Abstract: A process is provided for preparing polymer compositions which are multimodal in nature. The process involves contacting, under polymerization conditions, a selected addition polymerizable monomer with a metallocene catalyst having two or more distinct and chemically different active sites, and a catalyst activator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a modacrylic copolymer composition comprising acrylonitrile, vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate, and at least one ionic comonomer. In one embodiment, the modacrylic copolymer composition comprises from about 45 to about 60% acrylonitrile, from about 35 to about 50% vinylidene chloride, from about 0.5 to about 5% vinyl acetate, and up to about 2% of a salt of p-sulfophenyl methallyl ether by weight of the total composition. The copolymer composition of the present invention provides acceptable color while having acceptable flame resistance.

Abstract: Aqueous dispersion of a vinylidene fluoride (VdF) polymer which comprises a VdF polymer having a particle size of not more than 200 nm and contains 30 to 50% by weight of solids and not more than 1% by weight of a fluorine-containing surfactant on the basis of water. This aqueous dispersion is prepared by emulsion-polymerizing VdF monomer or a monomer mixture containing VdF under coexistence of not more than 1% by weight of the fluorine-containing surfactant and 0.001 to 0.1% by weight of a nonionic non-fluorine-containing surfactant on the basis of water, and is suitably used for paints.

Abstract: Process for monitoring the quality of latices of halogen-containing vinyl polymers during polymerization in aqueous emulsion, in which a luminous radiation is emitted directly into the aqueous emulsion, the scattered light reflected by the polymer particles of the latex in the spectrum band situated between 1100 and 2500 nm is captured and transmitted to a near-infrared spectrophotometer and is measured at specific wavelengths related by correlation equations to specific properties of the latex which is monitored.Device for monitoring the quality of latices in a reactor during polymerization, including essentially a measuring probe placed in the reactor, an optical coupling of the said probe with a near-infrared spectrophotometer provided with means for emitting light and for capturing the scattered light which is reflected and a computer which has the correlation equations in its memory.

Abstract: Water recovered from the polymerization of vinyl monomers can be treated to remove or deactivate chain transfer agents present in the water allowing resuse in polymerization processes. The water recovered from a vinyl polymerization reaction is contacted with a cation exchange resin in the hydrogen form prior to recycle, or may be acidified and then contacted with an anion exchange resin in the hydroxide form.

Abstract: Novel 1,1,2,2-tetramethylpropylperoxy esters are provided. They are useful as a polymerization initiator in polymerizing vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride and vinyl acetate monomers, with the advantage of completing polymerization within a short time.

Abstract: A process of polymerizing a monomer capable of undergoing free radical polymerization, comprising contacting the monomer with a diradical initiator at a temperature sufficient to initiate free radical polymerization, wherein said diradical initiator contains sites of C--C unsaturation which cyclize to form a diradical.

Abstract: A polymerization method carried out in the presence of unsaturated organic peroxide chain transfer agents is disclosed. Also disclosed are (co)polymers and oligomers made by this process and articles of manufacture comprising one or more (co)polymers or oligomers made by this process. Furthermore, the use of these unsaturated organic peroxides as chain transfer agents is disclosed. The present process reduces the severe retardation of polymerization observed for unsaturated organic peroxide chain transfer agents of the prior art and, in some cases, even improves the monomer conversion in comparison to the control.

Abstract: Vinyl polymers, e.g., the homo- and copolyvinyl chlorides, are prepared in one or more stages, to a degree of conversion of at least 50%, by suspended emulsion polymerizing at least one vinyl monomer, e.g., vinyl chloride, said at least one monomer having dispersed therein finely divided droplets of an aqueous solution of at least one component of a polymerization initiating system, and wherein the amount of water in said aqueous solution constitutes at least 19%, and preferably at least 20% by weight of the at least one monomer.

Abstract: The present invention provides new non-spherical microparticles. The microparticles are a hemisphere or a half elliptic sphere having a big opening at the central portion, say bowl-shape microparticles, and a water uptake of from 80 to 140 ml/100 g, which can be produced by suspension polymerization of polymerizable monomers in the presence of crosslinking agents and hydrophobic liquids in water. The microparticle of the present invention has an excellent extending ability, adhesiveness and water uptake. The new bowl-shape microparticles having the big opening at the center can be easily produced according to the present invention, and the size and shape can be easily controlled.

Abstract: A monomer having an ethylenic double bond is polymerized in a polymerization vessel provided on its inner wall surfaces with a coating of a polymer scale preventive agent which comprises a condensation product of an aromatic amine compound with an aromatic hydroxyl compound condensate. This process makes it possible to prevent effectively the deposition of polymer scale and to produce a polymer which shows few fish eyes and good whiteness when formed into sheets or the like.

