioned ion-exchange resin is kept as preconditioned ion-exchange resin suspension in a storage or transporting container. The container with the preconditioned ion-exchange resin suspension is transported to either a storage site for storage or to a reactor for transfer of the resin to the reactor.

Abstract: A fuel cell component is made with a composite including a proton conducting polymer, a water insoluble proton conducting inorganic material, and a heteropolyacid immobilized by chemically bonding to the inorganic material. In another embodiment, the fuel cell component is made with a composite including a non-proton conducting polymer, a water insoluble inorganic material, and a heteropolyacid immobilized by chemically bonding to the inorganic material, the heteropolyacid causing the composite to show proton conductivity. In a further embodiment, the fuel cell component is made with a composite comprising a proton conducting polymer, a water insoluble proton conducting inorganic material, and a heteropolyacid immobilized by chemically bonding to the inorganic material, the composite having substantially identical structure of the unmodified heteropolyacid.

Abstract: [Problems] To provide an ion exchanger having excellent electric properties, a low electric resistance, excellent mechanical strength and, at the same time, having excellent contamination resistance. [Means for Solution] An ion exchanger comprises a melt-extrusion-formed body of a resin composition containing a granular ion-exchange resin and a low-melting polyolefin resin having a melting point of not higher than 170° C., the melt-extrusion-formed body: (a) containing the granular ion-exchange resin at a ratio of not less than 30% by weight but less than 50% by weight, and the low-melting polyolefin resin in an amount of more than 100 parts by weight but not more than 150 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the granular ion-exchange resin; (b) having a melt index in a range of 1 to 5 g/10 min. as measured at 190° C.; and (c) having a water content of not less than 30%.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are polymer compounds and a method for preparing thereof. More specifically, provided are polymer compounds with well-connected, narrow size distribution free-volume element and a method for preparing the polymer compounds by thermal rearrangement for aromatic polyimides containing ortho-positioned functional groups in the solid state.

Abstract: Described herein is the synthesis of reinforced adhesive complex coacervates and their use thereof. The reinforced adhesive complex coacervates are composed of (a) at least one polycation, (b) at least one polyanion, and (c) a reinforcing component. The adhesive complex coacervates described herein can be subsequently cured to produce strong, cohesive adhesives. The reinforced adhesive complex coacervates have several desirable features when compared to conventional adhesives. The reinforced adhesive complex coacervates are effective in wet or underwater applications. The reinforced adhesive complex coacervates described herein, being phase separated from water, can be applied underwater without dissolving or dispersing into the water. The reinforced adhesive complex coacervates have numerous biological applications as bioadhesives and bioactive delivery devices.

Abstract: A centrifugation method for separating a high specific gravity substance and a low specific gravity substance from a mixture thereof, which prevents the contamination of the high specific gravity substance in collecting the low specific gravity substance after a separation operation, is provided. The centrifugation method includes centrifuging a mixture comprising a high specific gravity substance, a low specific gravity substance, and at least one of a thermoreversible gel and a dissolved gelling agent capable of forming a thermoreversible gel, in which the thermoreversible gel or the dissolved gelling agent forms a gel layer which separates the low specific gravity substance and the high specific gravity substance. The centrifugation is preferably carried out at a temperature equal to or lower than the gelation temperature of the gelling agent.

Abstract: The invention relates to compositions which include: (a) a polythiophene containing repeating units represented by the following general formula (I), wherein X represents, for example, —CH2—CH(CH2—O—(CH2)4SO3?H+)—; and (b) further polymers, that are different than polythiophene (a), and which contain SO3? M+ or COO?M+ groups. Also disclosed are electroluminescing (EL) arrangements that contain hole-injecting layers which include such compositions.

Abstract: The present application is directed to anticorrosion coatings on metal substrates. In particular the coatings are especially suitable for metal containing medical devices and implants. The anticorrosion coatings comprise a combination of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes which when applied to a metal substrate form a complex. In addition to cationic and anionic functionality, the polyelectrolytes also possess additional functionality which allows for further reacting to form covalent bonds between the anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes. The formed complex once applied to the metal substrate surface provides improved corrosion resistance, protection from metal ion release and improved mechanical properties.

Abstract: Highly fluorinated ion-exchange polymers achieve dissolution in aqueous tetrahydrofuran at lower pressures and temperatures than in other solvents, with few or no side products being formed.

Abstract: A process for producing a dispersion of a highly fluorinated ion exchange polymer is provided in which a dispersion of a highly fluorinated ion exchange polymer in a first liquid that includes at least 10 wt % of an organic liquid is atomized and released into a heated gas to produce flowable particles of highly fluorinated ion exchange polymer having dry surface/exteriors and an internal residual moisture content of at least 4 wt %. The particles are dispersed in a second liquid to produce a second dispersion of highly fluorinated ion exchange polymer from which proton exchange membranes and electrodes for fuel cells may be produced.

