Abstract: The invention relates to a modified gellan gum in which the total acyl content as well as the ratio of acyl substituent groups to glycerate substituent groups per linear saccharide repeat unit is altered to be higher than 1. The invention further relates to a process for the modification of a gellan gum to alter its acyl content in which the gum is treated with a weak base such as sodium or potassium carbonate or a suitable phosphate. The process enables “tailor made” gums having appropriate setting temperatures and theological properties to be made. Novel compositions containing them are also claimed.

Abstract: An erythromycin A 9-O-benzodithiol oxime intermediate represented by the following formula (III) useful for synthesis of clarthromycin and crystalline solvate thereof: Wherein, Y1 and Y2 are independently a hydrogen atoms or trimethylsilyl groups. And, a process for the preparation of clarithromycin using the erythromycin A 9-O-benzodithiol oxime intermediate as described in the specification.

Abstract: Sulfated fucogalactan or its salt useful as a reagent for sugar chain engineering or an HGF-production inducer; a degraded product or its salt obtained by treating the sulfated fucogalactan with a sulfated fucogalactan digesting enzyme; the sulfated fucogalactan digesting enzyme useful in sugar chain engineering; a process for producing the degraded product by treating sulfated fucogalactan or its salt with the above enzyme; and a process for producing the sulfated fucogalactan digesting enzyme.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing 9-deoxo-9(Z)-hydroxyiminoerythromycin A corresponding to formula (I) below: from 9-deoxo-9(E)-hydroxyiminoerythromycin A by reaction with a base in water or in a mixture of water/solvent of dialkyl ketone type capable of forming a crystallizable solvate with the desired 9(Z)-oxime; acidification of the reaction mixture to a pH of between 9 and 11; addition to the said mixture of an organic solvent; optionally concentration under vacuum of the resulting organic phase; and isolation of the desired 9(Z)-erythromycin oxime.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for preparing azithromycin dihydrate from crude azithromycin by the gradual crystallization of azithromycin from acetone by the addition of a minimal amount of water to effect crystal formation is disclosed. This invention also relates to a method of making azithromycin from desmethyl-azithromycin by dissolving desmethyl-azithromycin in acetone, adding activated carbon, adding formaldehyde, adding formic acid; refluxing the desmethyl-azithromycin acetone solution, adding sodium hydroxide to induce precipitation of azithromycin, and isolating azithromycin.

Abstract: There are described novel 4′ substituted tylosin analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also described is a method for treating bacterial infections by administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention, and processes for the preparation of such compounds.

Abstract: Compounds are of the formula: and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compounds of formula 1 are potent antibacterial agents that can be used to treat various bacterial infections and disorders related to such infections. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions including the compounds of formula 1 and to methods of treating bacterial infections by administering the compounds of formula 1. The invention also relates to methods of preparing the compounds of formula 1 and to intermediates useful in such preparation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a new class of polyene macrolide derivatives useful for treating or preventing fungal infections. The new polyene macrolide derivatives exhibit surprisingly superior antifungal activity and water solubility compared to amphotericin B methyl ester (AME). In addition, the new polyene macrolide derivatives have improved water solubility and lower toxicity than both amphotericin B (AmB) and AME.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing compound of general formula I by reductive amination of the corresponding (4″)-carbonyl derivative, characterized in that it comprises: placing the said (4″)-carbonyl derivative in contact with at least one nitrogenous reagent and a Lewis acid under conditions that are favourable for converting the 4″ carbonyl function, reducing the resulting mixture using a reducing agent, and optionally deprotecting the hydroxyl function in position 2′, to give the expected compound of general formula I.

Abstract: Dispersions of pigment, such as calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide and types of clay, can be effectively stabilized by the use of carboxyl-containing fructan in an amount of 0.05-10% by weight, based on the dispersion, which fructan contains 0.5-3 carboxyl groups per mono-saccharide unit. The carboxyalkyl groups are in particular carboxymethyl groups, but the carboxyl groups can also be carboxyl groups obtained entirely or partially by oxidation. The carboxymethylfructan gives results which are comparable to or better than those obtained with the polyacrylates which are less desirable from the standpoint of health and environment.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel method for synthesising M6G, and intermediates therefor. In order to synthesise M6G the major problem to overcome is to obtain the glycoside linkage with very high &bgr;-selectivity since prior methods produce the &agr;-anomer. The invention provides a method for the preferential synthesis of the &bgr;-anomer of M6G which includes the step shown in Scheme 6 wherein use of DMAP is optional.

Abstract: Glycosidation of 4,5-Epoxymorphinan-6-ols with a Thioglycoside as a glycoside donor is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a 4,5-Epoxymorphinan-6-ol and a Thioglycoside in the presence of a thiophilic promoter under conditions capable of forming 4,5-Epoxymorphinan-6-glycosides. This novel approach was used for preparation of pharmaceutically important 4,5-Epoxymorphinan-6-&bgr;-D-glucuronides. The process provides both high stereo-selectivity and high yields.

Abstract: Processes for the preparation of 3′,4′-cyclic acetals of pentopyranosylnucleosides, in which the pentopyranosyl nucleoside is reacted with an aldehyde, ketone, acetal, or ketal under reduced pressure of less than about 500 mbar.

Abstract: Polysaccharide derivatives derived from a polysaccharide or a derivative thereof by substituting a part or all of the hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide or the derivative thereof with the groups represented by the following formula (1): —E1—(OA)n—E2—R  (1) wherein E1 represents a divalent saturated C1-6 hydrocarbon group which may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups or oxo groups, n stands for a number of from 8 to 300, n numbers of As may be the same or different and each independently represent a divalent saturated C1-6 hydrocarbon group, E2 represents an ether bond or an oxycarbonyl group, and R represents a C4-30 alkyl group which may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups, in which the H(s) of one or more hydroxy groups in each of said groups (1) may be further substituted with the groups (1); thickeners and emulsifiers comprising these polysaccharide derivatives; as well as aqueous compositions containing said polysacchari

Abstract: The invention pertains to a process for the regeneration and recovery of periodate from a spent iodate solution, by reacting the iodate with at least an equimolar amount of hypohalite, and carrying out the recovery in the presence of a water-miscible organic solvent or potassium ions or divalent metal (especially calcium) ions. The regenerated periodate is especially suitable for oxidising carbohydrates to dialdehyde carbohydrates.

Abstract: The reactivity of a number of p-methylphenyl thioglycoside (STol) donors which are either fully protected or have one hydroxyl group exposed has been quantitatively determined by HPLC in conjunction with the development of a broadly applicable approach for a facile one-pot synthesis of oligosaccharides. The influence on reactivity of the structural effects of different monosaccharide cores and different protecting groups on each glycoside donor is characterized and quantified. In addition, a correlation between glycosyl donor reactivity and the chemical shift of the anomeric proton by 1H NMR has been established. A database of thioglycosides as glycosyl donors has been created using this reactivity data. The utility is demonstrated by the easy and rapid one-pot assembly of various linear and branched oligosaccharide structures.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing a malto-oligosaccharide derived glycoside. Generally, the method comprises providing a malto-oligosaccharide and glycosylating the malto-oligosaccharide with an alcohol or a thiol under conditions suitable to form a malto-oligosaccharide derived glycoside. Also disclosed is a method for preparing a mixture of malto-oligosaccharide derived glycosides by providing a mixture of malto-oligosaccharides and glycosylating the malto-oligosaccharides with an alcohol or a thiol under substantially anhydrous conditions to form a mixture of malto-oligosaccharide derived glycosides.

Abstract: Improved single-step process for preparing 7,16-deoxy-2-aza-10-O-cladinosyl-12-O-desosaminyl-4,5-dihydroxy-6-ethyl-3,5,9,11,13,15-hexamethylbicycle[11.2.1]hexadeca-1(2)-en-8-ona from erythromycin A, with high yield and under soft conditions suitable for its industrial production. The transformation of erythromycin A into an intermediate compound, called 6,9-iminoether, which is obtained in a single step, is achieved by forming the mesitylenesulfonyloxime “in situ” from erythromycin, which in the presence of a base in aqueous acetone undergoes a Beckmann's transposition creating the iminoether with the help of the hydroxyl in position 6 of the macrolide ring; this intermediary is transformed into the antibiotic 9-deoxo-9a-methyl-9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin A, which is obtained by precipitation in hexane, thereby obtaining an innovative form, with an anhydrous crystalline structure and physical characteristics different from the forms known to date.

Abstract: A new erythromycin A 9-oxime compound which can be effectively used as intermediates for the preparation of erythromycin A oxime compound, a process for preparing the same and a process for preparing 6-O-alkyl erythromycin A or its oxime using the same is described.

Abstract: Provided are reagents and methods useful for the synthesis of guanidinylated compounds. Also provided are methods for assaying molecules, including guanidinylated molecules that modulate viral infection and replication.

Abstract: High purity Form II crystals of clarithromycin can be easily prepared in a high yield by a process comprising the steps of: protecting the 9-oxime hydroxy group of erythromycin A 9-oxime or a salt thereof with a tropyl group and the 2′- and 4″-hydroxy groups with trimethylsilyl groups; reacting 2′,4″-O-bis(trimethylsilyl)erythromycin A 9-O-tropyloxime with a methylating agent; removing the protecting groups and the oxime group of 2′,4″-O-bis(trimethylsilyl)-6-O-methylerythromycin A 9-O-tropyloxime to obtain crude clarithromycin; treating the crude clarithromycin with methanesulfonic acid in a mixture of a water-miscible organic solvent and water to obtain crystalline clarithromycin mesylate trihydrate; and neutralizing the crystalline clarithromycin mesylate trihydrate with aqueous ammonia in a mixture of a water-miscible organic solvent and water.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for preparing aloin which consists in extracting from a substance containing aloe, in particular the yellow sap of aloe or a derived product, in the presence of an aliphatic diol or triol with low molecular weight, for instance glycerol or a glycol, followed by a purification by crystallization in an alcohol. The invention is useful for industrial preparation of aloin.

Abstract: Form II crystals of clarithromycin can be easily prepared by treating clarithromycin of different crystal forms with water or with a mixture of water and a water-immiscible organic solvent and isolating treated crystals by filtration.

Abstract: Carboxymethylgalactose derivatives represented by general formula (1); and salts thereof, which exhibit reactivity to selectins and are useful as inhibitors against selectin-related diseases such as various inflammations and cancerous metastasis; In said formula, R is a group rep resented by formula (1a), (1b) or (1c).

Abstract: The invention relates to a compound of formula (I) wherein R1 is a sugar; R2 is —CH2—O—(R7)m, R7 representing a sugar, or is —COOH; R3 is an epoxide-comprising group, or is C1-C6-alkyl or C2-C6-alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by at least one OH; R5 is H, C1-C6-alkyl, C2-C6-alkenyl or C2-C6-alkynyl; R4R6, R8 and R10 independently of one another are H; C1-C6-alkyl, C2-C6-alkenyl, C2-C6-alkynyl, —X2H, or —X2R12, or R4 and R6 together and/or R8 and R10 together are =X2; X2 is O, NH, N—C1-C6-alkyl, N—C2-C6-alkenyl, N-C2-C6-alkynyl or S; R12 is C1-C6-alkyl, C2-C6—alkenyl, C2-C6-alkynyl, aryl or acyl; and m and n are 1 or 2; in any of its stereochemical forms and mixtures of these forms in any ratio, and a physiologically acceptable salt or derivative thereof. The compounds are obtainable from a culture of the microorganism Actinomycetales species HAG 003959, DSM 12931, by fermentation.

Abstract: A series of 2-(Purin-9-yl)-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol derivatives with broad anti-inflammatory properties which inhibit leukocyte recruitment and activation and which are agonists of the adenosine 2a receptor are described.

Abstract: There is provided a solid pharmaceutical preparation for dialysis consisting of one composition, which is excellent in uniformity of the ingredients contained therein, is capable of preventing not only a reaction between sodium bicarbonate and a solid organic acid or between sodium bicarbonate and electrolytes but also a reaction between a solid organic acid and sodium acetate, and does not require further pulverization of the respective ingredients in the dialysis composition. The solid pharmaceutical preparation for dialysis containing an electrolyte for hemodialysis, a solid organic acid and glucose is characterized by a plurality of layers separated from each other on the surface of a nucleating particle of sodium chloride, wherein the plurality of separated layers include a layer (A) comprising sodium acetate but not containing the solid organic acid, a layer (B) comprising the solid organic acid but not containing sodium acetate, and a layer (C) comprising sodium bicarbonate.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the formula and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R1 and R2 are as defined herein. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of formula 1, methods of using said compounds of formula 1 in the treatment of infections, and methods of preparing said compounds of formula 1.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the preparation of 9-deoxo-8a-aza-8a-homoerythromycin A and of its 8a-alkylated derivatives from 9-deoxo-9(Z)-hydroxyiminoerythromycin A via a stereospecific Beckmann rearrangement in a reaction mixture using pyridine as main solvent, resulting in imidate intermediates which are not isolated from said mixture and which are employed directly in a reduction stage using a sufficient amount of borohydride, after extraction of the pyridine with a hydrocarbon which is miscible with the latter and in which said imidates are insoluble. The compound V can be directly N-alkylated at the 8a-position using an aldehyde without being isolated from the reduction mixture.

Abstract: 6-O-Carbamoyl ketolide antibacterials of the formula: wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, X, X′, Y, and Y′ are as described herein and in which the substituents have the meaning indicated in the description. These compounds are useful as antibacterial agents.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of making paper, utilizing glucans, produced by the glucosyltransferase B, C or D enzyme of the species Streptococcus mutans, instead of modified starches. The present glucans are functionally similar to currently utilized modified starches and are particularly useful in the coating step of paper manufacture. The present glucans also exhibit thermoplastic properties and impart gloss to the paper during the coating step.

Abstract: The invention provides amine-protecting groups for use in solution phase or solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis, in which a 2-substituted 1,3-dioxo compound is used to protect one or more primary amine groups of an aminosugar or gylycosylamine. The invention provides reagents, reagent kits, and methods for solution phase, solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis.

Abstract: Protease enzyme from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus sp. Catalyzes the acylation of organic solvent-insoluble macromolecules in isooctane solution containing vinyl esters of fatty acids, lactones or lactides as acyl donors. The reaction occurs only when the enzyme is solubilized via ion-pairing with the anionic surfactant dioctylsulfosuccinate, sodium salt (AOT). Enzyme based acylation was demonstrated in macromolecules such as silk proteins. These macromolecules are reactive either as cryogenically milled powder suspended in the organic solvent or as a thin film deposited onto ZnSe slides. This selective acylation approach represents the first attempt at using enzymes to modify organic-insoluble macromolecules in nonaqueous media.

Abstract: The present invention describes new procedures for the preparation of the macrolide azithromycin in its non-crystalline and crystalline dihydrate forms, which are characterized and clearly differentiated by means of the following methods and techniques: 1. IR Spectroscopy. 2. Differential Scan Calorimetry (DSC). 3. X-Ray Diffraction. 4. Hygroscopicity. 5.

Abstract: Protease enzyme from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus sp. Catalyzes the acylation of organic solvent-insoluble macromolecules in isooctane solution containing vinyl esters of fatty acids, lactones or lactides as acyl donors. The reaction occurs only when the enzyme is solubilized via ion-pairing with the anionic surfactant dioctylsulfosuccinate, sodium salt (AOT). Enzyme based acylation was demonstrated in macromolecules such as silk proteins. These macromolecules are reactive either as cryogenically milled powder suspended in the organic solvent or as a thin film deposited onto ZnSe slides. This selective acylation approach represents the first attempt at using enzymes to modify organic-insoluble macromolecules in nonaqueous media.

Abstract: Pure Form II crystals of clarithromycin can be prepared by a simple, high-yield process comprising the steps of treating crude clarithromycin or different crystal forms of clarithromycin with formic acid in an organic solvent to obtain crystalline clarithromycin formate and neutralizing the clarithromycin formate with a base in a mixture of water and a water-miscible organic solvent.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing 6-O-substituted erythromycin derivatives comprising reacting 2′-substituted and optionally 4″-substituted 9-oxime erythromycin derivatives with an alkylating agent in the presence of a palladium catalyst and phosphine. In another aspect, the invention relates to processes for preparing 6-O-substituted erythromycin ketolides using the palladium-catalyzed alkylation reaction.

Abstract: The invention relates to sophoroselipids of formula (I) wherein R4 represents H, —CH2CH3, —CH2CH2CH3, n is an integer number from 2 to 27, R1 and R2 represent, independently from each other, H or a group of formula (II), and R3 represents H or —OH. The invention also relates to a method for producing sophoroselipids of formula (I) wherein R1, R2, R3 and n have the aforementioned meanings and R4 represents —CH3, —CH2CH3 or —CH2CH2CH3. According to this method, a yeast capable of secreting a sophoroselipid in the form of a lactone in the culture excess, is fermented in a culture medium containing a glycerin. a succinate, a mono-, di- and/or tri-saccharide and a lipid precursor, said sophoroslipid being then isolated from the culture solution. The inventive method is characterised in that the lipid precursor contains one or more 3-alkanols, 4-alkanols or an alkanone with a chain length from 6 to 30 carbon atoms or mixtures of said alkanoistalkanone.

Abstract: A process for preparing functional sugar polymers comprising transferring a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide to an acceptor, removing by-products, separating polymers which have not achieved the desired chain length and recycling these underdeveloped polymers, and an apparatus for producing same.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an improved process for the N-acylation of amino alcohols employing an organic acid in the form of an acid halogenide, wherein the acylation occurs in an organic solvent in the additional presence of water.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved method of preparing a 4-O-alkyl chromogenic ketoside of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and a 7-O-alkyl chromogenic ketoside of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) for use in the selective detection of various influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses. The ketosides are substrates that are selectively cleaved by a neuraminidase on the virus to be detected, but not by neuraminidases found on other viruses or on bacteria, or on the cells of the host. The syntheses are efficient and provide large quantities of the ketosides for commercial development. The synthesis includes a step of alkylating the 4- or 7-hydroxyl groups of a protected alkyl ester alkyl ketoside derivative of Neu5Ac by processes that include contacting the derivative with a composition comprising an alkyl halide to form a 4- or a 7-O-alkyl protected alkyl ester alkyl ketoside derivative of Neu5Ac.

