Abstract: The present invention discloses a flat separator. The separator includes a circular base and a plurality of airflow guiding portions, where the airflow guiding portions protrude from or concave with respect to a surface of the circular base, and are evenly distributed along a circumferential direction of the circular base, and the airflow guiding portion is provided with a shell-type airflow guiding channel running through the circular base. The present invention further discloses a cleaner with the separator. The separator is disposed on the top of a dust cup. According to the present invention, a structure of a separation body is changed. This improves dedusting efficiency, realizes air-liquid separation, and avoids entwining by garbage.

Abstract: Hydrocyclones and related apparatus, systems and methods are disclosed for classifying aggregate material. Some embodiments include an inlet head with a spiral inlet having a height and width that vary along the direction of travel of material in the inlet head. Plants incorporating hydrocyclones are disclosed for classifying aggregate material. Some plant embodiments include an overflow container having a weir.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for collecting flux are disclosed. A rosin particle contained in an atmosphere gas, and a vapor of a solvent or an atomized solvent particle are mixed in a mixing section upstream of a flux collection unit-side inlet, and a gas containing a mixed particle is cleaned by electrostatic precipitation. The solvent particle adheres to the rosin particle, and forms an aggregate of larger particle size.

Abstract: A water extractor for an environmental control system includes a primary duct having an inlet and an outlet, a scupper with a scupper inlet extending about the inlet of the primary duct, and a supply duct. The supply duct is in fluid communication with the primary duct and has a wall with an interior surface terminating at the scupper inlet. The interior surface defines one or more one swirl groove within the wall for gathering and conveying liquid water entrained in an airflow traversing the inlet duct to the scupper inlet. Environmental control systems, methods of making water extractors, and methods of removing water from air flows are also described.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a cooking fume separation device and a fume exhaust device. The fume exhaust device includes the cooking fume separation. The cooking separation device includes a first bracket, a second bracket, a plurality of first separation plates and a plurality of second separation plates. The plurality of first separation plates are fixedly connected to the first bracket, the plurality of second separation plates are fixedly connected to the second bracket, the plurality of first separation plates and the plurality of second separation plates are staggered and spaced apart in an up-down direction, the first separation plate and the second separation plate partially cover each other to form a plurality of separation passages, and the first bracket and the second bracket are movably connected so as to adjust a size of each separation passage.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally provide various apparatus and methods for reducing particles in a semiconductor processing chamber. One embodiment of present disclosure provides a vacuum screen assembly disposed over a vacuum port to prevent particles generated by the vacuum pump from entering substrate processing regions. Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a perforated chamber liner around a processing region of the substrate. Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a gas distributing chamber liner for distributing a cleaning gas around the substrate support under the substrate supporting surface.

Abstract: A filter unit for an extractor hood includes at least one filter element, and at least one protection plate which is arranged in a flow direction upstream of the filter element. The protection plate is made of at least two layers and can have a thickness in a range of 0.5 mm to 10 mm.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for separating liquid from a gas/liquid mixture, including: a housing; a gas/liquid mixture inlet located at a lower side of the housing; a coalescer placed in the housing above the gas/liquid mixture inlet for extending the volume of liquid droplets from the mixture passing the coalescer; at least one liquid feed, which liquid feed runs at least partially through the coalescer and ends at location below the gas/liquid mixture inlet; a liquid outlet for the separated liquid fraction located at a lower side of the housing under the coalescer; and a gas outlet for the separated gas fraction located at an upper side of the housing above the coalescer.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for separating a natural gas production stream from hydrocarbon well operations into a gas component and a sand and liquid component is described. More specifically, a sand separator comprising a cylindrical body, a production stream inlet port, a gas outlet port and a solid and liquid drain port is described. The cylindrical body has an inner cavity with an inner cone having one-way gas vents and a stationary auger wrapped around the inner cone. The production stream inlet port includes a pipe having a curved tip that directs the production stream into the body and around the inner cone and stationary auger, causing the production stream to slow down and the components to separate.

Abstract: A filter apparatus and assembly for use in association with a shale shaker is described, the apparatus including a generally annular housing, a fluid inlet and outlet, and an air flow-path extending therethrough, the apparatus being adapted to remove contaminants and debris from a fluid flowing from a drilling operation into a shale shaker. In accordance with select aspects of the invention, the filtering assembly has at least one deflection plate mounted inside the housing to aid in reducing or disrupting the velocity of debris within the fluid.

