Abstract: Substantially homogeneous acrylate/maleate copolymers of number average molecular weight of 500 to 5000 are prepared by copolymerizing 35 to 65 mole percent acrylic or methacrylic acid with 65 to 35 mole percent maleic anhydride at 80.degree. to 150.degree. C. in the presence of a polymerization initiator and a chain-transfer solvent such that both the monomers and the formed polymer remain in solution and the mole ratio of the acrylic or methacrylic acid monomer to the maleic anhydride monomer in the solvent is maintained below about 0.2 throughout the polymerization. The copolymers in hydrolyzed form are employed at a level of from about 0.1 to 100 ppm for prevention of alkaline calcium and magnesium scale formation, such as during seawater evaporative desalination.

Abstract: Aqueous polymer dispersions containing up to 75% by weight of polymer are prepared advantageously by emulsion copolymerization in the presence of conventional anionic emulsifiers, polymerization initiators and small amounts of polymerization inhibitors, at conventional polymerization temperatures, by copolymerizing at least two monomers A, which per se are not copolymerizable with one another, mixed with from 60 to 95% by weight of at least one monomer B, which is copolymerizable with both monomers A, in the presence of a polymerization inhibitor, by the emulsion feed process, wherein (a) the initial aqueous phase at the start of the monomer emulsion feed contains from 0.01 to 0.

Abstract: There is provided a method for the suspension polymerization of one or more styrenic monomers. This method involves increasing the amount of substantially water insoluble free radical initiator in the suspension after the conversion of the monomer has reached at least 50%. The temperature of the suspension is at least 110.degree. C. throughout the entire polymerization.

Abstract: A thermoplastic, substantially resinous, unsaturated, random copolymer of ethylene, propylene or 4-methyl-1-pentene with a branched 1,4-diene of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group of a maximum of 8 carbon atoms, and each of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is hydrogen or an alkyl of a maximum of 8 carbon atoms, exclusive of the case where both R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are both hydrogen.

Abstract: A process of preparing a bimodal or multimodal homopolymer of a conjugated diene or a bimodal or multimodal copolymer of a conjugated diene with another conjugated diene or with a vinyl aromatic compound consists in polymerizing the monomer(s) in a reaction medium at a temperature of between 20.degree. C. and 200.degree. C. in the presence of a catalytic system comprising an organolithium initiator, a barium, strontium or calcium compound, and an organometallic compound of a metal of group 2B or 3A of the periodic classification of elements of the Mendeleev Table and adding hydrogen as a modifying agent to the reaction medium during the course of the polymerization reaction.

Abstract: Ethylene or a mixture of ethylene and a small amount of another .alpha.-olefin or diene is polymerized in two successive steps under different hydrogen partial pressures by polymerizing 30 to 70 wt. % of the ethylene or ethylene mixture to be polymerized in the presence of hydrogen at a molar ratio of ethylene or ethylene mixture to hydrogen of 1:1-8 in the first step and polymerizing the residual ethylene or the ethylene mixture at a molar ratio of ethylene to hydrogen of 1:0-0.3 in the second step, in the presence of the specific catalyst system comprising an organoaluminum compound (C) and a specific solid catalytic component (B) obtained by reacting a titanium or vanadium halogen-containing compound with a reaction product (A) obtained by reacting a Grignard reagent with a hydropoly-siloxane having the formula ##EQU1## (R.sup.1 represents an alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, or aryloxy group as a monovalent organic group; a is 0,1 or 2; b is 1, 2 or 3; and a+b.ltoreq.

Abstract: A process of preparing a bimodal or multimodal homopolymer of a conjugated diene or a bimodal or multimodal copolymer of a conjugated diene with another conjugated diene or with a vinyl aromatic compound consists in polymerizing the monomer(s) in a reaction medium at a temperature of between 20.degree. C. and 200.degree. C. in the presence of a catalyst system comprising an organolithium initiator, a barium, strontium or calcium compound, and an organometallic compound of a metal of group 2B or 3A of the periodic classification of elements of the Mendeleev Table, and adding to the reaction medium during the course of the polymerization reaction a compound of a transition metal of groups 1B to 7B and 8 or a magnesium compound of the general formula Mg(A).sub.2.