Abstract: The invention describes a redox initiating system consisting of Cu.sup.II salts, enolizable aldehydes and ketones, and various combinations of coordinating agents for Cu.sup.II, coordinating agents for Cu.sup.I, and a strong amine base that is not oxidized by Cu.sup.II. In particular, Cu.sup.II octanoate/dibenzyl ketone/pyridine/triethylamine/triphenylphosphine systems are effective. In addition to initiating free radical polymerizations and copolymerizations, this initiating system can be applied to the synthesis of functionalized telechelics, polymers with ketone linkages in the backbone, block and graft copolymers consisting of free-radical and step-growth polymer blocks, and crosslinking reactions.

Abstract: A polymer scale preventive agent for use in polymerization of a monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated double bond, comprising an alkaline solution containing a condensation product of (A) an aliphatic diamine compound and (B) an aromatic tetracarboxylic acid anhydride. This agent is used for forming a coating on the inner wall, etc. of a polymerization vessel. Such a vessel is effective in preventing polymer scale deposition, not only on the areas in the liquid phase but also near the interface between the liquid phase and the gas phase in the vessel, and useful in producing a polymer that shows very few fish eyes and good whiteness when formed into sheets or the like.

Abstract: This invention relates to a two stage aqueous emulsion polymerization process for making graft copolymers. In the first stage, at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer is polymerized in the presence of at least one mercapto-olefin compound to form a macromonomer with terminal functional groups. In the second stage, at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer is polymerized in the presence of the macromonomer such that a copolymer is formed with a backbone of polymerized units of the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer and side chains of the macromonomer.

Abstract: This invention concerns a "living" free radical polymerization process for preparing polymers having a narrow distribution of molecular weights.

Abstract: Dispersion polymers based on ethylenically unsaturated monomers, the polymers containing at least 1% by weight of specific monomer units of ethylenically unsaturated urea derivatives (see formula I), process for their preparation particularly by free-radical initiated emulsion, suspension or bead polymerization or copolymerization and their use as coating compositions, preferably in the form of aqueous dispersions, particularly as corrosion inhibiting metal coating compounds, moreover as adhesives, molded plastics and as binders, thickeners and auxiliaries in industrial chemical compositions.

Abstract: This invention relates to a two stage aqueous emulsion polymerization process for making graft copolymers. In the first stage, at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer is polymerized in the presence of at least one mercapto-olefin compound to form a macromonomer with terminal functional groups. In the second stage, at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer is polymerized in the presence of the macromonomer such that a copolymer is formed with a backbone of polymerized units of the at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer and side chains of the macromonomer.

Abstract: The present invention is a coated particulate in the form of a powder or in the form of a pellet, the particulate comprising a vinylidene chloride interpolymer and being coated with at least one processing aid at a level effective to improve the extrudability of the vinylidene chloride interpolymer. The processing aid beneficially is selected from the group consisting of fatty esters; wax esters; glycerol esters; glycol esters; fatty alcohol esters, fatty alcohols; fatty amides; metallic salts of fatty acids; olefin polymers and polyolefin waxes.

Abstract: The maleimide copolymer of the invention is of the class of N-substituted maleimide copolymer such as N-alkyl or N-aromatic maleimide copolymer having peroxy bonds in a molecule, utilizable as a precursor for preparing a maleimide block copolymer and as a modifier for other resins. The maleimide block copolymer, which is useful as a molding material or a thermal resistance improver, is obtained by polymerizing maleimide monomers in the presence of a polymeric peroxide followed by polymerizing vinyl monomers.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward a film comprising a vinylidene chloride interpolymer, wherein the vinylidene chloride interpolymer having polymerized herein vinylidene chloride in an amount of from about 75 to about 95 percent by weight of interpolymer and from about 25 to about 5 percent by weight of interpolymer of at least one monomer copolymerized therewith, is prepared by extruding said interpolymer through an extrusion die to form an extrudate; passing the extrudate through a cooling means; blowing a blown tubular bubble by expanding the cooled extrudate sheet around a trapped gaseous medium, said bubble having an effective blow-up ratio before deflation such that the bubble after deflation has a desired final blow-up ratio; and conveying the tubular bubble through a deflator means to collapse the bubble into a two-layer film, wherein the film has a final blow-up ratio of between about 2.5 to about 3.

