Abstract: The invention addresses the problem of providing a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione that is suited to industrial production. The invention provides a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by reacting 3-bromo-3-buten-2-one and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in the presence of a solvent, then obtaining crystals of 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by adding an alcohol-based solvent and/or water to the reaction system, and treating the crystals by using a specific adsorbent in the presence of a solvent.

Abstract: The invention addresses the problem of providing a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione that is suited to industrial production. The invention provides a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by reacting 3-bromo-3-buten-2-one and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in the presence of a solvent, then obtaining crystals of 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by adding an alcohol-based solvent and/or water to the reaction system, and treating the crystals by using a specific adsorbent in the presence of a solvent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to oxidative degradation products of atorvastatin calcium and the process of the preparation thereof. The present invention also relates to atorvastatin calcium substantially free of oxidative degradation products and the pharmaceutical compositions containing such atorvastatin calcium.

Abstract: A perfluoropolyether thiol compound comprises a perfluoropolyether segment, at least one mercapto group (—SH), and at least one intervening divalent carbonylimino moiety (—C(?O)—NR—, wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl). The compound can be produced, for example, by a ring-opening reaction of thiolactones with perfluoropolyether-substituted, primary or secondary amines. The compound can be used, for example, as a polymerization chain transfer agent, as an intermediate for the preparation of functional group-containing fluorochemical derivatives such as disulfides, and as a fluorinated surface treatment.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention relates to inhibitors that preferentially inhibit immunoproteasome activity over constitutive proteasome activity. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to the treatment of immune related diseases, comprising administering a compound of the invention. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to the treatment of cancer, comprising administering a compound of the invention.

Abstract: Novel substituted cyclohexylidene-ethylidene-octahydro-indene compounds and compositions comprising the same are described. The compounds exhibit profound anti-proliferative effects, in comparison to other compounds known for their anti-cancer and anti-hyperproliferative ability. Methods of use of such compounds and compositions are described for treating a variety of cancers, inflammatory and other hyperproliferative diseases and disorders.

Abstract: Provided herein are novel epoxide inhibitors of cysteine proteases, compositions comprising the epoxide inhibitors, and packaged pharmaceuticals. Also provided are methods of inhibiting a papain-family cysteine protease and methods of treating or preventing a disease by administering a composition containing an epoxide inhibitor of the invention. The compositions may be administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.

Abstract: The present invention describes the use of an ionic liquid acid catalyst for the hydrolysis of cellulose into reducing sugars and other degradation products. The use of an ionic liquid catalyst for the hydrolysis of cellulose provides a low volatility catalyst and eliminates the hazards associated with the handling of mineral acids. Conditions such as temperature, catalyst modification, and ionic liquid solvent control the production of reducing sugars and other products. The combination of using an ionic liquid as the solvent for cellulose and ionic liquid catalyst provides an unprecedented tunability of the reaction properties giving more control over the conversion process to produce dehydration products with higher yields depending on the desired feedstock.

Abstract: Pro-apoptotic compounds having a tripartite structure: A-L-B are disclosed. In these compounds A is an IBM mimetic moiety; L is a linker and B is a moiety that binds to a protein on the outer mitochondrial membrane. The compounds are useful for inducing cell apoptosis and therefore treating cancer.

Abstract: The invention relates to crystalline peptide keto epoxide compounds, methods of their preparation, and related pharmaceutical compositions. This invention also relates to methods for the preparation of amino acid keto-epoxides. Specifically, allylic ketones are stereoselectively converted to the desired keto epoxides.

Abstract: This invention relates to processes and intermediates for the preparation of an alpha-amino beta-hydroxy acid of Formula 1 wherein the variables R1, R?1 and R2 are defined herein and the compound of Formula 1 has an enantiomeric excess (ee) of 55% or greater.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention relates to inhibitors that preferentially inhibit immunoproteasome activity over constitutive proteasome activity. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to the treatment of immune related diseases, comprising administering a compound of the invention. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to the treatment of cancer, comprising administering a compound of the invention.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention relates to inhibitors that preferentially inhibit immunoproteasome activity over constitutive proteasome activity. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to the treatment of immune related diseases, comprising administering a compound of the invention. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to the treatment of cancer, comprising administering a compound of the invention.