Abstract: A process of preparing a bimodal or multimodal homopolymer of a conjugated diene or a bimodal or multimodal copolymer of a conjugated diene with another conjugated diene or with a vinyl aromatic compound consists in polymerizing the monomer(s) in a reaction medium at a temperature of between 20.degree. C. and 200.degree. C. in the presence of a catalyst system formed of the reaction product of:(a) an organic compound of a metal of group 3A of the periodic classification of elements of the Mendeleev Table having one of the following formulas:M.sup.1 M.sup.3 R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 R.sup.4M.sup.2 (M.sup.3 R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 R.sup.4).sub.2M.sup.3 R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3M.sup.1 OM.sup.3 R.sup.1 R.sup.2with (b) at least one electron-donor compound containing at least one heteroatom,and adding hydrogen as a modifying agent to the reaction medium during the course of the polymerization reaction.

Abstract: A process for preparing polybutadiene having a 1,2-configuration content of 5-40% and a cis-1,4-configuration content of 60% or more, which comprises polymerizing 1,3-butadiene in the presence of a catalyst consisting of:(A) a cobalt compound,(B) at least one member selected from the group consisting of:(i) a trialkylaluminum,(ii) a reaction product of a trialkylaluminum and an alcohol or water,(iii) a mixture of a trialkylaluminum and a dialkylaluminum halide,(iv) a dialkylaluminum hydride, and(v) an organolithium compound, and(C) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of phenyl isothiocyanate and carbon disulfide, in a hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon solution of a high cis-1,4-polybutadiene obtained by polymerizing 1,3-butadiene with a catalyst consisting of:(D) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the organocarboxylates of nickel and organic complex compounds of nickel,(E) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of boron trifluoride, boron tr

Abstract: In a process for producing a cyclopentadiene resin having a regulated softening point which comprises heat-copolymerizing a cyclopentadiene monomer and a comonomer copolymerizable therewith, the improvement which comprises polymerizing (A) a monomeric mixture having a low content of a cyclopentadiene monomer, then adding (B) a cyclopentadiene monomer or (C) a monomeric mixture having a high content of a cyclopentadiene monomer, and continuing the polymerization.

Abstract: A propylene copolymer, which comprises units of (A) propylene, (B) a monomer selected from the group consisting of branched alpha-olefins (i.e. 4-methyl-1-pentene), styrene and styrene derivatives (e.g. methyl styrene), and (C) an optional monomer selected from the group consisting of straight-chain alpha-olefins of 2 to 12 carbon atoms other than propylene (e.g. ethylene), and which is defined by its thermal analysis data on a differential scanning calorimeter; and a process for producing the copolymer. Block copolymers are preferable.

Abstract: PCT No. PCT/JP78/00013 Sec. 371 Date June 28, 1979 Sec. 102(e) Date June 19, 1979 PCT Filed Oct. 26, 1978 PCT Pub. No. W079/00240 PCT Pub. Date May 3, 1979It has previously been known that the poor pigment dispersibility of an acrylic paint is its defect. The present invention provides a modified acrylic copolymer having superior pigment dispersibility and being suitable as a vehicle for acrylic paints. The copolymer is obtained by polymerizing specified proportions of a polyester containing an unsaturated double bond, a dialkylaminoalkyl (meth)acrylate, methyl methacrylate and another polymerizable monomer, and has a weight average molecular weight/number average molecular weight ratio within the range of 3 to 20.

Abstract: A process for polymerizing alpha-olefins in the presence of a Ziegler-type catalyst wherein at least one of dichloroethane, dichloropropane and chlorine gas is added to the process after the polymerization has been initiated. This invention is especially useful when the olefin is propylene and the catalyst is a titanium trichloride complex.

Abstract: An acrylic resin having resistance to crazing or crack formation when brought into contact with an organic solvent may be prepared by polymerizing or copolymerizing a monomer or monomers comprising (1) 50 to 100 wt. % of methyl methacrylate and (2) 0 to 50 wt. % of at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of an acrylic ester and a methacrylic acid ester, and adding a chain transfer agent after initiation and prior to completion of the polymerization. The acrylic resins have an intrinsic viscosity of 0.028 to 0.117 liters per gram, and a ratio of weight-average molecular weight to number-average molecular weight of 2.3 to 6.0.

