Abstract: A method of treating wood including providing wood having an outer layer, the outer layer including an acetylated wood cell wall; and applying a supercritical fluid mixture to the outer layer to form a treated wood, in which the supercritical fluid mixture includes a silicate precursor dissolved in a supercritical fluid, and in which the silicate precursor is attached to the acetylated wood cell wall in the treated wood is described. A glass fortified wood composition having: an acetylated wood cell wall; and a silicate precursor including a long chain alkyl group, in which the long chain alkyl group of the silicate precursor is embedded into the acetylated wood cell wall. A kit for treating wood is described including a silicate precursor; a supercritical fluid; and a catalyst capable of facilitating the formation of Si—O—Si linkages. The silicate precursor may be dissolved in the supercritical fluid.

Abstract: The invention is related to a method for processing biomass derived from plants or animals, comprising the steps of: a. pre treating said material with an aqueous solution of acid or base; b. subsequently passaging saturated or super heated steam through said material, wherein the water activity of the process is controlled by means of temperature and pressure of the super heated steam to be less than 1, preferably less than 0.8, more preferably in the range of 0.4-0.8. With such a process it is possible to disintegrate or make more accessible for subsequent treatments the lignocellulose from lignocellulose containing materials, like wood or other plant material, chitin from exoskeletons from Crustacea like crabs and shrimps, and proteins such as keratin from pig hair or chicken feather, for further derivation, like acylation, oxidation, etherification, carboxymethylation or esterification, or further enzymatic hydrolysis, and/or for production of chemicals, e.g.

Abstract: An erythromycin A derivative represented by Formula (I): ##STR1## (wherein n is an integer of 2 to 4, R.sup.1 is a pyridylmethyl group, a furylmethyl group, a thienylmethyl group, a quinolylmethyl group or a benzyl group having 1 to 3 substitutents selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a nitro group, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an amino group and an amino group substituted by 1 or 2 alkyl groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 is the same group as defined for R.sup.1, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an acetyl group or a pyridylacetyl group, and R.sup.3 is an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a cinnamyl group) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has a strong antibacterial activity against not only known erythromycin-sensitive bacteria but also erythromycin-resistant bacteria and Haemophilus influenzae.

Abstract: The compounds of formula (I): ##STR1## in which R is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl, optionally substituted by a halogen atom or a (CH.sub.2).sub.m Ar radical or a ##STR2## in which m represents an integer (1-8), n and p, identical or different, represent an integer (0-6), A and B, identical or different, represent a hydrogen or a halogen or an alkyl and Ar represents an aryl or heteroaryl, and Z represents a hydrogen or the remainder of a carboxylic acid, preparation process and use as medicaments.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the formula I ##STR1## and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and X are as defined herein. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of formula I, methods of using said compounds of formula I in the treatment of infections, and methods of preparing said compounds of formula I.

Abstract: Antimicrobial compounds having the formula ##STR1## as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof; pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of treating bacterial infections by the administration of such compounds; and processes for the preparation of the compounds.

Abstract: An erythromycin A derivative represented by Formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R is a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a nitrophenyl group or a methoxyphenyl group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has a strong antibacterial activity not only against erythromycin-sensitive bacteria but also against certain erythromycin-resistant bacteria and Haemophilus influenzae.

Abstract: Highly specific biocatalytic reactions have been used to create a population of derivatives from a single starting compound. Examples demonstrate synthesis of derivatives of taxol, taxol-2'-adipate, taxol-2'-vinyl adipate, 2,3-(methylenedioxy) benzaldehyde, (.+-.)-(2-endo, 3-exo)-bicyclo (2.2.2)octo-5-ene-2,3-dimethanol, adenosine and erythromycin.

Abstract: Novel 2-halo-6-O-substituted ketolide derivatives and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof having antibacterial activity having a formula ##STR1## compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a method for treating bacterial infections by administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention, and processes for their preparation.

