Abstract: Chemically modified proteins obtainable by reacting casein, collagen, gelatin, albumin or mixtures thereof(a) with 0.5 to 15% by weight of chlorine or of a compound which liberates chlorine under the reaction conditions, in an aqueous medium at a pH of from 0 to 7 or(b) with 0.5 to 50% by weight of a non-aromatic mono- or disulfonic acid which contains in its organic radical one or more groups or structural features which react with nucleophiles, in an aqueous medium at a pH of from 6 to 14,are used as dispersants in colorant formulations.

Abstract: A process for the production of gelatin from fish skins comprises the steps of: (a) cleaning the skins in order to remove therefrom substantially all superfluous material; (b) treating with dilute aqueous alkali; (c) washing with water until the washing water is substantially neutral; (d) treating with dilute aqueous mineral acid; (e) washing with water until the washing water is substantially neutral; (f) treating with dilute aqueous citric acid and/or another suitable organic acid; (g) washing with water until the washing water is substantially neutral; and (h) extracting with water at elevated temperatures not above about 55.degree. c., the washed citric acid-treated skins. In practice, the present process employs much lower temperatures than known heretofore for the treatment steps, which results in a high quality product (e.g. absence of a fishy smell), compared with the prior art.

Abstract: The present invention relates to modified gelatin containing polyfluorinated substituents grafted on to the protein chain.It further relates to the process for the preparation of this modified gelatin, which consists in reacting a polyfluorinated derivative containing a group capable of reacting with the OH or NH.sub.2 groups of the gelatin in aqueous solution.Application: photographic film preparations.

Abstract: Process for hardening proteinaceous materials by means of a quick acting hardener corresponding to the following formula ##STR1## wherein: Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 each independently represent substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or Z.sub.1 represents substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene or Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.

Abstract: High molecular weight protein/fatty acid condensation products obtained by reaction of one mole of a protein hydrolysate of average molecular mass 3,000 to 7,000 with 0.5 to 3, preferably 2 to 2.5, moles of a C.sub.12 -C.sub.18 -fatty acid chloride in aqueous medium at a pH of 7 to 12. These protein/fatty acid condensation products are distinguished by eliciting no mucosal irritation whatever. They are therefore outstandingly suitable as surfactants for mild washing and cleansing agents.

Abstract: An adsorbent for .beta..sub.2 -microglobulin is disclosed, which comprises a water-insoluble carrier having supported thereon, as a ligand, at least one electrolyte selected from the group consisting of a polyamino acid, a polysaccharide, a synthetic high polymer, collagen having an isoelectric point of 9.5 or more, and gelatin having an isoelectric point of 6.5 or more, wherein said electrolyte has a molecular weight not less than 1,000 and an X value of more than 2.0, wherein X is a relationship regarding the skeleton structure of said electrolyte and is the sum of A and B, wherein A represents (the number of carbon atoms of the skeleton structure)-(the number of hydrophilic groups)/(the number of hydrophilic groups); and B represents .vertline.(the number of cationic groups)-(the number of anionic groups).vertline./(the number of hydrophilic groups). The adsorbent exhibits adsorptivity for .beta..sub.2 -microglobulin at high efficiency and high selectivity.

Abstract: A process for the in-line preparation of gelatin solutions comprising(a) mixing gelatin particles with an aqueous solution to wet the gelatin forming a gelatin-aqueous solution mixture,(b) heating rapidly said mixture to a temperature capable of digesting gelatin in said mixture, and(c) maintaining the digested gelatin at said temperature for a period to dissolve the gelatin particles into the aqueous solution.The process provides gelatin solutions for photographic uses in an improved manner without the general dissolution problems. The process is quick and is accomplished in-line, preferably continuously.

Abstract: According to this invention, the combination of a solid particulate water insoluble drug with a solid fish gelatin coating is produced by coacervation of the fish gelatin. The fish gelatin being soluble at ambient temperatures provides a basis for relatively low temperature coacervation impossible with other gelatins. Coacervation is brought about by the addition of conventional coacervation agents and the coacervating suspension containing gelatin and the agents is rendered insoluble by the addition of a suitable fixative such as glutaraldehyde.

Abstract: Particles which enclose cavities can be produced by adding a water-insoluble solid, liquid or gaseous cavity generating compound to an aqueous solution of matrix material. Subsequent to forming particles by dispersion in a water-insoluble dispersion medium, the matrix is rendered insoluble in water by cooling, by covalent cross-linking or by polymerization. The cavity generating compound is washed out, whereafter the particles can be used as ion exchangers in gel filtration processes, in hydrophobic chromatography or in affinity chromatography, optionally subsequent to derivatizing the particles. The particles can also be used to advantage as microcarriers in the cultivation of anchorage-dependent cells.