Abstract: Copolymers which are curable by ultraviolet radiation in the air are prepared by a process in which a mixture of (A) from 80 to 99.9% by weight of olefinically unsaturated monomers, (B) from 0 to 10% by weight of a copolymerizable olefinically unsaturated, photoreactive compound which, in the excited state produced by UV radiation, is capable of abstracting hydrogen and (C) from 0 to 10% by weight of a polymerization-regulating photoreactive compound which, in the excited state, is capable of abstracting hydrogen is subjected to free radical polymerization, the sum of (B) and (C) being not less than 0.1% by weight and the stated percentages by weight being based on the sum of the weights of (A)+(B)+(C).

Abstract: The polymers of ethylenically unsaturated monomers exhibit a greater degree of clarity and a greater degree of heat stability than do vinylidene chloride copolymers but do not have the barrier properties of vinylidene chloride copolymers. The present invention is an emulsion polymerized interpolymer, which provides both clarity and low oxygen permeability to applications where such properties are required of a polymer, having two miscible phases, which comprises (a) a first phase of an effective amount of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer and (b) a second phase of an effective amount of vinylidene chloride monomer and at least one ethylenically unsaturated comonomer wherein the first phase and the second phase are miscible.

Abstract: A vinyl polymer having alkoxysilyl groups at both terminals of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and are each an alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sup.3 is an alkylene having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, n is an integer of 0 to 2, Z is at least one group of the formulae: ##STR2## (wherein R.sup.4 is hydrogen or methyl, Y.sup.1 is an ester residue having 2 to 11 carbon atoms, phenyl or a halogen, Y.sup.2 is an ester residue having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a halogen, and Y.sup.3 is fluorine or chlorine atom), m is 10 to 10,000, which has excellent physical strength and is useful as an ingredient for paints, adhesives, sealing agents, and tacking agents, and an intermediate therefor, and a process for the production thereof.

Abstract: The polymers of ethylenically unsaturated monomers exhibit a greater degree of clarity and a greater degree of heat stability than do vinylidene chloride copolymers but do not have the barrier properties of vinylidene chloride copolymers. The present invention is an emulsion polymerized interpolymer, which provides both clarity and low oxygen permeability to applications where such properties are required of a polymer, having two miscible phases, which comprises (a) a first phase of an effective amount of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer and (b) a second phase of an effective amount of vinylidene chloride monomer and at least one ethylenically unsaturated comonomer wherein the first phase and the second phase are miscible.

Abstract: A mixture of an isomer of 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) having a low melting point in an amount of about 70% by weight or more and an isomer of 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) having a high melting point in an amount of about 30% by weight or less shows excellent solvent solubility, which is higher than that of the isomer having a low melting point. The mixture is useful as a polymerization initiator, and also as a blowing agent.

Abstract: Aqueous-based sealant composition comprising at least one vinylidene chloride copolymer which has modal molecular weight Mp of at least 200,000, wherein the composition has Tg below 0.degree. C. The vinylidene chloride copolymer preferably includes polymerized units of an internally plasticizing comonomer and an unsaturated carboxylic acid. The composition preferably includes an external plasticizer and a filler material (particularly untreated calcium carbonate).

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method of forming a vinylidene chloride interpolymer having enhanced barrier to atmospheric gas and water vapor. This enhanced barrier is achieved by fabricating the vinylidene chloride interpolymer into an article in a manner which allows between about 5 and about 50 percent crystallization to occur in the vinylidene chloride interpolymer while at a temperature above about 90.degree. C. and before it is allowed to cool below about 90.degree. C.

Abstract: A polymeric composite heating element comprising a composition composed of a vinylidone fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer containing 30-85 mole % of vinylidene fluoride and 3-35% by weight based on the weight of the copolymer of electrically conductive carbon mixed in this copolymer.

Abstract: Use of zinc salts of mercaptobenzimidazoles corresponding to the following general formula: ##STR1## wherein R represents hydrogen or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group; and/or a zinc salt of a di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.9 -alkyldithiophosphate for the preparation of nitrile rubber/PVC mixtures.

Abstract: A film combination including two plies of tack-free thermoplastic polymer and a hot-tacky vinylidene chloride crystalline polymer is prepared by coextruding the vinylidene chloride polymer outside melts of plies of the thermoplastic polymer.

Abstract: A process for imparting heat and light stability to vinylidene chloride copolymer resins by adding thereto small amounts of Vitamin E, an alkyl ester of thiodipropionic acid having 12 to 18 carbon atoms in an alkyl group thereof and an alkali metal salt or an alkali earth metal salt of a phosphoric acid.

