Abstract: The present invention is related to synthesis of highly pure cationic surfactant products by eliminating or reducing impurities generation that has beset prior art. This is achieved through the N-acylation of ester of amino acid and its inorganic salts or its organic salts (e.g. amino acid or hydrochloride of amino acid or sulfate of amino acid or acetate of amino acid etc.) in non-hydrolytic or nearly non-hydrolytic reaction conditions involving mono or biphasic reaction system with fatty acid halide (C4 to C20), under moderate uniform basic condition yielding high purity N-acyl substituted amino acid ester, particularly ethyl lauroyl arginate. The present process achieves pH control through process strategy rather than the measurement and control steps. This ambient temperature process is stable through a range of temperature variation eliminating rigid low temperature control.

Abstract: Systems and methods for treating contaminated water from gas wells by adding an inorganic coagulant and a low molecular weight polymer to the contaminated water to increase the size of solid particulates in the water and to thereby allow the solid particulates to be filtered or to otherwise be removed from the water are disclosed herein. While the inorganic coagulant can be any suitable coagulant, in some cases the coagulant is selected from aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, and ferric sulfate. Similarly, the polymer can comprise any suitable polymer, such as epi/dma, a condensation product of epichlorohydrin and dimethyl amine. The described systems and methods can clean the contaminated water so that the water can then be treated in a variety of other manners, which may include reverse osmosis, deionization, treatment with mixed bed deionizers, electro-separation, fraction distillation, distillation, and other suitable water cleansing processes.

Abstract: In a method of removing alkylene halogenohydrin from a cellulose ether the cellulose ether is provided, water is added to the cellulose ether and subsequently alkylene halogenohydrin and water is removed from the cellulose ether by evaporation. Alternatively steam or a steam mixture can be sparged across or through the cellulose ether to remove halogenohydrin from the cellulose ether.

Abstract: Compositions comprising carboxypolysaccharides (CPS) including carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are provided where the PEG is a PEG-epoxide covalently linked to the CPS. In certain embodiments, the PEG attaches to only one CPS, forming a decorated CPS. In other embodiments, bi-functional PEG molecules are attached to adjacent CPSs, thereby forming a covalently cross-linked composition. Additional embodiments include PEG/CMC compositions where the PEG is a multi-branch PEG and/or a multi-arm PEG. PEG/CMC compositions can be made with desired viscoelastic properties, and such compositions can be used as space-filling materials, load-bearing materials, anti-adhesion compositions, drug delivery vehicles or lubrication of tissues and medical instruments.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for preparing acetals of polysaccharides, oligosaccharides or disaccharides by dissolving these in at least one ionic liquid and reacting them with a vinyl ether. The acetalated polysaccharides or oligosaccharides obtained in this way can be crosslinked by treatment with acid. The present invention also provides acetals of polysaccharides, oligosaccharides or disaccharides and also crosslinked polysaccharides or oligosaccharides.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved methods and compositions for producing oocysts. The oocysts produced according to the invention find use in the manufacture of vaccines. In preferred embodiments, the present invention provides methods and compositions for the production of Eimeria oocysts. Vaccines containing Eimeria oocysts, sporocysts and/or sporozoites produced according to the present invention may be used to immunize birds against coccidiosis either in ovo or post hatch.

Abstract: A process for the production of dual-functional ion exchange resins from lignocellulosic agricultural material involving anionization of the lignocellulosic agricultural material with citric acid and then cationization of the lignocellulosic agricultural material with dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU) and choline chloride, or cationization of the lignocellulosic agricultural material with DMDHEU and choline chloride and then anionization of the lignocellulosic agricultural material with citric acid.

Abstract: Provided is an agent serving as a binder and a disintegrant for dry direct compression having a high binding property and fluidity. More specifically, provided are low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose having coiled fibers; an agent serving both as a binder and a disintegrant for dry direct compression and a solid preparation, each comprising the low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose; and a process for producing the low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose having coiled fibers.