Abstract: The present invention discloses the compound represented by the formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are hydrogen atoms, R.sub.3 represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group or an amino group, or R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 in combination represent .dbd.O or .dbd.NOR.sub.11, where R.sub.11 represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 in combination represent .dbd.O, Y represents --N(R.sub.6) (R.sub.7) or --N.sup.+ (R.sub.8) (R.sub.9) (R.sub.10)X.sup.- ; where R.sub.6 to R.sub.10 each represent a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, etc., and X.sup.- represents an anion,a pharmaceutical composition containing the same and a process for producing the same.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the formula I ##STR1## and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, Q, X, Y and Z are as defined herein. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of formula I, methods of using said compounds of formula I in the treatment of infections, and methods of preparing said compounds of formula I.

Abstract: A subject of the invention is the compounds of formula (I): ##STR1## in which: X represents a CH.sub.2 or SO.sub.2 radical or an oxygen atom, Y represents a (CH.sub.2).sub.m --(CH.dbd.CH).sub.n (CH.sub.2).sub.o radical, with m+n+o.ltoreq.8, n=0 or 1, Ar represents an aryl radical,W represents a hydrogen atom, or the remainder of a carbamate function.The compounds of formula (I) have useful antibiotic properties.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel secomacrolides from the class of erythromycin A, potential intermediates for preparation of novel macrolide antibiotics general formula ##STR1## and its pharmaceuticaly acceptable addition salts with inorganic or organic acids, wherein R.sub.1 represents hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkanoyl group, arylcarbonyl group and together with R.sub.2 and carbon atoms to which they are bound, cyclic carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group, R.sub.2 represents hydrogen or together with R.sub.1 and carbon atoms to which they are bound, cyclic carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group, R.sub.3 represents hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkanoyl or arylcarbonyl group,Z is hydrogen or L-cladinosyl group represented by formula (i) ##STR2## wherein R.sub.4 represents hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkanoyl group, W is hydrogen or D-desosaminyl group represented by formula (ii) ##STR3## wherein R.sub.5 represents hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkanoyl or arylcarbonyl group,X and Y together represent a lactone, or X is CH.sub.

Abstract: Antimicrobial compounds having the formula as well as pharmaceutically acceptable sats, esters or prodrugs thereof, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of treating bacterial infections by the administration of such compounds; and processes for the preparation of the compounds.

Abstract: Antimicrobial compounds having the formula ##STR1## as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrugs thereof; pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of treating bacterial infections by the administration of such compounds; and processes for the preparation of the compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to .beta.,.beta.-disubstituted derivatives of 9-deoxo-9a-N-ethenyl-9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin A, new semisynthetic antibiotics of macrolide class of the general formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are mutually the same or different and represent nitrile, carboxy group of the formula COOR.sup.3, wherein R.sup.3 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group, or keto group of the formula COR.sup.4, wherein R.sup.4 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group, to their pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts with inorganic or organic acids, to a process for the preparation thereof, to a process for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions, as well as to the use of the obtained pharmaceutical compositions in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Abstract: A process for preparing an erythromycin derivative, such as roxithromycin, from the corresponding oxime is disclosed. The oxime is reacted with a metal alkoxide and results in improvements over prior art processes involving the oxime. Roxithromycin is a known anti-bacterial agent.

Abstract: Novel 6,11-bridged erythromycin compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof having antibacterial activity having a formula ##STR1## compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a method for treating bacterial infections by administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention, and processes for their preparation.

Abstract: This invention relates to compounds of the formula ##STR1## and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compounds of formula 1 are potent antibacterial agents that may be used to treat various bacterial infections and disorders related to such infections. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of formula 1 and to methods of treating bacterial infections by administering the compounds of formula 1. The invention also relates to methods of preparing the compounds of formula 1 and to intermediates useful in such preparation.