Abstract: Discrete, crosslinked vinylidene chloride polymer microgels, having a latex particle size of less than 1 micron and a gel content of about 1 to 99 percent, such microgels being obtained by emulsion polymerizing (a) about 50 to about 95 parts by weight of vinylidene chloride, (b) about 5 to about 50 parts by weight of a copolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated comonomer, and (c) about 0.1 to about 10 parts by weight of a copolymerizable crosslinking polyfunctional comonomer. Such microgels have been found to have wide applicability as additives for synthetic foams and fibers, and for the preparation of improved coatings, films, and redispersible latexes.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for preparing vinyl dispersion resins by conducting the polymerization reaction of the vinyl monomer or monomers in an aqueous medium using a low water solubility free radical yielding polymerization initiator or catalyst along with an inorganic or organic activator, using a fast reaction at the beginning of polymerization by employing a temperature below the desired temperature, then at the desired temperature and finally above the desired temperature, using an emulsifier system of an ammonium or an alkali metal salt of a high fatty acid containing from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, and/or a sulfate or sulfonate type soap, and at least one long straight chain alcohol containing from 12 to 24 carbon atoms, and conducting said polymerization in a reactor having a coating on the inner surfaces thereof comprising a polymerization inhibitor, the ingredients being thoroughly mixed prior to polymerization. Polymer buildup on the internal surfaces of the reactor is substantially reduced.

Abstract: Discrete, crosslinked vinylidene chloride polymer microgels, having a latex particle size of less than 1 micron and a gel content of about 1 to 99 percent, such microgels being obtained by emulsion polymerizing (a) about 50 to about 95 parts by weight of vinylidene chloride, (b) about 5 to about 50 parts by weight of a copolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated comonomer, and (c) about 0.1 to about 10 parts by weight of a copolymerizable crosslinking polyfunctional comonomer. Such microgels have been found to have wide applicability as additives for synthetic foams and fibers, and for the preparation of improved coatings, films, and redispersible latexes.

Abstract: A plasticized vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymer is produced by copolymerizing 65 to 95 wt. % of vinylidene chloride and 35 to 5 wt. % of vinyl chloride or a mixture of vinyl chloride as a main component and a comonomer wherein 0.5 to 10.0 wt. parts of a plasticizer being soluble in said monomer mixture is added to 100 wt. parts of said monomer mixture and said monomer mixture is copolymerized by a suspension polymerization in the presence of an oil soluble radical initiator and a macromolecular suspending agent in water whereby a blending step can be eliminated.

Abstract: A crosslinked vinylidene chloride polymer microgel powder is recovered from a latex and dispersed with moderate shear in a nonsolvent for vinylidene chloride polymers, such as a polyol used in the preparation of polyurethane materials. A dispersion of the powder and a polyol is eminently suited for use in the preparation of polyurethane foams to impart enhanced flame-retardancy and load-bearing properties thereto.

Abstract: Compositions useful as multi-purpose lubricant and functional fluid additives and as thickeners and antisag additives for resins, paints and the like are prepared by free radical polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer in the presence of an oil-soluble dispersant. The carboxylic dispersants are preferred, especially esters of hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acids wherein the substituent contains at least about 30 carbon atoms and the reaction products of such acids or their derivatives with amines, usually polyalkylene polyamines.

Abstract: A latex obtained by emulsion polymerizing (a) 50 to 95 parts by weight of vinylidene chloride; (b) 0.5 to 30 parts by weight of propylene; (c) 4.5 to 20 parts by weight of a comonomer such as methyl acrylate; and, optionally, (d) no more than 5 parts by weight of a polar comonomer such as acrylic acid. Such latices are eminently suited for use as coating compositions due to their superior low temperature heat-sealing properties and decreased blocking tendencies.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing vinyl dispersion resins by conducting the polymerization reaction of the vinyl monomer or monomers in an aqueous alkaline medium, using an oil-soluble polymerization initiator, at temperatures preferably below about 48.degree. C., in the presence of an emulsifier system comprising the ammonium salt of a high fatty acid containing from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, at least one long straight chain alcohol containing from 14 to 24 carbon atoms, and a sulfate or sulfonate type soap of C.sub.12 to C.sub.20 alkyl or aryl hydrocarbons, wherein the ratio of alcohol to emulsifier is equal to or greater than 1.0 and wherein the reaction ingredients are thoroughly mixed, and preferably homogenized, prior to polymerization. The process produces paste resins having improved plastisol foam properties, especially when sodium metabisulfite is added to the polymer recipe or the polymer slurry prior to spray drying.

Abstract: A method for reducing the amount of free vinylidene chloride in an aqueous dispersion of a vinylidene chloride polymer by adding to the dispersion a small amount of a redox initiator, and then subjecting the dispersion to a temperature in the range of room temperature to about 40.degree. C. for a period of at least one hour. Substrates such as packaging films can be coated with the aqueous dispersion, or with a solvent solution of the polymer after separation from the dispersion. By use of such a coating bath, the amount of vinylidene chloride vapor in the atmosphere near the coating station is significantly less than the amount when using a coating bath of polymer not subjected to the method of the invention.