Abstract: A process for producing flowable and liquid dispersable particles of a highly fluorinated ion exchange polymer is provided in which a dispersion of a highly fluorinated ion exchange polymer in a liquid comprised of at least 10 wt % of an organic liquid is provided, atomized to produce droplets, and released into a inert heated gas. The dispersion droplets dry to produce flowable particles of highly fluorinated ion exchange polymer having dry exterior surfaces and an internal residual moisture content of at least 4 wt %.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the extrusion of thermoplastic polymers having alkaline ionic groups. The process consists in preparing a mixture composed of a thermoplastic polymer having alkaline ionic groups and a plasticizer, in extruding the mixture obtained to form a film; then in washing the film obtained in aqueous medium to remove said plasticizer(s). The plasticizer is chosen from non-volatile compounds which are stable with respect to the ionic groups of the polymer, which are soluble in water or in solvents that are miscible with water, said plasticizers being chosen from the compounds that react with the ionic group of the polymer via formation of a weak bond of the hydrogen bond-type, and the compounds that react with the ionic group of the polymer via formation of a strong bond, of the ionic bond-type.

Abstract: Disclosed is a colorant treated ion exchange resin comprising at least 15% of exchangeable groups comprising at least one of an ion, a Lewis acid, or a Lewis base resulting from a colorant having a pKa or pKb of greater than 5 in an aqueous solution at 25° C., based on the total number of exchangeable groups. Also disclosed are heat transfer systems, assemblies, fuel cell systems and methods of maintaining a conductivity of less than 200 ?S/cm in a heat transfer fluid that employ the disclosed colorant treated ion exchange resins. Finally, a method of making the disclosed colorant treated ion exchange resins is provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the extrusion of thermoplastic polymers having acid ionic groups. The process consists in preparing a mixture composed of a thermoplastic polymer having acid ionic groups and a plasticizer, in extruding the mixture obtained to form a film, then in washing the film obtained in aqueous medium to remove said plasticizer(s). The plasticizer is chosen from non-volatile compounds which are stable with respect to the ionic groups of the polymer, which are soluble in water or in solvents that are miscible with water, said plasticizers being chosen from the compounds that react with the ionic group of the polymer via formation of a weak bond of the hydrogen bond-type, and the compounds that react with the ionic group of the polymer via formation of a strong bond, of the ionic bond-type.

Abstract: A composition and process for treating sugar solutions that includes one or more sources of ammonium that obtain a pH in water solution above pH 7.0, such as ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), ammonium phosphate dibasic (NH4)2HPO4, and ammonium sulfite (NH4)2SO3. The composition can also include a particulate sulfur reagent, an amorphous silica, a particulate aluminum reagent, a particulate phosphorous reagent, a particulate filter aid selected from diatomaceous earth and perlite, a particulate activated carbon, a particulate bleaching earth, a polymer decolorant, or combinations thereof. The individual materials can be pre-mixed before addition to the sugar solution, added individually to the sugar solution, or added as a combination of one or more singular ingredients and one or more pre-mixed ingredients.

Abstract: The invention relates to a substrate for sports and recreation fields, in particular artificial grass sports fields that contain granular infill material, which substrate comprises at least one component that can leach out upon contact with water and which further comprises a binder material for binding the leached-out component. The invention also relates to a backing and to an artificial lawn provided with such a substrate. The object of the invention is to provide an improved substrate for a sports/recreation field as described in the introduction, and in order to accomplish that object the binder material is provided on or in the substrate. This makes it possible in the case of saturation to simply collect and carry off the substrate with the binder material and the leached-out component that is bound thereto or held therein.

Abstract: Solid and liquid compositions containing particles of highly fluorinated ion-exchange polymer having sulfonate functional groups with an ion exchange ratio of less than about 33. The compositions contain at least about 25% by weight of polymer particles having a particle size of about 2 nm to about 30 nm.

Abstract: Problems to be Solved There is provided a dispersion composition of fluorine-containing ion exchange resin, which has an extremely low solution viscosity even in a case in which the concentration of a fluorine-containing ion exchange resin is increased by a concentration operation in a liquid composition in which the fluorine-containing ion exchange resin is dispersed. Solution A dispersion composition of fluorine-containing ion exchange resin, which comprises a fluorine-containing ion exchange resin having a repeating unit represented by the following formulae (1) and (2) and having an equivalent weight of 400 to 1000 g/eq, and a solvent containing water, wherein Z represents H, Cl, F, or a perfluoroalkyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms; m represents an integer of 0 to 12; and n represents an integer of 0 to 2, and wherein an abundance ratio of a resin having a particle size of 10 ?m or more in the fluorine-containing ion exchange resin is 0.1% to 80% by volume.