Abstract: A composition and formulation for use in covering and healing of wounds to the body, the formulation consisting of a mixture of a tissue compatible, water-based acrylic adhesive and collagen. The formulation comprises from between about 0.1% and 10% of collagen (dry basis), with the adhesive component preferably containing about 50% solids, balance water.

Abstract: A novel hardening agent for photographic gelatin coatings comprising a composite solution of a substituted 1,3,5 triazine and formaldehyde, in which the ratio of triazine to formaldehyde ranges from 1:0.1 to 1:0.7. The hardening agent may be added to the gelatin coating in the amount of 0.5 to 4 weight % based upon the gelatin content.

Abstract: Particles which enclose cavities can be produced by adding a water-insoluble solid, liquid or gaseous cavity generating compound to an aqueous solution of a matrix material. Subsequent to forming particles by dispersion in a water-insoluble dispersion medium, the matrix is rendered insoluble in water by cooling, by covalent cross-linking or by polymerization. The cavity generating compound is washed out, whereafter the particles can be used as ion exchangers in gel filtration processes, in hydrophobic chromatography or in affinity chromatography, optionally subsequent to derivatizing the particles. The particles can also be used to advantage as microcarriers in the cultivation of anchorage dependent cells.

Abstract: A method of hardening gelatin comprising adding to the gelatin to be hardened at least one compound represented by formula (I) ##STR1## wherein L represents a divalent organic group, R represents a hydrogen atom or a univalent organic group, A represents a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring which may be condensed with another ring, M.sup..sym. represents a hydrogen ion, an alkali metal ion or an ammonium ion, and n has a value of 1 or 2 or 3. The method may be applied to various processes involving hardening of gelatin, such as processes for forming various photographic materials or microcapsules.

Abstract: Water soluble sulphates of a heteroaromatic bis- or poly-sulphone are suitable for use as hardeners for proteinaceous binders, in particular in photographic layers.

Abstract: A cold water-soluble instantized gelatin having full gelation ability while containing no additives is obtained by spraying a pure gelatin solution without additives and having a water content of at least 35% at a temperature in excess of the gelation and solidification temperature on an excess of finely divided solid gelatin particles which contain less than 8% of water, and drying the particles thus obtained in a fluid bed to a water content of from 8 to 13%, whereupon a portion is removed from the process as final product and is further dried to a water content as required for optimum dissolution to occur in cold water, while the remainder first is more effectively dried to a water content below 8% and is then recycled into the process.

Abstract: A method for hardening gelatin comprising combining the gelatin to be hardened with a compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, and X.sup..THETA. are as herein defined. The compounds of this formula effectively harden gelatin with little or no after-hardening. These compounds are useful in hardening gelatin in photographic elements.

Abstract: Heteroaromatic vinylsulphone compounds having at least two vinylsulphonyl groups each attached to a carbon atom of a heteroasomatic ring are suitable for hardening proteinic binder layers such as photographic layers containing gelatine as binder.

Abstract: This invention relates to a surfactant with less toxicity and irritation against the human body and a production process thereof. The surfactant is produced by the acylation of the side chain amino radicals of collagen or gelatine with an aliphatic acid having 2 to 26 carbon atoms; it is used as an emulsifier and an antiseptic for cosmetics.

Abstract: This invention relates to a hydrated adhesive gel using a product which is obtained by reacting an aqueous solution consisting essentially of protein having amino groups at the side chains thereof, a gelling retarder, and a hydrophilic tackifier with a N-hydroxyimidoester compound.

Abstract: A composition containing a tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) which comprises a partial hydrolyzate of gelatin cross-linked to a diisocyanate as an essential ingredient; or alternatively a partial hydrolyzate of gelatin cross-linked to a diisocyanate and one or more of a basic amino acid or salt thereof. The composition enhances the solubility of the tPA in water, thereby making the tPA further available in the treatment of circulatory diseases caused by thrombi.

Abstract: Luciferase is immobilized on a membrane prepared from an absorbent albuminoid such as procine skin gelatin. The membrane may be formed by spreading a solution of porcine skin gelatin on a support and after incubation and drying removing the resultant membrane from the support. Preferably, the membrane is crosslinked with a solution of glutaraldehyde, and luciferase is immobilized by saturating the membrane with luciferase in the presence of dithiothreitol. The immobilized luciferase is particularly suitable for the quantitative determination of adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of hardening a proteinaceous surface layer of a photographic silver halide element by incorporating a dextran derivative in said proteinaceous surface layer, said dextran derivative being the reaction product of dextran and an epihalohydrin. The invention also provides a photographic element comprising at least one silver halide emulsion layer and at least one proteinaceous surface layer comprising the reaction product of dextran and an epihalohydrin.