Abstract: Normally crystalline vinylidene halide polymers are prepared by an improved limited coalescence suspension polymerization reaction wherein colloidal silica is used as a solid particle emulsifier, and a low molecular weight, non-ionic, water-soluble cellulose ether, having a viscosity grade less than about 35 centipoise, is used as the stabilizing agent. Spheroidal polymer particles are obtained having a generally uniform, small size and superior flow properties.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for emulsion polymerization of a vinyl monomer in an aqueous dispersion medium in which a salt of an N-acylsarcosine and an alkali metal salt and/or ammonium salt of an oxyacid are made to coexist with each other.

Abstract: A process for the polymerization of vinyl halides and/or vinylidene halides which comprising contacting the vinyl halide and/or vinylidene halide in gaseous form with a catalyst composition comprising(a) at least one compound of a transition metal of Groups IVA to VIA of the Periodic Table of the Elements, as hereinbefore defined, and(b) at least one compound having the structure ##STR1## WHERE M is aluminum or zinc, n and m each is an integer not greater than one less than the valency of M, at least one of the groups R is a hydrocarbon group, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group, and X is hydrogen or a monovalent organic group.

Abstract: A vinylidene chloride copolymer coating composition containing small amounts of a polybasic acid of phosphorus, such as orthophosphoric acid, or sulfuric acid, in combination with a mono- or diglyceride. Organic polymeric films, such as polyester and regenerated cellulose films, coated therewith exhibit excellent antistatic properties. Such coated films can be run on various types of machinery without problems due to static build-up.

Abstract: The rheological properties of paste-formable, powdered polymerizates produced by polymerizing vinyl chloride or a mixture of vinyl chloride and a copolymerizable monomer in an aqueous emulsion in the presence of a water-soluble catalyst and an alkali metal salt of a fatty acid as the polymerization emulsifier and spray drying the resultant polymerizate, are improved by treating the powdered polymerizate with a gas which forms an acid in an aqueous solution.

Abstract: In the polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer other than vinyl chloride, deposition of polymer scale on the inner walls of a polymerization reactor and other surfaces coming into contact with the monomer is effectively prevented (regardless of the type of polymerization used, so long as it takes place in a heterogeneous phase) by coating the surfaces of the reactor with at least one compound selected from organic electron donor compounds and organic electron-acceptor compounds prior to polymerization; the compound or compounds having been or being brought into contact with an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, an acid or a base, or having been or being irradiated with ultraviolet light.

Abstract: A vinyl polymer-fluoroalkylether oligomer composition useful as a structu material, filament, adhesive, or abhesive which comprises:A vinyl polymer selected from the class consisting of polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene chloride, copolymers of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride, copolymers of vinylidene chloride and acrylonitrile in proportions in which vinylidene chloride is at least 70% by weight, polymethylmethacrylate, and polystyrene; and a fluoroalkylether oligomer of the general formula:F[C(CF.sub.3)F--CF.sub.2 --O].sub.m -- C(CF.sub.3)F--CO--Rwherein m is an integer from 4 to 10 and R is further defined by the formulas:OR.sup.1 (OR.sup.2).sub.n OR.sup.2 (1)wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl radical having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 is an alkyl radical having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and n is an integer from 3 to 10,OR.sup.3 (2)wherein R.sup.3 is an alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms,N--(C.sub.p H.sub.2p OH).sub.2 (3)wherein p is an integer from 2 to 4,N (CH.sub.2).sub.q CH.sub.

Abstract: Stabilized, curable compositions formed from known free radical-polymerizable monomers (e.g., acrylates, stryene, etc.), and free radical initiators (e.g., peroxides, hydroperoxides, ultraviolet-sensitive compounds) by dissolving therein compounds containing the combination of allyl, lower alkoxyl and hydroxyl groups. All the groups may be present in one molecule, or the allyl group may occur in a separate molecule. Concentration of each compound may be in the range of about 0.01 to about 5 percent by weight of the total composition.

Abstract: Ethylenically unsaturated monomers susceptible to free radical polymerization may be polymerized by contacting the monomers with an initiating compound having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical.

Abstract: In the bulk or suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride and copolymerization of vinyl chloride with vinylidene monomers containing a terminal CH.sub.2 .dbd.CH< group, increased heat stability is obtained in the polymers by conducting the polymerization at low temperatures in the presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF).