Abstract: Pyrophoric material such as iron sulfide is frequently found in refinery equipment. When the equipment is opened to the atmosphere for maintenance, an exothermic reaction can take place that may cause injury to personnel and catastrophic damage to equipment. A process used to treat pyrophoric material uses sodium nitrite injected into a gaseous carrier stream to oxidize iron sulfides to elemental sulfur and iron oxides. The sodium nitrite solution may be buffered to a pH of about 9 with disodium phosphate or monosodium phosphate. A chemical additive that provides a quantitative measure of reaction completion may be added to the treatment solution.

Abstract: Pyrophoric material such as iron sulfide is frequently found in refinery equipment. When the equipment is opened to the atmosphere for maintenance, an exothermic reaction can take place that may cause injury to personnel and catastrophic damage to equipment. A process used to treat pyrophoric material uses sodium nitrite injected into a gaseous carrier stream to oxidize iron sulfides to elemental sulfur and iron oxides. The sodium nitrite solution may be buffered to a pH of about 9 with disodium phosphate or monosodium phosphate. A chemical additive that provides a quantitative measure of reaction completion may be added to the treatment solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to nonionic compounds of the polyoxymethylene type that are low-foaming and can be used as surfactants, especially in cleaning compositions at an alkaline pH. They are obtained from unsaturated nitriles, that have been epoxidized with e.g. hydrogen perroxide, and alkyl blocked polyalkylene glycols. The nonionic nitrile surfactants can be reacted further with e.g. hydrogen peroxide under alkaline conditions to obtain nonionic amide surfactants. Amide derivatives of this type could also be obtained by reaction between ammonia or a primary or secondary amine and an acid or ester. The nonionic compounds exhibit one or several structure elements according to formula (II) in the aliphatic carbon chain where AO is an alkyleneoxy group containing 2-4 carbon atom, R3 is an alkyl group with 1-4 carbon atoms and n is a number between 1 and 30.

Abstract: A method for an addition reaction with the formation of an additional carbon--carbon bond comprising reacting an .alpha.-halogeno carboxylic acid derivative with an alkene in the presence of a catalyst shown by the general formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is a lower alkyl group.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for preparing stable low viscosity polymer-polyols containing less than about 100 ppm residual monomers by using a monoperoxycarbonate initiator in combination with at least one initiator selected from diperoxyketals and peroxyesters, as chaser catalysts, at or near the end of the polymerization. The polymer-polyols prepared by the instant invention can be used to prepare high resiliency (load bearing) polyurethane foams.

Abstract: Substituted vinylcyclopropane carboxylates, useful precursors to pyrethroid insecticides, are prepared by noble metal catalyzed addition of 1-methyl-3-buten-2-yl or 4-methyl-3-penten-1-yl carbonates or carboxylic acid esters to malonic acid diesters, alkyl acetates or alkyl cyanoacetates.