Abstract: The invention relates to hydraulic fracturing of geological formations at selected levels of wells drilled for recovery of hydrocarbons. It resides in the addition of relatively small quantities of a bacterial cellulose to hydraulic fracturing fluids to improve their rheological properties. Proppant suspension is markedly improved and friction loss through well casings is significantly reduced, resulting in lower pumping energy requirements. Computer models also indicate that formation fractures will also be propagated for greater distances as will the propped portion of the fracture. Normally only about 5-15 lb of bacterial cellulose per 1000 gallons (0.60-1.8 g/L) of fracturing fluid is needed. A preferred bacterial cellulose is one made in agitated fermenters using mutation resistant strains of a bacterium from the genus Acetobacter.

Abstract: Novel deacetylated polysaccharide biopolymers having improved viscosity/filtrability/injectability, well adopted for the secondary and tertiary recovery of oil deposits, are conveniently prepared by (i) acidifying an aqueous polysaccharide composition, e.g., a carbohydrate fermentation broth, with nitric acid to a pH of from about 2 to 0.1, (ii) heat-treating said acidified composition at a temperature of from about 50.degree. to 100.degree. C. for from about 5 to 60 minutes, and (iii) cooling said heat-treated composition and adjusting the pH thereof to a value of from about 5 to 7.

Abstract: A method for utilizing a purified exocellular polysaccharide, Zooglan, produced by Zoogloea ramigera, as a viscosity modifier, gellant, drag reducing agent, dispersant, flocculant, or emulsifying agent, wherein the properties of the polymer are dependent on, and can therefore be controlled by varying, the pH, the concentration of polymer, the ionic strength of the solution, and the processing parameters such as mechanical shear.The overall conformation of Zooglan, which is responsible for its functional properties, can be manipulated with pH and/or ionic strength of the solution. For example, the intrinsic viscosity of Zooglan (estimated m.w.=2.times.10.sup.7) can vary from 16 to 170 dl/g in aqueous solution as a function of pH between 2-9 and salt concentration between 0 and 1M KCl. Zooglan is a polyelectrolyte above pH 2. The Zooglan chain is relatively stiff, with a stiffness parameter of 0.02. Zooglan solutions at a concentration above 0.

Abstract: New alkyl mono and polyglycoside phosphate esters and anionic derivatives thereof are described which compounds have the general formulaRO(G).sub.x Z.sub.ywhereinG is a glycosyl moiety which is selected from the group consisting of fructose, glucose, mannose, galactose, talose, gulose, allose, altrose, idose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose, ribose or mixtures thereof,R is an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group substituted on the glycosyl moiety which aliphatic or aromatic group is a straight chain or is branched, or is cyclic, saturated or unsaturated and has 6 to 30 carbon atoms;x=1 to 10;y=1 to 3.times.+1;at least one of the hydroxyl groups at the hydroxyl position of at least one of the glycosyl moieties is substituted with Z which is ##STR1## wherein A=R.sub.1, H.sup.+ or (G).sub.x ORB=R.sub.2, M.sup.+ or (G).sub.x ORexcept that when B--R.sub.2 or (G).sub.x OR, A.noteq.H, when A or B=(G).sub.x OR, Z substitutes one of the hydroxyl groups of the glycosyl moieties of A or B, and R.sub.1 and R.sub.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition designed to be applied on the skin or the mucosae, characterized in that it contains Rhamsan gum.

Abstract: Three dimensional glucan matrix compositions are prepared by separating growing yeast from its growth medium, subjecting the yeast with cell walls intact to an alkali material, thereby extracting whole glucan particles having an intact cell wall structure. The whole glucans can then, optionally, be treated with acetic acid to alter the .beta.(1-6) linkages, or with glucanase to alter the .beta.(1-3) linkages. The glucans have viscosity characteristics dependent upon the strain of yeast utilized and are useful as stabilizers or thickeners.