Abstract: A process for the production of azithromycins by methylation of the nitrogen atom in position 9 of the ring structure in 9-deoxo-9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycins in the presence of formaldehyde and in the presence of a reducing agent in non-halogenated solvent; and azithromycin which is free from halogenated organic solvent in a stable anhydrous form; or in the form of a solvate with non-halogenated solvent with the exception of water.

Abstract: The invention relates to dendrimers comprising an initiator core with at least two functional groups and at least two saccharides, a process for preparing sch dendrimers as well as uses thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to the design of inhibitors for glycosyltransferases, and in particular to computer-implemented methods for designing the inhibitors. The invention also relates to compositions and treatments using the inhibitors.

Abstract: It is possible to prepare cationic derivatives of fructans, such as inulin, in which a nitrogen atom having substituents R1, R2 and R3 is bonded to one or more anhydrofructose units via a straight-chain or branched C2-C6 alkylene group, which is optionally preceded by a carbonyl group or interrupted by one or two oxygen atoms or imino or alkylimino groups and optionally substituted by one or two hydroxyl groups or amine groups or a carboxyl or carbamoyl group, the substituents R1, R2 and R3 having the following meaning: R1 and R2 each represent hydrogen, methyl carboxymethyl, phosphonomethyl, ethyl, hydroxyethyl, propyl, isopropyl, allyl, hydroxypropyl or dihydroxypropyl or, together with the nitrogen atom, form a cyclic group, R3 represents hydrogen, C1-C18 alkyl, C3-C18 alkenyl, alkynyl or cycloalkyl, C4-C18 cycloalkyl-alkyl or C7-C18 aralkyl or is bondedvia an alkylene group to an oxygen atom of a subsequent anhydrofructose unit.

Abstract: A process for preparing polyvalent, physiologically degradable carbohydrate-containing polymers by enzymatic glycosylation reactions is described. The carbohydrate-containing polymers thus prepared may be used for preparing carbohydrate building blocks. The polyvalent carbohydrate-containing polymers of the invention cause no intolerance reactions in vivo, either in their intact form or in the form of degradation products. The carbohydrate side chain of the carbohydrate-containing polymer is assembled by enzymatic glycosylation reactions in homogeneous aqueous buffer systems directly on a biodegradable polymer. The yields of the glycosylation reaction are significantly improved over known processes, and are often quantitative. This also provides a significant increase in the loading densities. A process for preparing free oligosaccharides by means of the carbohydrate-containing polymers of the invention is also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of preparing a macrolide antibiotic of the formula wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 are defined above. These antibiotics are useful as antibacterial and antiprotozoal agents in mammals, including man, as well as in fish and birds. The invention also includes novel compounds made by the preparation of the macrolide antibiotic.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for selecting, from a repertoire of polypeptides, a population of functional polypeptides which bind a target ligand in a first binding site and a generic ligand in a second binding site, which generic ligand is capable of binding functional members of the repertoire regardless of target ligand specificity, comprising the steps of: a) contacting the repertoire with the generic ligand and selecting functional polypeptides bound thereto; and b) contacting the selected functional polypeptides with the target ligand and selecting a population of polypeptides which bind to the target ligand. The invention accordingly provides a method by which a polypeptide repertoire is preselected, according to functionality as determined by the ability to bind the generic ligand, and the subset of polypeptides obtained as a result of such preselection is then employed for further selection according to the ability to bind the target ligand.

Abstract: The use of carbohydrate derivatives in or for making a topical composition for promoting skin exfoliation is disclosed. The use of said composition of controlling intrinsic and extrinsic skin ageing, as well as a non-therapeutic skin treatment method for skin exfoliation, are also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sucralfate composition which is employed in the treatment of lesions. The composition is formed by the reaction between sucralfate and hydrochloric acid prior to dosing under controlled conditions which limit the reaction to an incomplete stage. The present invention contemplates various methods of achieving this incomplete reaction. In one example, a volume of sucralfate is mixed with a volume of hydrochloric acid. In additional examples, the sucralfate is first wetted in water before being mixed with the hydrochloric acid. Still yet another example involves mixing a volume of sucralfate powder with a powdered excipient before being mixed with the hydrochloric acid.