Abstract: This invention relates to compounds of formulas 1 and 2 ##STR1## and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein X, X.sup.1, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.7, R.sup.17 and R.sup.19 are as defined herein. The compounds of formulas 1 and 2 may be useful in the treatment of bacterial, parasitic and protozoal infections, as well as disorders related to bacterial, parasitic and protozoal infections, in mammals, fish and birds. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of formula 1 and 2 and to methods of treating bacterial, parasitic and protozoal infections by administering the compounds of formula 1 and 2.

Abstract: Antimicrobial compounds having the formula ##STR1## as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof; pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of treating bacterial infections by the administration of such compounds; and processes for the preparation of the compounds.

Abstract: An isomerization method wherein a compound of formula ##STR1## wherein X and y together form a 3-oxo radical, or X is a hydrogen atom and Y is either a radical a ##STR2## where R.sub.2 is OH or O-acyl, or an O-alkyl or NH.sub.2 radical; R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl radical; Z is hydrogen or an acyl radical; and R is a hydrogen atom, an NH.sub.2 radical or a (CH.sub.2).sub.n Ar, NH(CH.sub.2).sub.n Ar or N.dbd.CH(CH.sub.2).sub.n Ar radical, in the form of a 10.alpha. isomer or a mixture of 10.alpha. and 10.beta. isomers, is exposed to a basic agent to give the corresponding compound of formula I in which the 10-methyl radical is in the .beta. position.

Abstract: The present invention describes a new process for the preparation of azithromycin from a suitable imino ether as precursor, characterised by the fact that the reduction and the reductive methylation of said imino ether are sequentially carried out with a noble metal catalyst and hydrogen in the presence of formaldehyde, or a source thereof, wherein both reactions can be conducted in the same reaction vessel.

Abstract: A subject of the invention is the compounds of formula (I): ##STR1## in which R represents a carboxylic acid remainder containing up to 18 carbon atoms the products of formula (I) can be used to prepare antibiotic products.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula: ##STR1## where R is hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl or acyl, R' and R" together are oxo, hydroxyimino or alkoxyimino, and R' and R" independently are hydrogen, hydroxyl, acyloxy, or amino substituted by any of hydrogen, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl or arylsulfonyl, and n is 0 or 1, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compounds are macrolide antibiotics and are also useful as intermediates to the synthesis of other macrolide antibiotics. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of their use are also provided for.

Abstract: Disclosed are 3',3'-N-bisdesmethyl-3',3'-N-bis-substituted-6-O-methyl-11-deoxy-11,12-cyc lic carbamate erythromycin A derivatives which are antagonists of lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, to methods of using the compounds and to the process of making the same.

Abstract: Water miscible pharmaceutical compositions containing up to about 40% of a macrolide antibiotic are prepared by reaction of the macrolide with acid in a non-aqueous water miscible organic solvent system.

Abstract: Disclosed are 3'-N-desmethyl-3'-N-substituted-6-O-methyl-11-deoxy-11,12-cyclic carbamate erythromycin A derivatives which are antagonists of lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, to methods of using the compounds and to the process of making the same.

Abstract: A process of preparing a 6-O-alkyl derivative of 9-oxime erythromycin B is provided. Intermediates used in the preparation of a 6-O-alkyl 9-oxime erythromycin B are also provided. Pharmaceutical compositions containing a 6-O-alkyl derivative of 9-oxime erythromycin B and the use of those compositions to treat bacterial infections are also provided.

Abstract: In a production process of a cellulose acetate which comprises (a) a reduced pressure-acetylation step of acetylating a cellulose under a reduced pressure in the presence of sulfuric acid or other acidic catalyst, with distilling off a gaseous phase component of the reaction system out of the system, and (b) a post-acetylation step of allowing the acetylation to further proceed by increasing the pressure as compared with the pressure of the reduced pressure-acetylation step by means of release of the pressure reduction of the reaction system or the like, the shift operation from the reduced pressure-acetylation step to the post-acetylation step is conducted by taking a distilling rate of a distillate in the reduced pressure-acetylation step as an index to control the reaction temperature of the post-acetylation step.