Abstract: Method for the production of asialoganglioside related compounds of the formula (I). ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen or benzoyl, R.sup.2 is hydrogen or acetyl, R.sup.3 is hydrogen, acetyl, .beta.-D-galactopyranosyl or 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl, R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are individually alkyl having 1 to 30 carbon atoms and Ac is acetyl.

Abstract: Oxirane-pseudooligosaccharides of the formula I ##STR1## in which z is zero or 1, their physiologically acceptable salts with acids, a process for their preparation, pharmaceutical preparations, and their use are described. The compounds have an .alpha.-glucosidase-inhibiting action.

Abstract: Cellulase-free heteropolysaccharides, more especially xanthan, are obtainable by treatment at special pH values, heat treatment, optionally cooling, neutralization and, optionally, subsequent precipitation in a high-turbulence precipitation bath.

Abstract: The present invention concerns the use of fructosyl oligosaccharides as low-calorie sweeteners, and the foods, dietetic products and drinks containing them.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a high viscous substance composition and its purified high viscous substance which are produced by cultivating a microbe belonging to genus Klebsiella and which are useful as an additive such as a thickening agent and/or an emulsion stabilizer for food, medicine, etc., and a process for producing such a high viscous substance composition and its purified high viscous substance.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an angiogenesis inhibitor containing as an active ingredient protein-polysaccharides produced by extraction of mycelia or fruit bodies obtained from culture of a Basidiomycete belonging to a genus Coriolus.The protein-polysaccharide contains about 18 to about 38% by weight of protein, being free from protein-polysaccharides having molecular weight of less than 5,000.More in detail, said protein-polysaccharides of the present invention contain 3 to 6% of nitrogen, a polysaccharide portion thereof, as the main fraction, is composed of .beta.-D-glucan and this glucan portion has branched structures containing 1.fwdarw.3, 1.fwdarw.4 and 1.fwdarw.

Abstract: Glucose, and separately a 1:1 mixture of glucose and fructose, were thermally polymerized in the presence of glutamic acid to yield artificial carbohydrates with chemical linkages different from starch, cellulose, or chitin.

Abstract: Novel sialic acid derivatives and galactose derivatives which are useful intermediate for the synthesis of gangliosides. Methods for the production of the sialic acid and galactose derivatives. Methods for the production of ganglioside GM.sub.3.

Abstract: Processes for producing aloe extracts including the separation of the leaves of the aloe plant into distinct portions. In particular, a first process is described for producing an aloe extract which is substantially free of anthraquinone-rich yellow sap and a second process is described for extracting the active chemical substance in the aloe plant.The active chemical substance in the aloe plant is extracted from aloe leaves and its characteristic properties are described.

Abstract: An antihyperlipidemic pharmaceutical or dietary supplement composition for oral use consisting essentially of a combination of niacin and guar gum, and a method of lowering cholesterol levels with such oral pharmaceutical composition, or by the simultaneous oral administration of the active ingredients thereof, which eliminates the usual undesirable flushing and itching side effects of niacin while effectively lowering cholesterol levels, especially LDL cholesterol levels, is disclosed.

Abstract: The invention is a method of binding a portion of the cholesterol present in an aqueous suspension, such as the digestive system of a mammal. It involves the use of a purified bacterial cellulose in a sufficient amount to absorb or bind at least a portion of the cholesterol present in the system. The bacterial cellulose provides a dietary fiber component and is preferably one produced by a bacterium of the genus Acetobacter cultured under agitated aerobic conditions.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing oligosaccharides by the reaction between lactose and .beta.-galactosidase from aspergillus oryzae in which an concentration of lactose in an enzyme reaction mixture is between 50 and 90% (w/v) and a reaction temperature is within the range of 55.degree. C. to the temperature at which the .beta.-galactosidase in the reaction mixture is inactivated. This invention therefore makes it possible to obtain the sugar mixture containing high-purity oligosaccharides, small amounts of unreacted lactose and by produced monosaccharides.

Abstract: Bifunctional oligosaccharides, characterized by the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms or an alkali metal, R.sub.2 represents a single bond or a divalent radical compound of monosaccharides and glc represents glucose, are obtained with the help of a specific microbial lyase cleaving the glucose-glucoronic acid bond in polysaccharides; said bifunctional oligosaccharides can be reacted with all kinds of products like proteins and drugs resulting in products having modified properties like solubility etc.

Abstract: A process is described for extracting a pharmaceutically active polysaccharidic substance from the aloe plant.The pharmaceutically active polysaccharidic substance and its characteristic properties are described.

Abstract: A process for preparing gamma inulin comprising the steps of (a) recrystallizing crude inulin from water at a temperature below 37.degree. C. to obtain a suspension, (b) heating the suspension at a temperature of from about 25.degree. to 45.degree. C. for about 1-3 days, (c) further heating the suspension at a temperature of about 40.degree. to 55.degree. C. for about 0.5 to 1.5 hours, and (d) isolating insoluble gamma inulin from the suspension. A composition comprising particles of inulin or an inulin derivative in the gamma polymorphic form is characterized in that the particles have a low rate of solution in aqueous media above 30.degree. C., particularly above 37.degree. C. The composition is effective as the active component of an immunotherapeutic preparation for activation of the alternative pathway of complement, or for antitumor treatment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polysaccharide product containing units corresponding to rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose and providing, in addition, humans and animals with an increased level of plasma prolactin when administered in an effective amount, orally or by injection. The product is substantially soluble in water and substantially insoluble in ethanol and is preferably derived from plants of the genus Gossypium sp. of the family of the Malvaceae or from plants of the species Euphorbia Hirta of the family Euphorbiaceae. The molecular mass of the polysaccharide product is generally between about 10.sup.4 and 10.sup.6 daltons and preferably between 2.10.sup.4 and 10.sup.5 daltons.

Abstract: Novel processes for synthesizing acid mucopolysaccharide fragments having from 2-12 saccharides and substantially pure products of a single structure produced thereby. Condensation are disclosed between a first protected saccharide and a second protected saccharide to form a protected condensation product having units linked in the manner found in chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate and having protecting groups thereon which allow selective positioning of functional groups, in particular sulfate, at desired positions. Other condensations are disclosed in which a protected condensation product is formed which can be elongated, and has protecting groups thereon which allow selective positioning of functional groups, in particular sulfate, at desired positions. Also disclosed is a process for selectively positioning functional groups on a protected acid mucopolysaccharide having from 2-12 units.

Abstract: A method for large-scale production of rhamnose and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid is disclosed comprising the steps of growing microorganisms of Pseudomonas sp. capable of production of high levels of rhamnolipid in a defined culture medium containing vegetable oil. Additional steps include isolating the rhamnolipid from the culture medium, hydrolyzing the rhamnolipid to produce rhamnose and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid, and separating the rhamnose from the acid. Corn oil is the preferred vegetable oil and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the preferred Pseudomonas sp. Non-limiting concentrations of nitrogen compounds and magnesium compounds and limiting concentrations of iron compounds are additionally preferably included in the culture medium.

Abstract: In a method for preparing multiple glucosyl branched-cyclodextrins, a debranching enzyme is contacted to a mixture of maltose or a substance containing maltooligosaccharide such as maltose with a cyclodextrin to obtain a reaction product from which a branched-cyclodextrin is then separated; said branched-cyclodextrin is converted to glycosyl-cyclodextrin under the action of glucoamylase, which is thereafter mixed with maltose or a substance containing maltooligosaccharide such as maltose; and the resulting mixture is successively acted on by a debranching enzyme and glucoamylase.

Abstract: Normal human colon fibroblast tissue plasminogen activator is separated by lysine-Sepharose affinity chromatography into Types I and II glycoforms and characterized with respect to the relative incidence of each type of oligosaccharide comprising the respective Types I and II glycoforms.