Abstract: A process for hardening gelatin, which comprises incorporating in a gelatin-containing material at least one hardening compound represented by formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Z represents non-metallic atoms necessary for the formation of a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic ring which may optionally be substituted, X.sup..crclbar. represents an anion, and n represents 0 or 1 provided that when n represents 0, the compound forms an inner salt. The gelatin hardeners can rapidly harden gelatin with little or no post-hardening and react with reactive groups of gelatin with high selectivity.

Abstract: This invention relates to a hemostatic agent used in surgical operations, which can be produced in two ways: one blending collagen/gelatin with protamine, the other blending collagen/gelatin with protamine and a bi-functional cross-linking agent so as to make said collagen/gelatin have a covalent bond with said protamine. The produced hemostatic agent can stop bleeding within far less time than a conventional hemostatic agent made out of pure collagen.

Abstract: A method of producing a vascular graft comprises impregnating a tube of flexible porous material with gelatinous material which contains a gelatin with has been treated to cause it to contain a predetermined number of amino groups less than that normally present in untreated gelatin then treating the impregnated tube to cause the amino groups to form cross links with one another. The gelatin may be treated by reacting it with the anhydride or the chloride of a polycarboxylic acid.

Abstract: This invention relates to a surfactant composed of acylated collagen or acylated gelatine produced by the acylation of the side chain amino radicals of collagen or gelatine with an aliphatic acid having 2-26 carbon atoms and a dicarboxylic acid having 2-8 carbon atoms and a production process thereof. Since it has less toxicity and irritation against the human body and can dissolve in a neutral solution of pH 6-8 in the form of molecular dispersion, the surfactant is especially suitable for use in the field of cosmetic and foodstuff industries.

Abstract: Oligopeptide derivates corresponding to the general formulaMOOC--CHR.sup.1 --CHR.sup.2 --COHN--R.sup.3 (I)in which one of the groups R.sup.1 or R.sup.2 represents hydrogen or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group while the other is a C.sub.6 -C.sub.22 alkyl or alkenyl group; R.sup.3 represents the residue of an oligopeptide which optionally contains other MOOC--CHR.sup.1 --CHR.sup.2 --CO-- groups attached to the nitrogen atom of basic amino acid side groups, and M represents hydrogen or an alkali, alkaline-earth, ammonium, mono-, di- or tri-alkanolammonium ion, are produced by partial hydrolysis of an animal or vegetable protein to a hydrolyzate having an average molecular weight of from 200 to 20,000 and reaction of the hydrolyzate with a substituted succinic acid anhydride corresponding to the following general formula ##STR1## in the presence of a base at a pH value above 8. These oligopeptide derivatives are suitable for use as surfactants which are gentle to the skin.

Abstract: A hardening method for gelatin which comprises using as a hardening agent a compound represented by formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 each represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; or two of said R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are combined with each other to form a ring (1); or 3 or more of said R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are combined with each other to form a condensed ring (2); X represents a group capable of being released when the compound shown by formula (I) reacts with a nucleophilic reagent; Y.sup..crclbar. represents an anion; or Y.sup..crclbar. is combined with one of X, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4, ring (1), or ring (2) to form an anionic portion of an intramolecular salt.

Abstract: A method for hardening gelatin is disclosed, which comprises incorporating in a gelatin-containing material at least one compound represented by formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 each represents an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aralkyl group, or an aryl group, or any two of R.sup.1 R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 are bound to each other to form a ring, or any three or more of them are bound to each other to form a condensed ring, X represents a group capable of being eliminated when the compound represented by formula (I) reacts with a nucleophilic reagent, and Y.crclbar. represents an anion.

Abstract: Water-soluble, biologically active conjugates comprising residues of (1) a biologically active protein or glycoprotein having primary amino groups, (2) a heteropolymer of D-mannuronic acid and L-guluronic acid and (3) an alkyleneglycol of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, the said residue (2) being linked to (1) by an amide linkage and to (3) by an ester linkage, which conjugates have increased activity at higher pH values and higher temperatures and a process for their preparations.

Abstract: A hardened gelatin and a method for obtaining the hardened gelatin are described, using at least one compound represented by formula (I) ##STR1## wherein all symbols are as defined in the appended claims. The compounds of formula (I) are high in hardening speed and cause little or no post-hardening. Thus these compounds are very useful, for example, in preparation of a light-sensitive material.

Abstract: Peritoneal dialysis solution may have an osmotic agent as a partial or complete substitute to the conventional dextrose. The osmotic agent is gelatin chemically cross-linked to suppress gelation.