Abstract: Novel multicyclic erythromycin compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof having antibacterial activity having a formula ##STR1## pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as a method for treating bacterial infections by administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of formula (I).

Abstract: The invention relates to 13-hydroxy-tylosine derivatives, novel semisynthetic antibiotics from the class of macrolides, and to a process for the preparation thereof. According to the present invention by a reductive opening of the oxirane ring of tylosine 13-hydroxy compounds are obtained, which are then subjected to a hydrogenation of the double bond and then 13-hydroxy dihydro or tetrahydro compounds are subjected to an oximation reaction or 13-hydroxy oximes are subjected to the hydrogenation of the double bond.

Abstract: Novel 6-O-alkyl derivatives of erythronolide B are provided. A process for the preparation of 6-O-alkyl derivatives of erythronolide B using erythromycin B is also provided. A process for preparing 6-O-alkyl derivatives of erythromycin C using novel 6-O-alkyl derivatives of erythronolide B is further provided.

Abstract: A method is presented for isomerizing the E-isomer of 9-Deoxo-9-hydroximinoerythromycin A to its corresponding Z-isomer. The Z-isomer is useful as an antibiotic and as an intermediate for the synthesis of other macrolide antibiotics.

Abstract: A procedure for preparing 6-O-alkyl erythromycin compounds having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a loweralkyl group, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group, except that R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 may not both be hydrogen simultaneously; Y is oxygen or a specifically substituted oxime; and Z is hydrogen, hydroxy or protected-hydroxy; by reaction of the compound wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen with an alkylating reagent, in the presence of a strong alkali metal base and also in the presence of a weak organic amine base, in a suitable stirred or agitated polar aprotic solvent, or a mixture of such polar aprotic solvents maintained at a reaction temperature and for a period of time sufficient to effect alkyation.

Abstract: The preparation of azitromycin dihydrate from 9-deoxo-9a-aza-11,12-deoxy-9a-methyl-9a-homoerythromycin A 11,12-hydrogenorthoborate, obtained by a step by step process starting from 9-deoxo-6-deoxy-6,9-epoxy-9,9a-dihydro-9a-azahomoerythromycin A is a process which takes place under mild conditions and with good yields.

Abstract: In a production process of a cellulose acetate which comprises (a) a reduced pressure-acetylation step of acetylating a cellulose under a reduced pressure in the presence of sulfuric acid or other acidic catalyst, with distilling off a gaseous phase component of the reaction system out of the system, and (b) a post-acetylation step of allowing the acetylation to further proceed by increasing the pressure as compared with the pressure of the reduced pressure-acetylation step by means of release of the pressure reduction of the reaction system or the like, the shift operation from the reduced pressure-acetylation step to the post-acetylation step is conducted by taking a distilling rate of a distillate in the reduced pressure-acetylation step as an index to control the reaction temperature of the post-acetylation step.

Abstract: Antimicrobial compounds having the formula ##STR1## as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof; pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of treating bacterial infections by the administration of such compounds; and processes for the preparation of the compounds.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to novel 3'-N-O, 9-O-oxime protected, 6-O-alkyl erthyromycin derivatives, a process of preparing the same. The invention also relates to a process of preparing 6-O-alkyl erythromycin A by eliminating the 3'-N-oxide group and 9-O-oxime protecting groups and optionally deprotecting the hydroxy groups at the 2'- and 4"- positions under suitable reaction conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed are (1) a structurally novel 6,9-hemiacetal- erythromycin derivative having a hydroxyl group at at least one of the 14- and 15-positions br a salt thereof, which has an excellent gastrointestinal function promoting effect and is low in toxicity; (2) a process for preparing a 6,9-hemiacetal-erythromycin derivative having a hydroxyl group at at least one of the 14- and 15-positions or a salt thereof, which comprises reacting a 6,9-hemiacetal-erythromycin derivative or a salt thereof with an organism-derived oxidase; and (3) a gastrointestinal function promoting agent containing a 6,9-hemiacetal-erythromycin derivative having a hydroxyl group at at least one of the 14- and 15-positions or a salt thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to 9-N-ethenyl derivatives of 9 (S)-erythromycylamine, new semisynthetic antibiotics of the macrolide class of the general formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and represent nitryl, a carboxyl group of the formula COOR.sup.3, wherein R.sup.3 represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group, or a keto group of the formula COR.sup.4, wherein R.sup.4 represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group, to their pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts with inorganic or organic acids, to a process for their preparation, to a process for the preparation of the pharmaceutical compositions as well as to the use of the obtained pharmaceutical compositions in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Abstract: A process of preparing 6-O-alkyl erythromycin A is provided. The process includes the steps of protecting the oxime hydroxyl of 9-oxime erythromycin A with a benzoyl protecting group, protecting the 2'-hydroxyl group and optionally the 4'-hydroxyl group with an O-protecting group, alkylating the 6-hydroxyl, removing the benzoyl and O-protecting groups and deoximating the 9-oxime.