Abstract: A rubbery copolymer of butadiene, styrene and acrylonitrile, if desired, with a tensile strength of about 50 to about 100 psig containing a minor amount of styrene, particularly in combination with selective tackifier resins. Said copolymer is preferably prepared by a step-wise aqueous emulsion polymerization with styrene and modifier being incrementally added. Said rubbery copolymer/tackifier mixture is particularly useful as an adhesive.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided to feed controlled quantities of a catalyst slurry to an olefin polymerization reactor in a controlled time sequence. The apparatus includes a feed line for continuously feeding an inert hydrocarbon liquid such as hexane or isobutane to the reactor. A bypass loop is provided in the feed line and is equipped with auxiliary apparatus to charge the loop with a predetermined quantity of catalyst slurry. At preselected timed intervals, the hydrocarbon feed is fed through the bypass loop to sweep the charge of catalyst slurry to the polymerization reactor.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of high gloss, high impact vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons which process comprises (1) subjecting a solution of rubber and vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomer to mass polymerization conditions in the presence of a chain transfer agent for a period of 4 to 10 hours until the reaction mass reaches a viscosity of 1800 to 2000 cps., said chain transfer agent being introduced into the reaction mass in two portions, a first portion representing 50 to 90% of the total chain transfer agent to be present during the mass polymerization and being added to said solution at or before the beginning of said mass polymerization and a second portion representing 10 to 50% being added just prior to the end of said mass polymerization, (2) subjecting said reaction mass to suspension polymerization conditions and (3) recovering high impact polymeric vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons having improved high gloss characteristics.

Abstract: A polymer of vinylacetate and a vinylalkoxysilane wherein the alkoxy groups of said vinylalkoxysilane are in a saponified form and the acetyl groups of said vinylacetate are at least partially saponified, the vinyl silane radicals of said copolymer having the formula ##STR1## WHEREIN R is hydrogen, aryl, cycloalkyl or a branched or unbranched saturated alkyl of 1 to 18 carbon atoms;Ma is an alkali metal, NH.sub.4 or H;n is 0 to 2;A process for preparing such a saponified copolymer by contacting a solution of vinylacetate-vinylalkoxysilane copolymer with an alcoholic solution of an alkali metal hydroxide, isolating a precipitated copolymer and dissolving said copolymer in an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide or aqueous ammonia solution; the use of said copolymer as a surface coating agent for inorganic silicaceous substrates.

Abstract: The invention relates to anionic polymerization and copolymerization of methacrylate and acrylate esters and related polar monomers, e.g. acrylonitrile, by initiation with carboxylic acid esters formally substituted in the .alpha.-position with Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs and containing 3 - 30 C atoms in the straight or branched chain and 1 - 6 ester group in one molecule either alone or in the presence of C.sub.3 - C.sub.16 alkali metal alkoxide with the straight or branched chain. The polymerization or copolymerization is carried out at -80.degree. to +50.degree. C, advantageously at 20.degree. C and the molar ratios of monomers to .alpha.-metallo ester 10 to 1500 and alkoxide to .alpha.-metallo ester 0.5 to 80. Instead of the pure isolated .alpha.-metallo esters also a reaction mixture may be used which was prepared from the alkaline salt of substituted organic amide and non-metallated ester.

Abstract: A rubbery copolymer of butadiene, styrene and acrylonitrile, if desired, with a tensile strength of about 50 to about 100 psig containing a minor amount of styrene, particularly in combination with selective tackifier resins. Said copolymer is preferably prepared by a step-wise aqueous emulsion polymerization with styrene and modifier being incrementally added. Said rubbery copolymer/tackifier mixture is particularly useful as an adhesive.

Abstract: Reliable continual preparation of polymers is obtained using a tubular reactor by intermittently feeding monomer, permitting substantial polymerization, adding additional monomer to displace a portion of the polymer formed and repeating the foregoing cycle. Plugging of the reactor is avoided.

Abstract: A process for preparing new elastomeric copolymers of vinylidene fluoride having exceptionally valuable properties is disclosed. Monomeric mixtures containing vinylidene fluoride in such quantities as to yield elastomeric products are polymerized in solution, emulsion or suspension, or in the absence of solvents and/or dispersants (mass or bulk) in the presence of radical polymerization initiators, at temperatures of -30.degree. C to =200.degree. C, preferably at 0.degree. C to 120.degree. C, and at a pressure of from autonomous pressure to 300 atmospheres. In this process, vinylidene fluoride is fed into the reaction mixture during the polymerization and in a quantity such that the ratio between the added vinylidene fluoride and the vinylidene fluoride of the monomeric mixture subjected to polymerization varies between 0.1 and 1.5.

Abstract: An adduct of a fulvene and unsaturated silane produced in a Diels-Alder reaction and the interpolymerization of the adduct with ethylene, with or without propylene, with or without a polyene, in the preparation of ethylene interpolymers.

Abstract: 1,3-Butadiene is polymerized to polymers having broad molecular weight distribution in a continuous-adiabatic organolithium catalyzed polymerization in a flow pipe reactor by varying in a periodic manner the ratio of catalyst to 1,3-butadiene being charged to the reactor and mixing the polymers thus produced.

Abstract: The new film forming polymeric material is useful in coating, binder, adhesive, and thickening applications. It comprises the addition free-radical polymerization product formed by polymerizing a monomeric mixture consisting essentially of, by weight percent: 1 to 20% of 1,1 dimethyl-1,(2-hydroxypropyl) amine methacrylimide; 8 to 45% of N-vinyl pyrrolidone; and 35 to 89% of vinyl acetate. Solvent polymerization in acid media is preferred. Polymerization in the presence of a small amount of cross-linking agent (such as allyl diglycol carbonate) improves the resistance of the resulting product to softening under high humidity conditions, preferably without destroying its solubility in ethanol.

Abstract: A starting monomer mixture containing a minor amount of a cross linking agent is precipitation polymerized in a diluent/precipitant which is an unlimited solvent for the starting monomers but is neither a solvent or a substantial swelling agent for the resultant polymer. The amount of cross linking agent is maintained during polymerization at a critically low percent by volume relative to the entire polymerization mixture. The resultant product falling from the polymerization contains substantially only soluble hydrophilic polymers and copolymers.

Abstract: In a microsuspension polymerization of vinyl halide monomer additional monomer is added during the polymerization.

Abstract: A method of preparing synthetic rubbers having improved green strength and improved processing characteristics wherein a portion of the monomer is contacted with a catalyst imparting a cis-1,4 configuration and subsequently contacting the remaining portion of the monomer with a catalyst capable of imparting a trans-1,4 configuration.

Abstract: A rubbery copolymer of butadiene, styrene and acrylonitrile, if desired, with a tensile strength of about 50 to about 100 psig containing a minor amount of styrene, particularly in combination with selective tackifier resins. Said copolymer is preferably prepared by a step-wise aqueous emulsion polymerization with styrene and modifier being incrementally added. Said rubbery copolymer/tackifier mixture is particularly useful as an adhesive.

Abstract: A non-continuous suspension polymerization process for the production of finely-divided, low molecular weight polymeric particles of an aryl monomer is carried out in a heated aqueous suspension media at a polymerization temperature above the glass transition temperature of the desired polymer. The monomer reactants and the polymerization initiator are substantially simultaneously introduced into the heated suspension media at a slow, substantially continuous rate over a time within the range of from 20 to about 85 percent of the total polymerization reaction time. The suspension media is subjected to high-rate shearing throughout the reaction.

Abstract: In a low pressure process for the production of crystalline propene-ethene-butene-1 terpolymers with 0.2 to 10% by weight of ethene and 0.2 to 5% by weight of butene-1 with the aid of mixed catalysts of TiCl.sub.3 or TiCl.sub.3 .sup.. n AlCl.sub.3 (n = 0.2 to 0.6), and chlorine-containing organoaluminum compounds, the improvement comprising conducting the polymerization in butene-2 or in a C.sub.4 -cut containing 20-99% butene-2, containing 0.1 - 2.5% of butene-1, with the addition of 0.2 to 10% of ethene, based on the amount of propene employed.

Abstract: N-3-Oxohydrocarbon-substituted acrylamides, especially diacetone acrylamide, react with aldehydes in alkaline media (usually aqueous) to form water-soluble compositions which contain hydroxyalkylated and/or alkoxyalkylated derivatives of said substituted acrylamides. Addition polymers of these water-soluble compositions may be prepared, especially as aqueous latices or as solutions in organic solvents. These addition polymers are useful in adhesives and coatings. In particular, the polymers may be combined with pigments and/or with alkaline reagents or aminoplast compositions to form paints and textile adhesives.

Abstract: A thermoplastic composition suitable as a mold release surface for preparing cast articles which comprises a silane grafted poly(vinyl alcohol) prepared by the method which comprises incrementally reacting a selected silane with the poly(vinyl alcohol) characterized by having a molecular weight in the range of about 5,000 to about 150,000, by having a 4 weight percent aqueous solution viscosity at 20.degree.C in the range of about 5 to about 65 centipoises, and by containing about 70 to about 98 weight percent vinyl alcohol units.

Abstract: Novel crosslinked heteropolymers of vinyl acetate and maleic anhydride are provided which are useful as aqueous thickeners for aqueous formulations such as cosmetics and latex paints. Ester and amide derivatives of the combined maleic anhydride portion of the heteropolymer are also provided. The process for preparing the crosslinked heteropolymers comprises adding a maleic anhydride monomer, and crosslinking agent monomer, and catalyst in controlled amounts to a monomer solution of vinyl acetate.

Abstract: A process for the production of co- and multi-monomer random polymers involves the free-radical bulk polymerization of vinyl esters and styrene while controlling the rate of polymerization via the gradual addition of styrene to the polymerization medium during polymerization.

Abstract: Vinyl halide homopolymers, particularly polyvinyl chloride, which exhibit improved processing characteristics without sacrificing physical properties are prepared by partially polymerizing a vinyl halide monomer at an initial temperature level whereupon the reaction temperature is then raised and the polymerization is continued at this increased temperature level preferably while in the presence of a chain transfer agent so as to obtain a polymer having an average molecular weight range different from that obtainable at the first reaction temperature. The resulting polyvinyl chloride provides the physical characteristics of polymer blends but can be processed much more readily than a mechanical blend of homopolymers of varying molecular weights, fusing more easily and without the undesirable formation of fish eyes.

Abstract: The disclosure teaches the gelling and thickening of matrix forming resin systems by ion-dipole bonds. Suitable ions are introduced into the resin matrix as alkaline oxides or hydroxides. Thermoplastic polymers containing polar groups are used as additives for the thermosetting resins to offset shrink of the thermosetting resins during their crosslinking and curing in the molding operation. In the molded thermoset state of the resin materials, the polar groups provide sites for the improved bonding of paints, as for example, gel coats. The invention has particular advantages in polyester thermosetting resin systems and in the thermoplastic additives that are used therewith. Polar monomers copolymerized with styrene are the preferred thermoplastic additives.

Abstract: Di(2-methylene-but-3-en-1-yl) ether, methods to make this compound and the use of this compound as a crosslinking agent are disclosed.

Abstract: Vinyl halide is homopolymerized under suspension conditions with additional vinyl halide being added after the pressure drop with polymer being recovered only after the polymerisation is completed.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a graft copolymer which comprises reacting (I) a hydrocarbon resin based on cyclopentadiene or methylcyclopentadiene or both at an elevated temperature with (II) an olefinically unsaturated polycarboxylic acid compound and (III) a copolyerisable unsaturated monomer in a manner such that for at least a part of the reaction the unsaturated monomer (III) and the polycarboxylic acid compound (II) are simultaneously present, a graft-polymer based on I. a hydrocarbon resin based on cyclopentadiene or methylcyclopentadiene or on both as essential monomers, II. olefinically unsaturated polycarboxylic acid compounds and III. copolymerisable unsaturated monomers and a printing ink which comprises, as at least part of the binder component, said polymer, a pigment and a solvent.

Abstract: Random copolymers are derived from a variety of ethylenically unsaturated monomers and are characterised by containing a 1-olefine heat-reaction product which has been made by a free-radical polymerisation of a normally liquid 1-olefine having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms until the product has a non-volatile content of from 1% to 60%. The copolymers are useful in the field of surface coatings.

Abstract: The process disclosed herein involves the preparation of butadiene-styrene copolymers of improved green strength and low running temperature when used in tire compositions, which comprises the steps of polymerizing a mixture of butadiene and styrene in a hydrocarbon solvent having a lithium alkyl initiator therein while the monomer mixture is fed into the polymerization system at a rate slow enough to effect random copolymerization in the resulting polymer backbone, effecting a high degree of branching by conducting the polymerization at a temperature of 90.degree.-175.degree. C. (190.degree.-347.degree. F.) and effecting the final 10-50 percent of the polymerization with a monomer portion containing a higher proportion of styrene than is incorporated into the polymer-backbone, thereby effecting the formation of block polystyrene at the terminals of a plurality of branches. This copolymer of improved green strength and low running temperature is very useful in tire compositions.