Abstract: A fuel cell component is made with a composite including a proton conducting polymer, a water insoluble proton conducting inorganic material, and a heteropolyacid immobilized by chemically bonding to the inorganic material. In another embodiment, the fuel cell component is made with a composite including a non-proton conducting polymer, a water insoluble inorganic material, and a heteropolyacid immobilized by chemically bonding to the inorganic material, the heteropolyacid causing the composite to show proton conductivity. In a further embodiment, the fuel cell component is made with a composite comprising a proton conducting polymer, a water insoluble proton conducting inorganic material, and a heteropolyacid immobilized by chemically bonding to the inorganic material, the composite having substantially identical structure of the unmodified heteropolyacid.

Abstract: A fluoropolymer liquid composition including a fluoropolymer liquid (A) which includes a liquid medium and a crosslinkable functional group-containing crosslinkable fluoropolymer. The fluoropolymer liquid (A) is a fluoropolymer liquid dispersion (AD) having, dispersed in a liquid dispersion medium, particles of a crosslinkable fluoropolymer (PD) containing acid/acid salt groups or organic groups capable of undergoing hydrolysis and thus being converted to carboxyl groups, or a fluoropolymer solution (AS) having, dissolved in a fluorosolvent or an alcohol/water mixed solvent, a crosslinkable fluoropolymer (PS) containing acid/acid salt groups or acid/acid salt groups precursors. Further, the crosslinkable functional group is a cyano group, —I or —Br.

Abstract: A liquid composition comprising: at least one fluoroionomer (I) [fluoroionomer (I-1)], the fluoroionomer (I-1) having a heat of fusion comprised between 4 and 20 J/g; and at least one fluoroionomer (I) [fluoroionomer (I-2)], the fluoroionomer (I-2) being substantially amorphous, that is to say having a heat of fusion of less than 4 J/g, and wherein the water extractable fraction of the fluoroionomer (I-2) is less than 40% wt, the liquid composition comprising the fluoroionomer (I-1) and the fluoroionomer (I-2) in a weight ratio (I-1)/(I-2) of at least 2:1.

Abstract: A fluorinated ion exchange polymer prepared by grafting at least one grafting monomer on to at least one base polymer, wherein the grafting monomer comprises structure 1a or 1b: wherein Z comprises S, SO2, or POR wherein R comprises a linear or branched perfluoroalkyl group of 1 to 14 carbon atoms optionally containing oxygen or chlorine, an alkyl group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an aryl group of 6 to 12 carbon atoms or a substituted aryl group of 6 to 12 carbon atoms; RF comprises a linear or branched perfluoroalkene group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally containing oxygen or chlorine; Q is chosen from F, —OM, NH2, —N(M)SO2R2F, and C(M)(SO2R2F)2, wherein M comprises H, an alkali cation, or ammonium; R2F groups comprises alkyl of 1 to 14 carbon atoms which may optionally include ether oxygens or aryl of 6 to 12 carbon atoms where the alkyl or aryl groups may be perfluorinated or partially fluorinated; and n is 1 or 2 for 1a, and n is 1, 2, or 3 for 1b.

Abstract: A polymer electrolyte membrane for a direct oxidation fuel cell includes a porous polymer supporter having a plurality of pores, and a hydrocarbon fuel diffusion barrier layer which is formed on the polymer supporter and contains an inorganic additive dispersed in a cation exchange resin.

Abstract: The objective of the invention is to solve the problems of conventional polymer electrolyte membranes, including small ion-exchange capacity and low oxidation and methanol resistance. A polymer film substrate is irradiated with ?-rays, electron beams or other radiations to perform multi-graft polymerization with functional monomers and then the polymer film substrate containing the grafted molecular chains or the graft molecular chains into which sulfonic acid groups have been introduced is crosslinked by irradiation to produce a polymer electrolyte membrane that has outstanding oxidation resistance, dimensional stability, electrical conductivity and methanol resistance and which can be controlled in ion-exchange capacity over a wide range.

Abstract: The present invention aims at providing an optimal constitution and production method for an OH-type anion-exchange hydrocarbon-based elastomer used when manufacturing a catalyst electrode layer of a solid polymer type fuel cell, in view of a balance of stability, durability and flexibility. Also, the present invention aims to provide an ion-conductivity imparting agent comprising the OH-type anion-exchange hydrocarbon-based elastomer, wherein the elastomer is uniformly dissolved or dispersed and has appropriate viscosity even with a high concentration. The anion-exchange hydrocarbon-based elastomer of the present invention has an iodine value of 3 to 25, contains an anion-exchange group having OH?, CO32? and/or HCO3? as a counterion, in its molecule, and is poorly-soluble in water. The hydrocarbon-based elastomer can preferably be used as an ion-conductivity imparting agent for forming a catalyst electrode layer by mixing an organic solvent.

Abstract: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, also known as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, consist of a proton conducting membrane or a proton exchange membrane possessing adequate proton conducting properties typically contained between two platinum impregnated porous electrodes. PEM fuel cells are used in the transportation, stationary and portable applications and are currently used in the automobile industry as the fuel cell favored for replacement of the internal combustion engine. An opportunity exists for the development of lightweight and highly conductive polymer-based bipolar plates produced by standard mass production techniques, such as extrusion or compression and injection molding. The present invention capitalizes this opportunity and discloses method and compositions of matter for manufacturing of lightweight, low cost carbon-filled polymer composite bipolar plates.

Abstract: A proton conductor includes a molecule with a hydroxy group arranged at a terminal end and an ether-based functional group arranged at an ?-carbon position. The proton conductor may be used to impregnate a polymer matrix to form a polymer electrolyte.

Abstract: Solid and liquid compositions containing particles of highly fluorinated ion-exchange polymer having sulfonate functional groups with an ion exchange ratio of less than about 33. The compositions contain at least about 25% by weight of polymer particles having a particle size of about 2 nm to about 30 nm.

Abstract: A fluorinated ion exchange polymer is prepared by grafting at least one grafting monomer derived from trifluorostyrene on to at least one base polymer in a organic solvent/water mixture. These ion exchange polymers are useful in preparing catalyst coated membranes and membrane electrode assemblies used in fuel cells.

Abstract: Solid and liquid compositions containing particles of highly fluorinated ion-exchange polymer having sulfonate functional groups with an ion exchange ratio of less than about 33. The compositions contain at least about 25% by weight of polymer particles having a particle size of about 2 nm to about 30 nm.

Abstract: A proton-exchange composite includes a polymer matrix formed from a proton-exchange polymer and ionomer particles distributed therein. The polymer has side chains with ionic groups. The particles have an average particle size of less than 20 nm and include an oligomeric ionomer that interacts with the polymer and attracts the ionic groups on its side chains. The composite may be formed by a method in which an initiator is bonded to silica particulates. The initiator is used to initiate polymerization of a precursor monomer to form a salt form of the oligomeric ionomer bonded to the silica particulates, which is then reacted with an acid to produce the oligomeric ionomer, thus forming the ionomer particles. The ionomer particles are dispersed in a solution containing a solvent and the polymer dissolved therein. The solvent is removed. The residue is cured to form the composite.

Abstract: This invention presents an ion exchange media including a plurality of cation exchange zones and anion exchange zones in flow paths that are contained in a substantially nonporous resin transport framework. During electrodeionization and other potential applications the ion exchange media of the invention prevents unfavorable water splitting at resin-membrane interfaces and encourages water splitting at resin-resin interfaces where the water splitting may be constructively used to regenerate the resin.

Abstract: A microfibrous fuel cell structure of elongated form with a longitudinal axis. Such microfibrous fuel cell includes electrocatalyst layers supported by a fiber network formed of unidirectional or substantially unidirectional conductive fibers. The conductive fibers of such fiber network are oriented parallelly or substantially parallelly to the longitudinal axis of the fuel cell, therefore allowing such fiber network to conform to the curvature of the microfibrous fuel cell along the radial direction but without causing overbending of the individual fibers.

Abstract: Methods of making macroporous cation exchange resins are described. The macroporous cation exchange resins are in the form of particles such as beads that contain a hydrophilic, crosslinked, (meth)acrylic-type polymeric material. Additionally, methods of purifying a positively charged material using the macroporous cation exchange resins, methods of making chromatographic columns that contain the macroporous cation exchange resins, methods of making filter elements that contain the macroporous cation exchange resins, and methods of making porous composite materials that contain the macroporous cation exchange resins are described.

Abstract: Methods of making macroporous cation exchange resins are described. The macroporous cation exchange resins are in the form of particles such as beads that contain a hydrophilic, crosslinked, (meth)acrylic-type polymeric material. The macroporous cation exchange resins are prepared using an inverse suspension polymerization process in the presence of a water soluble, organic, aliphatic porogen having at least three hydroxy groups.