Abstract: A novel acidic heteropolysaccharide which comprises as its structural units arabinose, mannose, galactose, glucuronic acid, and xylose, at a specific ratio. The polysaccharide can be prepared by culturing a callus induced from a plant belonging to the genus Polianthes L. in a culture medium containing plant hormones. The polysaccharide can be used as a component of agents for external application and detergents, and provides good moisturizing effects and a smooth, satisfying feeling upon use. When formulated in detergents, they produce remarkable improvement in a clean, rich feeling upon use.

Abstract: The present invention relates to polymeric dispersing agents for finely divided materials, particularly minerals, which are fermentation products of bacteria. The invention relates to bacterial strains producing such dispersants and to a process for the production of the dispersants by fermentation of such bacteria.The invention further relates to compositions containing effective quantities of such polymeric fermentation products in order to be effective dispersants for minerals.

Abstract: Pyruvic acid is prepared by microbiological oxidation of D-(-)-lactic acid.

Abstract: The salt formed between the polyanions forming the Trichosaccharide and the NH.sub.2 groups of 2,4-diamino-6-piperidino-pyrimidine-3-oxide represents a novel trichogenic factor by which the activity of the single components is enhanced and the seriously toxic side effects of Minoxidil are done away with.

Abstract: A stock feed containing a specific amount of galacto-oligosaccharides, the stock feed being effective in the prevention of scours/loose passage of livestocks and thus in the increase of their weight.

Abstract: A polysaccharide polymer is disclosed which is a better viscosifier of water than xanthan gum. The polysaccharide polymer and its non-acetylated form, are comprised of glucose and mannose moieties in a ratio of about 2:1. The invention also discloses Xanthomonas mutants which produce the polysaccharide polymer but which do not produce xanthan gum. Methods of preparing the polysaccharide polymers and of their use are also described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition intended for contacting with a physiological liquid characterized in that said composition is intended to be administered as a non-gelled liquid form and is intended to gel in situ, this composition containing at least one polysaccharide in aqueous solution, of the type which undergoes liquid-gel phase transition gelling in situ under the effect of an increase in the ionic strength of said physiological liquid.

Abstract: Hydrocolloid/salt blends are prepared which controllably release ions into solution. The blends are especially useful in alginate print paste compositions.

Abstract: A liquid food comprising polydextrose and oligosaccharides which are hard to digest and easy to ferment is provided. This liquid food has excellent effect for relieving constipation.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to plant polysaccharides acting on the immune system and a process for isolating the polysaccharides from plant cell cultures. The purified polysaccharides can be used as drugs, specifically as immunomodulators or immune mediators, in animal medicine.

Abstract: A method for utilizing a purified exocellular polysaccharide, Zooglan, produced by Zoogloea ramigera, as a viscosity modifier, gellant, drag reducing agent, dispersant, flocculant, or emulsifying agent, wherein the properties of the polymer are dependent on, and can therefore be controlled by varying, the pH, the concentration of polymer, the ionic strength of the solution, and the processing parameters such as mechanical shear.The overall conformation of Zooglan, which is responsible for its functional properties, can be manipulated with pH and/or ionic strength of the solution. For example, the intrinsic viscosity of Zooglan (estimated m.w.=2.times.10.sup.7) can vary from 16 to 170 dl/g in aqueous solution as a function of pH between 2-9 and salt concentration between 0 and 1M KCl. Zooglan is a polyelectrolyte above pH 2. The Zooglan chain is relatively stiff, with a stiffness parameter of 0.02. Zooglan solutions at a concentration above 0.

Abstract: Glycosylated plasminogen activator (t-PA) having a glycosylation pattern significantly different than exhibited by t-PA from Bowes melanoma cells is obtained from cultured normal human colon fibroblast cells (CCD-18Co).

Abstract: A process is described for extracting a pharmaceutically active polysaccharidic substance from the aloe plant.The pharmaceutically active polysaccharidic substance and its characteristic properties are described.

Abstract: A new pharmaceutical composition is composed of two plant extracts: Polysaccharides of Hunang QI and Polysaccharides of Dankuei. The pharmaceutical composition is highly effective in increasing immune function and is very safe. Methods of extracting polysaccharides of Huang QI from Astragalus membranaceus Bge or Astragalus gummifier Labillard, and polysaccharides of Dankuei from Angelica sinensis Diels, Angelic archangelica or Levisticum officinale Koch are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention is dealing with new pentasaccharides of the formula I: ##STR1## These pentasaccharides have anti-thrombotic activity and especially they possess potent anti-Xa activity, inactivate thrombin via HC-II, but do not inactivate thrombin via AT-III.The invention also refers to new tetrasaccharides which may be used as intermediates in the synthesis of the above pentasaccharides.

Abstract: A novel mono-sialo ganglioside derivative substantially identical chemically and physically with a product prepared by(a) concentration of an aqueous solution of a mono-sialo ganglioside and calcium ions under sub-atmospheric pressure at 40.degree.-80.degree. C. for 18-240 hours,(b) adjustment of the pH to 2-3, followed by dialysis, and(c) evaporation of the aqueous solvent.The novel ganglioside is believed to be a new physical form of the known ganglioside G.sub.M1 and shows activity against bacteria, viruses, protozoal, fungi and tumours. It has previously been suggested that gangliosides in general may be useful in the treatment of neurological disorders but not that they affect the activity of phagocytes.

Abstract: An ingredient for activating immunity more effective than that obtained from limnetic chlorella is provided, which ingredient comprises polysaccharide contained in marine chlorella as an active ingredient, and which is obtained by dissolving an extract of a marine chlorella with hot water in an alcohol, removing an alcohol-soluble matter from the extract and further removing a low molecular weight substance from the resulting extract by means of gel-filtration or the like.

Abstract: Covalently-modified neutral bacterial polysaccharides; covalent conjugates of such polysaccharides linked by a bigeneric spacer, with immunogenic bacterial membrane or other proteins, which conjugates are useful components of bacterial vaccines; and methods of preparing such polysaccharides and conjugates.

Abstract: A cell culture microcarrier having positively charged cross-inked polysaccharides and basic groups linked therewith wherein the basic groups have the formula (I) ##STR1## with Z being an optionally substituted hydrocarbon chain having at least 2 carbon atoms,R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 being the same or different and representing alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl groups, andn is at least 1.

Abstract: Methods and compositions are provided for the production and use of enzymes that degrade lipopolysaccharide bioemulsifiers, and, in particular, emulsans. The enzymes may be used to demulsify bioemulsifier-stabilized hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the separation of a polysaccharide from an aqueous system using a water-soluble fatty acid salt and optionally a precipitated liquid to separate out the polysaccharide.

Abstract: Three dimensional glucan matrix compositions are prepared by separating growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast from its growth medium, subjecting the yeast with cell walls intact to aqueous hydroxide and treating the insoluble glucan with acetic acid to alter the .beta.(1-6) linkages. The glucans have viscosity characteristics dependent upon the strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilized and are useful as stabilizer or thickeners.

Abstract: A novel heteropolysaccharide produced by strains of Enterobacter sakazakii, such as Enterobacter sakazakii ATCC 53017, Enterobacter sakazakii ATCC 29004, and Enterobacter sakazakii ATCC 12868, is disclosed. The heteropolysaccharide comprises from about 13 to about 22 percent by weight of L-fucose, from about 19 to about 24 percent by weight of D-galactose, from about 23 to about 30 percent by weight of D-glucose, from about 0 to about 8 percent by weight of D-mannose, from about 29 to about 32 percent by weight of glucuronic acid, said percent ranges based on total carbohydrate; the heteropolysaccharide further comprising about 1 to about 1.5 equivalents of ester per equivalent of neutral sugar. The heteropolysaccharide has many uses as a suspending, thickening, or stabilizing agent, and is particularly useful as a frictional drag reduction agent in aqueous systems.

Abstract: A hypoglycemic composition which contains as an effective component a polysaccharide named as Arboran A or B which has hypoglycemic activity and water solubility, and a method of treating diabetes comprising administering to a patient afflicted with diabetes a theraputically effective amount of the above composition.