Abstract: Novel compounds which may be for treatment, prevention or alleviation of a condition associated with bone loss or low bone density or to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and stimulation, bone resorption, or loosening of a prosthetic device.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention relates to inhibitors that preferentially inhibit immunoproteasome activity over constitutive proteasome activity. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to the treatment of immune related diseases, comprising administering a compound of the invention. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to the treatment of cancer, comprising administering a compound of the invention.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention relates to inhibitors that preferentially inhibit immunoproteasome activity over constitutive proteasome activity. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to the treatment of immune related diseases, comprising administering a compound of the invention. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to the treatment of cancer, comprising administering a compound of the invention.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds of formula I wherein Ring A, Ring B, m, Rx, Ry, W and R1 are as defined herein, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds capable of binding to an Fc receptor and modulating Fc receptor activity comprising a core lipophilic group in the form of an Aryl zing substituted with a group rich in p-electrons. The invention further provides for a method of treating an autoimmune disease involving Fc receptor activity using such compounds. A method for obtaining a compound which modulates Fc receptor activity is also provided, the method comprising: (a) providing or designing compounds having structural characteristics to fit in the groove of the Fc?RIIa structure; and (b) screening the compounds for modulating activity on the Fc receptor.

Abstract: Substantially pure diastereoisomeric compounds of formula Ia, alternatively Ib, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, including hydrates, wherein PG is a protective group; R1 is a radical selected from the group consisting of phenylmethyl, 4-hydroxyphenylmethyl, (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl and (1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl; R2 is a radical selected from the group consisting of —H, —CH3, —CH2SH, —CH2OH, —CH2Ph, —CH2CO2H, —CH2CONH2, —CH(OH)CH3, —CH(CH3)CH2CH3, —CH(CH3)2, —CH2CH(CH3)2, —(CH2)2SCH3, —(CH2)2CO2H, —(CH2)CONH2, —(CH2)3NHC(NH)NH2, —(CH2)4NH2, imidazol-4-ylmethyl, 4-hydroxyphenylmethyl, (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl, (1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl and —(CH2)n—Ar; and R3 is a radical selected from the group consisting of —O(C1-C4)alkyl, —O(C2-C4)alkenyl, —O(C2-C4)alkynyl, —O(C1-C4)alkyl-Ar, —OAr, —NRaAr, —N(Ra)[(C1-C4)alkyl-Ar], and —NRaOAr and —N(Ra)[O(C1-C4)alkyl-Ar].

Abstract: One aspect of the invention relates to inhibitors that preferentially inhibit immunoproteasome activity over constitutive proteasome activity. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to the treatment of immune related diseases, comprising administering a compound of the invention. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to the treatment of cancer, comprising administering a compound of the invention.

Abstract: An objective of the present application is to provide an industrially practicable method for producing an optically-active 3-amino-2-hydroxypropionic cyclopropylamide derivative or salt thereof from an inexpensive easily-available starting material. The derivative or salt thereof is useful as an intermediate for a medicine. It is also intended by the present application to provide a useful intermediate of the derivative. The objective is attained by the following method. First, an easily-available 2-halo-3-oxopropionic acid derivative is asymmetrically reduced, and then epoxidated to produce an optically-active epoxycarboxylic acid derivative. Next, the derivative is converted into an optically-active epoxyamide derivative by reaction with cyclopropylamine, and then reacted with a nitrile to obtain an optically-active oxazolinamide derivative. Subsequently, selective acid solvolysis of the oxazoline skeleton gives the optically-active 3-amino-2-hydroxypropionic cyclopropylamide derivative or salt thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds having formula (1): wherein R1-R6, A, J, D, A, G, Q, w, x, y, and z are as described generally and in classes and subclasses herein, and additionally provides pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods for the use thereof in the treatment of cancer and/or inflammatory disorders, and more generally as proteasome inhibitors.

Abstract: A compound represented by the general formula (I): (I) wherein R represents linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl or aryl; a process for producing the compound; and an antitumor agent containing the compound as an active ingredient.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of formula I, processes for their production and their use as anti-inflammatory agents.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds having formula (1): wherein R1-R6, A, J, D, E, G, Q, w, x, y, and z are as described generally and in classes and subclasses herein, and additionally provides pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods for the use thereof in the treatment of cancer and/or inflammatory disorders, and more generally as proteasome inhibitors.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I: wherein R1, R2, X and N are as defined in the specification; E is N, CH; A? and A? are terminal groups as defined in the specification. The compounds have utility as HIV-1 protease inhibitors.

Abstract: Provided herein are novel epoxide inhibitors of cysteine proteases, compositions comprising the epoxide inhibitors, and packaged pharmaceuticals. Also provided are methods of inhibiting a papain-family cysteine protease and methods of treating or preventing a disease by administering a composition containing an epoxide inhibitor of the invention. The compositions may be administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide manufacturing intermediates which can be led to useful ?-ketoamide compounds having protease-inhibiting activity extremely economically and stereoselectively, and to provide epoxycarboxamide compounds, azide compounds and amino alcohol compounds represented by the following formulae: wherein R1 and R2 each represents alkyl group, alkenyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group; R3 represents alkyl group, alkenyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, heterocyclic group, R6—O— or R7—N(R8)—; where R6 represents alkyl group, alkenyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group; R7 and R8 each represents hydrogen atom, alkyl group, alkenyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group, and, R4 and R5 represent the same groups as R7 and R8, respectively, and R4 and R5 optionally form a ring together; and X represents —O— or —N(R9)—, where R9 represents hydrogen atom or alkyl group, and X optionally forms a ring together with R4 or R5, and

Abstract: Peptide-based compounds including heteroatom-containing, three-membered rings efficiently and selectively inhibit specific activities of N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolases. The activities of those Ntn having multiple activities can be differentially inhibited by the compounds described. For example, the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome may be selectively inhibited with the inventive compounds. The peptide-based compounds include at least three peptide units, an epoxide or aziridine, and functionalization at the N-terminus. Among other therapeutic utilities, the peptide-based compounds are expected to display anti-inflammatory properties and inhibition of cell proliferation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process that makes it possible to epoxidize ?,?-unsaturated enones or ?,?-unsaturated sulfones with high conversions and enantiomeric excesses in a two-phase system without addition of water in the presence of an organic solvent, a base, an oxidant, a diastereomer- and enantiomer-enriched homo-polyamino acid that has not been separately preactivated as catalyst, and a specific phase-transfer catalyst as cocatalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions for inhibiting proteases, methods for synthesizing the compositions, and methods of using the disclosed protease inhibitors. Aspects of the invention include aza-peptide epoxide compositions that inhibit proteases, for example cysteine proteases, either in vivo or in vitro. The disclosed compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives, prodrugs, or combinations thereof can be used to treat disease or pathological conditions related to the activity of proteases associated with a specific disease or condition. Such treatable conditions include viral infections, stroke, neurodegenerative disease, and inflammatory disease, among others.

Abstract: Histone deacetylase is a metallo-enzyme with zinc at the active site. Compounds having a zinc-binding moiety, for example, an alpha-ketoepoxide group, such as an alpha-ketothio group, can inhibit histone deacetylase. Histone deacetylase inhibition can repress gene expression, including expression of genes related to tumor suppression. Accordingly, inhibition of histone deacetylase can provide an alternate route for treating cancer, hematological disorders, e.g., hemoglobinopathies, autosomal dominant disorders, e.g. spinal muscular atrophy and Huntington's disease, genetic related metabolic disorders, e.g., cystic fibrosis and adrenoleukodystrophy, or to stimulate hematopoietic cells ex vivo.

Abstract: Optically active fluorine-containing compounds of the formula (1): or of formula (2): are used for producing optically active 3,3,3-trfluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acids.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process that makes it possible to epoxidize &agr;,&bgr;-unsaturated enones or &agr;,&bgr;-unsaturated sulfones with high conversions and enantiomeric excesses in a two-phase system without addition of water in the presence of an organic solvent, a base, an oxidant, a diastereomer- and enantiomer-enriched homo-polyamino acid that has not been separately preactivated as catalyst, and a specific phase-transfer catalyst as cocatalyst.

Abstract: An optically active epoxypropionate derivative of the following formula (1): wherein symbol * represents optically active carbon. Also disclosed is an optically active epoxypropionate derivative of the following formula (2): wherein symbol * represents optically active carbon.

Abstract: An optically active fluorine-containing compound represented by the following formula (1): 1

Abstract: Novel epoxysuccinamide derivatives represented by the general formula (1) or physiologically acceptable salts thereof, which are useful particularly as remedies for bone diseases and arthritis, wherein R1 and R3 are each hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, a heterocyclic group, or a heterocyclic-alkyl group; R2 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, a heterocyclic group, or a hetericyclic-alkyl group; X is —O— or —NR4— (wherein R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, a heterocyclic group, or a heterocyclic-alkyl group; Y1 is OR5, SR6, or NR7R8 (wherein each of R5, R6 and R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, acyl, a heterocyclic group, or a heterocyclic-alkyl group, and R8 is the same as defined for R4); and Y2 is hydrogen or alkyl, or alternatively Y1 and Y2 can be combined to form ═O, ═S, ═N—R9, or ═N—OR10 (wherein each of R9 and R10 is the same as defined for R4), provided that each of the alkyl, aryl and heterocyclic groups defined fo

Abstract: Compounds having the formulas below, where R is H, lower alkyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and where R1 represents i-propyl, t-butyl or n-butyl groups, have selective RXR retionoid agonist activity.

Abstract: Epoxysuccinamide derivatives of the formula (1): wherein R1 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl; R2 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl; R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic, or heterocyclic-alkyl; X is —O— or —NR4— (R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic, or heterocyclic-alkyl); Y1 is OR5, SR6, or NR7R8; and Y2 is hydrogen or alkyl. The compounds are useful as remedies for bone diseases and arthritis.

Abstract: The present invention is related to compounds, compositions and methods of treating viral infections. Compounds of the present invention have the following general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is selected from --CH.sub.2 OH, --CO.sub.2 R.sup.2, --CONR.sup.3 R.sup.4, or COR.sup.5, wherein R.sup.2 is hydrogen or a lower alkyl group, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each independently hydrogen or a lower alkyl group, R.sup.5 is an amino acid residue bound via a terminal nitrogen or peptide having at least two amino acid residues; and wherein R.sup.1 is C.sub.5 -C.sub.13 alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkyl(lower alkyl)ether, or C.sub.5 -C.sub.13 alkyl(lower alkyl)ether.

Abstract: Compounds of Formula 1, Formula 2 or Formula 3 where X is O, S, or (CR.sub.1 R.sub.1).sub.n where n is 0, 1 or 2; Y is a bivalent radical having Formula 4 or Formula 5 where o is an integer from 1 to 4 ##STR1## or Y is a bivalent aryl or 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl radical having 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, said aryl or heteroaryl groups being unsubstituted, or substituted with 1 to 3 C.sub.1-6 alkyl or with 1 to 3 C.sub.1-6 fluoroalkyl groups; and the remaining symbols have the meaning described in the specification, have RXR selective retinoid agonist-like activity.

Abstract: The invention relates an epoxysuccinamide derivative represented by a formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl or aminoalkyl group, R.sup.2 represents an aminoalkyl group which May be substituted, an aryl group which may be substituted, a heterocyclic group which may be substituted, an aralkyl group which may be substituted, or an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclic ring which may be substituted, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may form a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring, which may be substituted, together with the adjacent nitrogen atoms, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are the same or different from each other and independently represent a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl or aralkyl group, or a salt thereof, a preparation process thereof, and a medicine comprising such a derivative or salt as an active ingredient.

Abstract: Process for preparing optically active trans-3-phenylglycidamide compound, which comprises subjecting racemic trans-3-phenylglycidamide compound of the formula (I) ##STR1## wherein Ring A is substituted or unsubstituted benzene, and R.sup.1 is H or lower alkyl, to optical resolution using a microorganism having ability of preferentially hydrolyzing one of (2S,3R) isomer or (2R,3S) isomer thereof, and process for preparing an optically active 1,5-benzothiazepine derivative from the thus-obtained optically active trans-3-phenylglycidamide compound.

Abstract: The invention relates an epoxysuccinamide derivative represented by the general formula (1) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different from each other and independently represent H or an aromatic hydrocarbon group or aralkyl group which may be substituted, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may form a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring together with the adjacent nitrogen atoms, R.sup.3 is H or an acyl group, R.sup.4 is H or an aralkyl group, and R.sup.5 is an aromatic hydrocarbon group or aralkyl group which may be substituted, or R.sup.5 may form an amino acid residue, which may be protected, together with the adjacent nitrogen atom, or a salt thereof, and a medicine comprising the derivative as an active ingredient; and this compound has an inhibiting activity against cathepsin, and particularly, specifically inhibits cathepsin L and is hence useful for prevention and treatment of osteopathy such as osteoporosis.

Abstract: An epoxysuccinic acid derivative having the following formula: ##STR1## ?wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; each of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 independently is aryl, aralkyl or alkyl; X is --O-- or --NR.sup.4 --; and R.sup.4 is hydrogen, alkyl, or aralkyl! is useful for prevention and treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis, malignant hypercalcemia and Paget's syndrome, and further useful for treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis which are accompanied by abnormal enhancement of cathepsin L activity, and furthermore useful as a medicine for treating diseases in which cathepsin B and L participate, such as muscular dystrophy and muscular atrophy.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 32 H, CH.sub.3 ;R.sub.2 =H, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6)alkyl; andx=1-20; andprocess for preparing such compounds by reacting a compound of the formula ##STR2## with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of (a) tungstic acid or its metal salts, (b) phosphoric acid or its metal salts, and (c) at least one phase transfer catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 stands for an optionally esterified or amidated carboxyl group, X stands for an optionally substituted divalent hydrocarbon residue, R.sub.2 stands for hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon residue, R.sub.3 stands for an alkyl group which is substituted with a group bonded through O or S(O).sub.n wherein n is 0, 1 or 2, with a proviso that when the partial structural formula: --NH--X--CO-- is leucine residue, R.sub.3 is not 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl group nor 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl group, or a salt thereof, which is useful as prophylactic and therapeutic agents of bone diseases and as inhibitory agents of thiol protease.

Abstract: Substituted benzenesulfonylureas and -thioureas of the formula I ##STR1## exhibit outstanding effects on the cardiovascular system.

Abstract: Chlorine-substituted olefins I ##STR1## (R.sup.1 =organic radical; R.sup.2 =--CN, --CO--R.sup.3, --CO--S--R.sup.3, --CO--O--R.sup.3 --CO--N(R.sup.4,R.sup.5); R.sup.3 =organic radical; R.sup.4, R.sup.5 =H, organic radical)are prepared by reacting oxiranes II ##STR2## in the presence of a carboxamide (IIIa) or of a lactam (IIIb) in liquid phase with a chlorinating agent (IV). The products I are important intermediates for dyes, drugs and crop protection agents.

Abstract: A compound represented by the general formula (I): (I) wherein R represents linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl or aryl; a process for producing the compound; and an antitumor agent containing the compound as an active ingredient.