Abstract: A particle condensing apparatus includes a gas-borne particle condensing device that condenses a gas that includes gas-borne particles. The gas-borne particle condensing device includes a cyclone portion that causes a supplied first gas to swirl along an inner wall face to cause centrifugal force to act on particles in the first gas to produce a second gas with a relatively high particle concentration and a third gas with a low particle concentration. A fluorocarbon polymer film is formed on an inner wall face of the cyclone portion.

Abstract: An apparatus for separating a return material generated while drilling a borehole into a gas stream and a non-gas stream includes a chamber having an open upper end and an open lower end and a cap. The chamber may be oriented to allow gravity to pull the non-gas stream through the lower end. An inlet associated with the chamber may be oriented to flow the return material into the chamber at a substantially tangential angle. The cap partially encloses the upper end and includes a vent for venting the gas stream.

Abstract: A device for increasing service life of a combustion installation is disclosed. The combustion installation has a gas-conducting component and a conducted gas has dirt particles. The gas-conducting component has a layer which is partially detached together with the dirt particles of the gas when the layer is impinged with the gas and when a dirt particle is deposited on the layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the anti-erosion coating of the wall of a cyclone for separating and recovering solid particles driven in a fluid, in which a composite material is deposited in a mould comprising the wall of the cyclone (13) and an adapted form (17) in order to obtain, upon stripping, an impression having a predetermined geometry, at least one means for attaching the composite material to the wall of the cyclone (15), and connected to said wall, is provided before casting in the body of the impression. The invention also relates to an anti-erosion coating for a cyclone inner wall that includes a composite material provided in the form of a continuous layer on the inner wall of the cyclone, and at least one attachment means connected to the wall of said cyclone in the body of the coating, particularly with a smooth exposed surface. The invention also relates to a cyclone including such a coating and to the use of said coating.

Abstract: A pressure cyclone is disclosed having a concave top head, wherein the concave top head has a substantially flat roof disposed in the interior of the cyclone vessel. An inlet is tangentially-coupled to the vessel and has an inlet nozzle disposed therein and configured to smoothly transition into the cyclone vessel to create a vortex that separates solid particulates from an incoming particulate-fluid suspension. In particular, the one surface of the inlet nozzle is tangent to the inner surface of cyclone vessel and another surface of the inlet nozzle is parallel and continuous with the substantially flat roof. An inlet casing is disposed around a length of the inlet nozzle and configured to transition from a circular casing to an elliptical casing along the length of the inlet nozzle, and couple to the vessel with the elliptical casing.

Abstract: The present invention is related to the separator (dust chamber) for separating solid particles from vapor-gas mixture, particularly to the structure of the dust chamber belonging amongst installation of the plant processing the fossil fuels or materials containing organic matter. The dust chamber (1) for separating solid particles from vapor-gas mixture comprises main body (2) with inner refractory lining (7) arranged to the inner surface of said main body, first and second stage cyclones (3, 4), lamella compensators (18, 19), dust removal conduits (5, 15) and inlet conduit (13) of the vapor-gas mixture into the first cyclone (3). The main body (2) of the dust chamber (1) is manufactured in all height from the cylinder of equal diameter and first and second stage cyclones (3, 4) are placed outside of the main body (2) of the dust chamber (1).

Abstract: A cyclone includes a cylindrical housing and has an inner diameter D. An inlet is near a first end of the housing. A deflection member can be positioned within the first end or the second end of the housing, depending on whether the cyclone is uniflow or reverse flow. An outlet tube is positioned within and extends from a second end or the first end of the housing (depending on whether uniflow or reverse flow). A bunker is formed between the outlet tube and an inner wall of the housing in a uniflow design and between the deflection member and the housing in a reverse flow design, and collects particles separated from an inlet gas stream. A gap between the deflection member and the outlet tube has a length in the range of approximately 0.4*D to 0.8*D. The length of the bunker is approximately greater than or equal to 1.5*D.

Abstract: Device including channel having channel input and output. Channel has interior channel surface extending along channel path from channel input to output. In one implementation, channel includes plurality of channel sections in serial communication along channel path. Each of channel sections includes first internal circumference spaced apart along channel path from second internal circumference, in each of channel sections the first and second internal circumferences being substantially different. Each of channel sections includes sub-surface of interior channel surface. At least region of sub-surface of each channel section includes distribution of raised micro-scale features. As another implementation, at least first region of interior channel surface includes distribution of raised micro-scale features interrupted by plurality of raised barriers spaced apart along channel path on interior channel surface.

Abstract: A structure of an impurities collecting bucket for an air separator and purifier, primarily structured from a bucket and an air guide cover, wherein the air guide cover covers an opening at an upper end of the bucket, and is provided with an air inlet and an air suction port. A guide pipe extends from the air inlet and connects to a work place, and another guide pipe connects the air suction port to an air inlet of an air separator and purifier for series operation.

Abstract: A separator assembly for removing material that is entrained in a gas stream. The separator assembly comprises a housing having a head part which provides the upper end of the housing and a body part which provides the lower end of the housing. The separator assembly also comprises a shield which extends across the housing towards the lower end thereof so as to leave a collection space between it and the lower end in which material that is separated from the gas stream can collect. There is at least one opening in or around the shield through which the material can flow past the shield into the collection space. The separator assembly further comprises a liner sleeve which covers at least a part of the inside wall of the body part between the shield and the upper end of the body part.

Abstract: A materials classifying cyclone with at least one vibrator for transmitting generated vibrations into the downwardly swirling slurry of materials to interrupt the flow pattern thereof so that some of the smaller particles trapped in the outer portions of the slurry are freed for movement into the vortex of the cyclone to increase the operating efficiency of the cyclone. In a first embodiment, the cyclone has a solid metallic conical housing with the vibrator attached to the periphery of the housing. In a second embodiment, a plurality of longitudinal struts in spaced apart relationship provide the conical housing with open sides with the vibrator mounted on one of the struts which transmit the vibrations to abrasion resistant liners mounted in the housing. In still another embodiment, the vibrator is coupled to an abrasion resistant liner which is exposed in one of the open spaces of the conical housing.

Abstract: An inertial separator comprising a tubular body, the tubular body comprises a composition comprising a polymer selected from the group consisting of a cyclic olefin polymer and a cyclic olefin copolymer, and, a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and/or a flame retardant and/or an anti-static additive, is disclosed.

Abstract: A device for separating a gas-liquid mixture, wherein a liquid part is in the form of small particles by separating and coagulating the liquid particles in a separation surface including, at least one region of an inner wall surface of a cyclone, the separation surface comprised of the at least one region; at least one fibre lining material that is formed as one of a knitted fibre and a non-woven fibre with a fibre thickness between about 5 and 500 ?m and a porosity between about 60% and about 90% applied to the inner wall; and a plurality of narrow flow chicanes formed by the at least one lining, wherein at least a portion of the inner wall surface of the cyclone passed by the gas-liquid mixture rotating around a cylinder axis comprises the plurality of narrow flow chicanes.

Abstract: A gas-liquid separator assembly has dual flow first and second split partial paths. The first path is an impaction separation path effecting liquid particle separation from a gas-liquid stream by inertial impaction. The second path is a coalescence-separation path effecting liquid particle separation from the gas-liquid stream by coalescence.

Abstract: A particle collector comprises a housing defining an enclosed chamber. An inlet opening in the housing provides fluid communication between a source of gas and particles and the chamber and an outlet opening provides fluid communication between the chamber and the exterior of the housing. The outlet opening is connected to a pump for drawing gas and particles through the housing from the inlet opening to the outlet opening. A collecting member having an adhesive on at least a portion of the surface is disposed in the chamber between the inlet opening and the outlet opening. The adhesive surface of the collecting member is positioned adjacent to the inlet opening. When gas and particles are drawn through the housing, the inlet opening directs a stream of gas and particles at the surface of the collecting member. Particles having an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of less than about 2.5 ?m are captured.

Abstract: The system of the present invention includes a centripetal cyclone for separating particulate material from a particulate laden gas solids stream. The cyclone includes a housing defining a conduit extending between an upstream inlet and a downstream outlet. In operation, when a particulate laden gas-solids stream passes through the upstream housing inlet, the particulate laden gas-solids stream is directed through the conduit and at least a portion of the solids in the particulate laden gas-solids stream are subjected to a centripetal force within the conduit.

Abstract: A separator assembly for removing material that is entrained in a gas stream. The separator assembly comprises a housing having a head part which provides the upper end of the housing and a body part which provides the lower end of the housing. The separator assembly also comprises a shield which extends across the housing towards the lower end thereof so as to leave a collection space between it and the lower end in which material that is separated from the gas stream can collect. There is at least one opening in or around the shield through which the material can flow past the shield into the collection space. The separator assembly further comprises a liner sleeve which covers at least a part of the inside wall of the body part between the shield and the upper end of the body part.

Abstract: A cyclone separator (40) includes a housing (42), in which a cyclone assembly (10) is contained. The housing (42) has an inflow chamber (44), an overflow chamber (46) and a discharge chamber (48). The cyclone assembly (10) has an inner cyclone liner (16) positioned concentrically within a cyclone chamber (12). A displacement means (52) is provided for displacing the inner cyclone liner (16) axially from an operative position in the cyclone chamber (12) to an inoperative position in the overflow chamber (46) of the housing (42). The cyclone chamber (12) has a larger internal diameter than the inner cyclone liner (16), therefore, when the inner cyclone liner is moved to the inoperative position, the flowrate through the cyclone assembly is increased.

Abstract: A cyclonic separator and methods of cyclonic separation which provide for a band pass separation of particles. That is, a cyclonic separator able to remove particles from an air stream that are greater than a predetermined minimum (which is greater than zero) while being smaller than a particular maximum. This band pass separation may be performed with the inclusion of a secondary vortex break on a cyclonic separator. Also discussed are cyclonic flow systems which provide for less deposition of aerosolized particles onto the cyclonic flow generator and related structures to improve likelihood of particles of interest being provided to an attached detector.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for replacing worn out liners in material classifying cyclones which include segmented inlet housing liners that are removable through the opened top thereof. In a first embodiment, a stacked array of the especially configured liners are supported on a lifting ring in the conical housing of the cyclone and lifting straps are used to extract the lifting ring and the liners. In a second embodiment, a special hoist is inserted into the liners and operated to clamp onto the liners and hold them in the stacked array and then the hoist and the attached liners are extracted. In either embodiment, the liners are extracted without removing the cyclone from its operating position and completely disassembling the cyclone. The extracted liners are moved to a work station for replacement as needed. Refurbished liner arrays are inserted into the cyclone by using the lifting ring or the special hoist.

Abstract: A centrifuge (10) suitable for separating soot from an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine; the centrifuge being disposed between, and arranged coaxially in relation to, a raw gas inlet pipe (11) and a clean gas outlet pipe (12); the centrifuge including a rotating body (20) which is open on both axial end faces, drive vanes (26) arranged adjacent the inlet for driving the centrifuge, and at least one device (29) provided inside said rotating body for reversing or deflecting the exhaust gas flow direction.

Abstract: A cyclone separator includes a body having a side entry fluid inlet, a first outlet and a second outlet both aligned substantially transverse to the fluid inlet, and has the first and second outlets opposing each other. A cyclone tube assembly is positioned within the body having at least a portion of the cyclone tube assembly positioned in a direct unobstructed alignment path with the fluid inlet. The cyclone tube assembly includes a plurality of cyclone tubes, each including a first tube section and a second tube section partially positioned within the first tube section. A ceramic material forms at least a portion of the second tube section of each cyclone tube. A first tube connection plate supports the first tube section of each of the cyclone tubes. A second tube connection plate supports the second tube section of each of the cyclone tubes. The first tube connection plate is angularly offset from the second tube connection plate.

Abstract: A precursor delivery system includes a flow path from a precursor container to a reaction space of a thin film deposition system, such as an atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactor. A staging volume is preferably established between the precursor container and the reaction space for receiving at least one dose of the precursor material from the precursor container, from which a series of pulses is released toward the reaction space. The precursor material is typically vaporized after loading it in the precursor container by heating or reducing the pressure inside the precursor container. A vacuum line is preferably coupled to the precursor container and bypasses the reaction space for reducing pressure inside the precursor container without drawing particles into the reaction space. A high conductivity particle filter having inertial traps may be included, preferably between the precursor container and a staging volume, for filtering particles from the precursor material.

Abstract: A particle collector comprises a housing defining an enclosed chamber. An inlet opening in the housing provides fluid communication between a source of gas and particles and the chamber and an outlet opening provides fluid communication between the chamber and the exterior of the housing. The outlet opening is connected to a pump for drawing gas and particles through the housing from the inlet opening to the outlet opening. A collecting member having an adhesive on at least a portion of the surface is disposed in the chamber between the inlet opening and the outlet opening. The adhesive surface of the collecting member is positioned adjacent to the inlet opening. When gas and particles are drawn through the housing, the inlet opening directs a stream of gas and particles at the surface of the collecting member. Particles having an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of less than about 2.5 ?m are captured.

Abstract: A high conductivity particle filter provides a flow path to subject a fluid stream to a series of turns. The turns require an abrupt directional change for the fluid stream. Traps are positioned in proximity to the turns to capture particles, which have greater inertia than the fluid. The flow path may be a spiral or a series of parallel paths. A cross sectional area of the flow path may be progressively decreased to increase flow velocity and particle inertia.

Abstract: A hot gas cyclone separator is provided with a segmented dip tube whose smooth sheet metal dip-tube segments have tops which are securely fastened to a cap of the separator in hook like manner by U-shaped angle rails. The adjacent lower ends of the dip-tube segments may also be interconnected by angle rails having U-shaped profiles which serve to protect the lower end of the dip tube from excessive wear caused by the impinging hot gas/solids suspension.

Abstract: The separator has a vane assembly made up of a number of corrugated vanes that are oriented with respect to each other so as to provide serpentine paths for the gas stream therethrough. As the gas stream flows through the serpentine paths, it changes direction and liquid in the gas stream impacts the surfaces of the vanes. The upstream section of the vane assembly has roughened surfaces to decrease the surface tension of the liquid, thereby causing the liquid to coalesce. The downstream section of the vane assembly has smooth surfaces so as to increase the surface tension of the liquid. Thus, the coalesced liquid flows from the roughened surfaces to the smooth surfaces where the liquid forms beads and drains by gravity.

Abstract: A particle collector comprises a housing defining an enclosed chamber. An inlet opening in the housing provides fluid communication between a source of gas and particles and the chamber and an outlet opening provides fluid communication between the chamber and the exterior of the housing. The outlet opening is connected to a pump for drawing gas and particles through the housing from the inlet opening to the outlet opening. A collecting member having an adhesive on at least a portion of the surface is disposed in the chamber between the inlet opening and the outlet opening. The adhesive surface of the collecting member is positioned adjacent to the inlet opening. When gas and particles are drawn through the housing, the inlet opening directs a stream of gas and particles at the surface of the collecting member. Particles having an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of less than about 2.5 &mgr;m are captured.

Abstract: A vessel, as for a cyclone separator, includes a continuous electrical conductor embedded in the wall of the vessel for sensing when the lining has eroded.

Abstract: A hydrocyclone separator comprising a truncated cone-shaped vessel having a tangential fluid stream inlet, a fluid stream outlet, a solid particle collector and a conical insert removably mounted between the truncated cone-shaped vessel and the solid particle collector, said conical insert comprising an erosion resistant material.

Abstract: A heat-resistant and wear-resistant insertion element or segment of a segmented dip tube suitable for use in a refractory-lined cyclone of a cement clinker production line. The insertion element, is capable of being fabricated and installed with a length greater than 120 cm, and is distinguished by a long service life. The insertion element may be a composite structure made of a metallic carcass or sheet (10) and a metallic mesh with webs (11) forming lattice-shaped openings which are filled with a heat-resistant ceramic composition (12).

Abstract: An evacuation system for a chamber (14) is provided, including a pump (12) for removing gases and contaminants from the chamber. The pump has an outlet (32) connected to an exhaust duct (34). A collector trap (42) for use in collecting contaminants evacuated from the chamber is positioned between the pump outlet (32) and the exhaust duct (34). The collector trap (42) comprises: (i) a gas/contaminant separator (46) having an inlet (56) for introducing gases and contaminants therein, the separator (46) functioning to physically separate the gases and contaminants; (ii) a contaminant collector (48) for collecting the separated contaminants, the collector (48) including an extractor coupling (70) for allowing extraction of the contaminants from the collector; and (iii) an outlet (72) for allowing the separated gases to exit the gas/contaminant separator (46) and into the exhaust duct (34).

Abstract: An exhaust gas particulate controller is included between an exhaust of a barrel chemical vapor deposition reactor and the gas scrubber system. The exhaust gas particulate controller is positioned as close to the exhaust of the reactor as is practical. The exhaust gas particulate controller is a passive system that prevents generation of particulates associated with gas density changes that occur during processing within the reactor.

Abstract: A device for reducing wear to the inner wall of a cyclone separator by causing a protective layer of particulate to accumulate along the inner wall. The protective layer is facilitated by securing an expanded metal sheet along the inner wall of a cyclone separator. Once formed the protective layer of particulate acts as a shield and cushion to high-energy kinetic particles as they continue to enter the cyclone separator. The high-energy particles strike the accumulated particulate without harming the inner wall of the cyclone separator.

Abstract: The present invention provides a centrifugal air filter suitable for extracting impurities suspended in air. The filter includes a front wall, a rear wall spaced from the front wall, and a perimeter wall joining the front and rear walls and forming a cavity therebetween. Dividers divide the cavity into a plurality of vortex chambers. Each vortex chamber has a pair of inlets proximal opposing chamber ends and formed in the filter front wall, and an outlet formed in the filter rear wall generally centrally disposed between the inlets. Each vortex chamber extracts impurities by directing the air along a helical path through the vortex chamber from the inlets to the outlet. Air enters the vortex chamber inlets in the front of the filter, and exits the vortex outlet at the rear of the filter in the same plane.

Abstract: A transparent molded plastic lid for use on an auxiliary trash collection container used with a shop vacuum cleaner or dust collector system that permits inspection of the container contents without removal of the lid.

Abstract: A molded plastic lid for use on an auxiliary trash collection container used with a shop vacuum cleaner or dust collector system. Incoming air and entrained materials are directed along the inside of the container at a shallow angle, and outgoing air is drawn from the center of the lid at a steeper angle. The resulting airflow in the container is a vortex or cyclone-like flow that deposits most of the incoming material within the container, thereby increasing the collection capacity of the system with which the lid is used by the volume of the auxiliary container.

Abstract: A reusable filter for use in a spray paint booth is advanced which includes a frame supporting a series of equally spaced horizontal vanes. Each vane is formed to have a shape which reduces clogging of the front face of the filter and forces the air stream to make successive directional changes to thereby effectively remove particulates from the air stream. Three sides of the frame are equipped with a bendable lip that provides a fluid tight seal between the wall and the frame. The fourth side of the frame is formed with access holes enabling paint particulates and liquid cleanser to be quickly removed from between the vanes. The filter is made of a polymeric material which is impervious to solids and can be cleaned by any cleaner normally used to remove paint from a surface.

Abstract: A cyclone and inlet duct apparatus which includes a cyclone having a cylindrical axial portion. The cylindrical axial portion has a metallic housing and the housing has wall. The apparatus also includes a rectangular inlet duct that has an interface with the cylindrical axial portion of the cyclone. The rectangular inlet duct is disposed in fluid communication with the cylindrical axial portion of the cyclone. One side of the rectangular inlet duct is disposed in generally tangential relationship to the wall of the cylindrical axial portion of the cyclone. A first refractory material stop block extends vertically in the cylindrical axial portion of the cyclone proximate to the wall of the cylindrical axial portion and proximate to the intersection of a first side of the inlet duct and the cylindrical axial portion in substantially parallel relationship to the intersection of the first side of the inlet duct and the cylindrical axial portion.

Abstract: Components of a vehicle airbag gas generator, or inflator, are coated with reactivity resistant materials to protect them from deterioration caused by contact with the high temperature, reactive gases generated by recently developed non-azide high reactive temperature gas generating materials. Suitable coatings include those produced from ceramics and reactivity resistant metals. These coatings also provide long term protection of the components from deterioration caused by the environment/atmosphere within the inflator.