Abstract: A cellulose ester film is disclosed which comprises a polyhydric alcohol ester, which is an ester of one or more kinds of monocarboxylic acids with an aliphatic polyhydric alcohol, wherein the cellulose ester film has a water vapor transmission rate of from 20 to 260 g/m2·24 hours measured under conditions of 25° C. and 90% RH.

Abstract: The invention concerns the use of a water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, containing at least 5 aldehyde groups per molecule and at least 1 carboxyl group per molecule, the ratio of aldehyde groups to carboxyl groups being higher than 0.75:1, as a wet strength additive. The invention also discloses novel cationic derivatives thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a cellulose polymer having a water retention property, and good feeling upon use when applied to the skin and being suitably used as a carrier. More specifically, provided is a low-substituted cellulose ether powder comprising primary particles wherein at least 95% by weight of the primary particles have an aspect ratio of 1.0 to 1.5. Also provided is a production process of a low-substituted cellulose ether powder having a molar substitution degree of 0.05 to 1.0, comprising, during or after the addition of an acid to an alkali solution of low-substituted cellulose ether to neutralize the solution, triturating a resulting mixture; and spray-drying a resulting dispersion. Further provided is a production process of a low-substituted cellulose ether powder having a molar substitution degree of 0.05 to 1.0, comprising shear-triturating a low-substituted cellulose ether powder in water so as to swell-disperse the powder and spray-drying a resulting dispersion.

Abstract: A water insoluble, biocompatible gel is prepared by reacting carboxymethylcellulose and a carbodiimide, wherein the reaction is conducted in an aqueous medium containing a water miscible organic solvent, such as a lower alkanol, an alkyl pyrrolidone, DMSO or acetone. The present method permits the reaction to contain higher concentrations of carboxymethycellylose and less carbodiimide than conventional methods.

Abstract: Universal solid supports suitable for use synthesizing of oligonucleotides. The solid supports may be used irrespective of the first RNA or DNA nucleotide to be synthesized, and irrespective of the type of monomer reagent used during the synthesis, that is, irrespective of the type of substitution of the phosphate group in the 3′ position or in the 5′ position depending on whether the synthesis is carried out in the 5′ to 3′ or 3′ to 5′ direction. Following synthesis of the oligonucleotide, deprotection of protecting groups and cleavage of the oligonucleotide from the solid support is accomplished with treatment with standard basic media such as NH4OH, NaOH, methylamine.

Abstract: The present invention provides a low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose having a loose bulk density of not less than 0.40 g/mL and a tap bulk density of not less than 0.60 g/mL and a process for producing the same.

Abstract: The present invention provides a low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose having a loose bulk density of not less than 0.40 g/mL and a tap bulk density of not less than 0.60 g/mL and a process for producing the same.

Abstract: Disclosed is a cellulose ether composition having a low molecular weight cellulose ether of a viscosity of about 200 centipoise or less in a two percent aqueous solution at 20° C. The composition has a sodium chloride content of about 0.3 weight percent or less based upon the weight of the cellulose ether. The composition exhibits significantly reduced haze formation when in capsule form. Also disclosed is a process for making the composition.

Abstract: In the process according to the invention, the cellulose ether to be depolymerized is depolymerized in the form of an acid slurry in an apparatus which consists of an acid-resistant material and is provided with an inlet and outlet, where the inlet and outlet are separated from one another by a filter element, at a temperature above the flocculation temperature of the depolymerized cellulose ether in the space between the inlet and the filter element, subsequently neutralized and then separated from the filtrate by releasing the filtrate, which, in contrast to the cellulose ether, is not retained by the filter element. If necessary, this can be followed by purification and drying of the cellulose ether.

Abstract: PNA synthesis using an amino protective group which is labile to weak acids.

Abstract: A water insoluble, biocompatible composition that includes the reaction product of a polyanionic polysaccharide and an activating agent.

Abstract: The present invention provides a base for coating a solid enteric pharmaceutical preparation whose dissolution pH ranges from 3 to 4. The coating base is a cellulose acetate maleate which is prepared by substituting a water-soluble cellulose derivative with 0.25 to 0.5 acetyl group and 0.35 to 0.6 maleyl group per glucose ring of the cellulose derivative. The cellulose acetate maleate has a dissolution pH ranging from 3 to 4.

Abstract: A therapeutical composition comprising hydrolyzed carboxyalkyl cellulose, wherein alkyl is methyl, ethyl or propyl, optionally in salt form, which hydrolyzed carboxyalkyl cellulose has a mass average molecular mass from about 200 to about 10,000. A method for providing a laxative effect comprises the administration of such a composition.

Abstract: Cellulose derivatives are disclosed which have the following formula: ##STR1## wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, cycloalkylene or benzylene or xylylene radicals, which may or may not be substituted;X is selected from the group consisting of --H, --NR.sub.2, --N.sup.+ R.sub.3, --CN, --COOH, --SO.sub.3 H, --SO.sub.3 H, --PO(OR).sub.2, CONR.sub.2 or --Si(OR).sub.3 ;R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkenyl groups having from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and cycloalkyl, tolyl and phenyl groups;Y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups having from 1 to 36 carbon atoms, which may or may not be substituted, cycloalkyl, phenyl, tolyl and benzyl groups, ##STR2## (--CH.dbd.CH--COOH), and NHR, where R has the same meaning as in X, andm=0 to 2.5n=0.01 to 2.95,with the provision that, when m=0, n.gtoreq.1.55, if Y is an alkyl radical with 1 to 5 carbon atoms, 3-(CH.sub.2).sub.

Abstract: A modified cellulose for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein cell is cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, R" is H or R, R"' denotes R, x+t=0.75 to 2.85, t=0 to 2.85, x=0 to 2.85, and r=0 to 1. A process for preparation of the cellulose derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: A modified cellulose for biocompatible dialysis membranes having a structure represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein Cell is cellulose or chitin, in each case without hydroxyl groups, s=3 in the case of cellulose and s=2 in the case of chitin, R' is CH.sub.3 and/or C.sub.2 H.sub.5 and/or C.sub.3 H.sub.7, X denotes specified functional groups, R" is H or R, Z corresponds to the following groups of atoms: SR", SO.sub.3 H and salts thereof, SO-R, SONR".sub.2, SO.sub.2 -R, SO.sub.2 NR".sub.2, SO.sub.2 H and salts thereof, F, Cl, Br, I, NR".sub.2, PR".sub.2, PO.sub.3 H.sub.2 and salts thereof, PO.sub.2 H(OR), PO(OR).sub.2, PO.sub.2 HR" and salts thereof, POR"(OR) and POR".sub.2, x+t=0.75 to 2.85, t=0 to 2.85, x=0 to 2.85, and z=0.01 to 0.45. A process for preparation of the cellulose derivatives is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of producing a water-insoluble alkali metal salt of carboxyalkyl cellulose such as CMC is disclosed. The method comprises reacting a water-soluble alkali metal salt of carboxyalkyl cellulose with an aliphatic hydroxycarboxylic acid.

Abstract: Hygienic products of various types, all comprising as their operative body contact portion a fiber mass of acidic, modified, pH-regulating, cellulose.

Abstract: A cellulose fiber which is carboxyalkylated in free acid form, a fiber mass formed therefrom, and a method for producing such fiber.

Abstract: Non-gelling cellulose ethers are purified by mixing same with a dialdehyde under acidic conditions and under high agitation, forming a slurry of the treated cellulose ether, rapidly transferring the slurry to a filter and then dewatering said slurry.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel water-soluble acid-type carboxymethyl cellulose characterized by:(a) having a total degree of substitution "x" by carboxymethyl group of 0.42 to 3.00 per anhydrous glucose unit, the degree of substitution "y" by acid-type carboxymethyl groups being to 100% of the total degree of substitution, provided that when "x" is less than 2.0, "y" shall be less than (1.25.times.-0.5), the remaining carboxymethyl group being of the alkali salt type,(b) having an average degree of polymerization of 50 to 1500, and(c) being soluble in water,which is useful as dispersant, carrier, coating agent and various other materials and also as an intermediate for carboxymethyl cellulose derivatives; and a process for preparing them.

Abstract: A method for oven drying chemically modified cellulosic materials, especially fibers, having improved fluid absorbency involves incorporating into the cellulose structure while swollen an amphiphilic compound miscible with water which will not evaporate when the fiber is oven dried and will remain in the fiber to prevent collapse of the fiber as the water is removed. The improved method of drying the fibrous cellulosic material produces a product having saline absorbency about equal to that produced when the fibers are dried with a water-miscible solvent and avoids the use of volatile solvents and the disadvantages inherent therewith. The fibers provided by the invention are especially suitable for use in pads which are to be used for absorbing water and body fluids.

Abstract: Polymers from the group consisting of cellulose and its ester and ether derivatives, of polyvinyl alcohol and its ester derivatives, polymers with vinyl esters and homopolymers and copolymers of acrylates and methacrylates are modified with monofunctional or difunctional cyclic .beta.-ketonic acids or their esters, in particular with succinylsuccinic acid or its ester derivatives. The modified polymers are particularly suitable for obtaining semi-permeable membranes for osmotic separation methods.

Abstract: In the preparation of organosoluble cellulose ethers, the content of alkali metal (hydroxides and the salts thereof) in the resulting cellulose ether is reduced by forming a solution of the cellulose ether and an organic solvent, converting the alkali metal hydroxide therein to an alkali metal salt and heating the resulting solution at conditions sufficient to (1) increase the size of the alkali metal salt particles and (2) remove any water therefrom. Filtering the resulting mixture and drying the filtrate yields a cellulose ether containing a very small percentage of alkali metal salt, e.g., often less than about 500 ppm.

Abstract: A composition of matter for use in a visual-type instrument which includes a polarizer for a light beam and an analyzer for a light beam, the chemical composition being birefringent at a first relative humidity and nonbirefringent at a second relative humidity.

Abstract: A water-repellent cellulose and articles comprising the water-repellent cellulose are disclosed together with a process and apparatus for preparing the same. The water-repellent cellulose is prepared by exposing one or more sides and edges of a cellulose sheet, pad, or cloth to aliphatic acid chloride vapors. The resulting product is water-repellent along the treated sides and edges and, in general, water-permeable along the untreated sides and edges. Therefore, the treated cellulose products of this invention are especially suitable for disposable articles of sanitary clothing, sanitary napkins, bandaging materials, paper cups, bags and the like.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improvement in the process for the manufacture of water-adsorbing but at least partially water-insoluble cellulose ethers in which cellulose is alkalized in a liquid reaction medium and reacted with an etherification agent in a manner such that an at least preponderantly water-soluble cellulose ether would be obtained in the case of a mere etherification process and in which, prior to, simultaneously with, or after the etherification process, a reaction is effected with a crosslinking agent which is polyfunctional towards cellulose in an alkaline reaction medium,The improvement comprising employing bis(acrylamido)-acetic acid as the crosslinking agent.

Abstract: In the method of making low molecular weight cellulose ethers and esters by contacting such ethers or esters of higher molecular weight with HCl or other hydrogen halide gas, yellowing of the depolymerized or degraded product is inhibited by treating the dry material with SO.sub.2 at about ambient temperature. Residual acid in the product can be neutralized conveniently by treatment with a weak base such as ammonia or sodium bicarbonate. The low molecular weight-low viscosity product is useful in detergent compositions and in coatings for medical pills and capsules.