Abstract: A process of preparing 6-O-alkylerythromycin A using 9-oximesilyl erythromycin A derivatives is provided. 9-Oximesilyl- and 6-O-alkylerythromycin A derivatives used in the preparation of 6-O-alkylerythromycin A are also provided.

Abstract: A novel macrolactam monosaccharide isolated from an antimicrobial complex 517 produced in fermentation under controlled conditions using a biologically pure culture of the microorganism Actinomadura vulgaris subsp. vulgaris ATCC 53748.

Abstract: 4"-Deoxy derivatives of erythromycin having the Formula (I) ##STR1## and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which are enhancers of gastric motility but have minimal antibacterial activity, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing the same and methods for their use and preparation.

Abstract: A process of preparing 9-oxime erythromycin A using a mild acid catalyst such as acetic acid and a mildly polar solvent such as isopropanol is provided. In accordance with that process, erythromycin A is reacted with hydroxylamine in the presence of acetic acid and isopropanol. A process of the present invention can also be used to increase the E to Z isomeric ratio of synthesized 9-oxime erythromycin A.

Abstract: An erythromycin A derivative represented by the formula (I): ##STR1## ?wherein R.sup.1 is a group represented by the formula: --OCOCH.sub.2 Y (wherein Y is a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a p-nitrophenyl group or a group represented by the formula: --NR.sup.4 R.sup.5 (wherein R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 may be the same or different, and are each a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, a pyridylmethyl, a quinolylmethyl group or a benzyloxycarbonyl group)) or a cladinosyloxy group, R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together form an oxo group, R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom, an acetyl group, an ethylsuccinyl group or a nicotinoyl group! or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has a strong antibacterial activity against not only Gram-positive bacteria but also some Gram-negative bacteria, in particular, Haemophilus influenzae which is a serious factor of infectious diseases in the respiratory organs.

Abstract: A compound selected from the group consisting of a compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein R and R.sub.1 are --OH or --O-acyl of an organic carboxylic acid of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 is hydrogen or methyl, R.sub.3 is --(CH.sub.2).sub.m --R.sub.4 or ##STR2## or --N--(CH.sub.2).sub.q --R.sub.4, m is an integer from 1 to 6, n, p and q are individually an integer from 0 to 6, A and B are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen and alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms with the geometry of the double bond being E or Z or a mixture of E and Z or A and B form a triple bond, R.sub.4 is an optionally substituted mono- or polycyclic heterocycle and their non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts having antibiotic properties.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a novel method for treating human patients with hypercholesterolemia with a macrolide antibiotic. More specifically, this invention is directed to the oral administration of an erythromycin compound or an erythromycin derivative for treating hypercholesterolemia. Most specifically, this invention teaches the novel oral administration of clarithromycin, troleandomycin, erythromycin, or azithromycin for treating human patients with hypercholesterolemia.

Abstract: Novel multicyclic erythromycin compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof having antibacterial activity having a formula ##STR1## compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as a method for treating bacterial infections by administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention.