Abstract: A process for the perfluoroalkylation of aromatic derivatives. In a first stage, an aromatic derivative, sulfur dioxide and a metal selected from the group consisting of zinc, aluminum, manganese, cadmium, magnesium, tin, iron, nickel and cobalt, are brought into contact in a solvent, preferably a polar aprotic solvent. In a second stage, a perfluoroalkyl bromide or iodide is added to react with the aromatic derivative.

Abstract: Prepare esters of .alpha.-halocinnamic acid and related compounds in high yield under relatively mild conditions.

Abstract: A benzonaphthalene compound has the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents (i) ##STR2## or (ii) --CH.sub.2 OH; R.sub.6 represents ##STR3## or OR.sub.7 wherein R.sub.7 represents hydrogen, alkyl having 1-20 carbon atoms, monohydroxyalkyl or polyhydroxyalkyl, r' or r" represent hydrogen, lower alkyl, mono or polyhydroxyalkyl, aryl or a residue of an amino acid or a sugar, or together form a heterocycle; R.sub.2 represents hydrogen, alkyl having 1-15 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1-4 carbon atoms or a cycloaliphatic radical; R.sub.3 represents hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl having 1-4 carbon atoms, alkoxy having 1-10 carbon atoms, a cycloaliphatic radical, a thiocycloaliphatic radical or --O--Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --R.sub.8 wherein R.sub.8 represents lower alkyl; and R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 represent hydrogen, lower alkyl, hydroxy or lower acyloxy.This compound is useful in the topical and systemic treatment of dermatologic diseases and in the treatment of the degeneration of conjuctive tissues.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 stands for hydrogen or the group COR.sup.2, whereinR.sup.2 stands for a straight or branched chained alkyl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms optionally substituted with phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl or m-phenoxy-benzyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 carbon atoms optionally substituted with one or more straight or branched chained alkyl or alkenyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, phenyl or naphthyl.The compounds of formula (I) are prepared according to the invention by(a) reacting esters of formula (II) ##STR2## wherein X stands for chlorine or bromine andR.sup.2 has the same meanings as defined above with a phenol alkali metal salt and(b) if desired converting the diphenyl ethers so obtained to a specific compound of formula (I), m-phenoxybenzyl alcohol by the hydrolysis of the ester group.

Abstract: Esters of optically active 2-arylalkanoic acids I ##STR1## where Ar is an isocyclic or heterocyclic aryl radical and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, are prepared by subjecting an optically active ester II ##STR2## where X is Cl, Br or --O--SO.sub.2 --Y and Y is Cl or a hydrocarbon radical, to a Friedel-Crafts reaction with an aromatic compound ArH (III).

Abstract: A novel liquid crystal ester compound which is useful as a component for TN type nematic liquid crystal composition, raising its nematic-isotropic liquid phase-isotropic liquid phase transition point without increasing its viscosity and a liquid crystal composition containing the same are provided, which ester compound is expressed by the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group or an alkoxy group each of 1 to 10 carbon atoms; ##STR2## represents ##STR3## Y represents -- COO--or --OCO--; any of ##STR4## n represents 0 or 1; and Z represents an alkyl group or an alkoxy group each of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom of F, Cl or Br.

Abstract: Process for preparing alkanoic acid or their esters by rearrangement of alpha-halo-ketones in protic medium and in the presence of a non-noble metal salt.The protic medium is preferably an aliphatic alcohol having low molecular weight or water and the reaction is carried out at a temperature from 0.degree. C. to the boiling-point of the diluent or of the diluents mixture.

Abstract: 2,2-Dimethyl-3-arylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids and esters, suitable as insecticide intermediates, of the formula ##STR1## in which Ar is naphthyl or substituted furyl, thienyl or phenyl, andR.sup.1 is hydrogen or alkyl, are produced by subjecting ##STR2## to radical polymerization to produce ##STR3## reacting that with chlorine or bromine to produce ##STR4## and reacting that with an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide or carbonate. Various intermediates II and III are new.

Abstract: Carboxylic acids and/or esters thereof are produced by reacting either a benzylic or an aromatic mercaptan with carbon monoxide and either water or an aqueous alcohol at elevated temperature, suitably in the range from 100.degree. to 300.degree. C., in the presence as catalyst of a cobalt carbonyl, the product using water as the reactant being a carboxylic acid and using aqueous alcohol as the reactant a carboxylic acid ester, mixtures of acids and esters being formed using aqueous alcohols having high water concentrations.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel carbonylation process for the production of aromatic carboxylic acids or esters of aromatic. More particularly, this invention relates to a process for the carbonylation of aromatic iodides or bromides with carbon monoxide in the presence of a palladium catalyst promoted with a Group VIB carbonyl and in the presence of an alcohol or water in a base reaction medium having a pKa greater than about 8. When the alcohol is used the product is the ester. When water is used the product is the carboxylic acid.

Abstract: Ethyl and n-propyl esters of carboxylic acids are prepared in good yield from methanol, syngas and a carboxylic acid by contacting a mixture of the carboxylic acid, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methanol with a catalyst composition comprising a ruthenium-containing compound, a cobalt-containing compound and a quaternary onium salt or base, and heating the resulting mixture at an elevated temperature and pressure for sufficient time to produce the desired ethyl and propyl esters, and then recovering the same from the reaction mixture.

Abstract: Carboxylic acid esters are produced by reacting (i) carbon monoxide, (ii) a compound of the formula M(OR).sub.x wherein M is either boron, silicon, aluminum, titanium or zirconium, x is the valency of M and R is a hydrocarbyl group and (iii) a hydrocarbyl halide, wherein the halide moiety is bromide, chloride or iodide, in the presence of a catalyst comprising one or more of the metals rhodium, iridium and cobalt in either elemental or compound form. When M is boron, silicon or aluminum and the halide moiety is chloride, there is preferably added a source of iodide.

Abstract: A 6-alkoxy-5-trifluoromethyl-1-cyanonaphthalene is hydrolyzed to the corresponding acid in high yield by reacting it with an aqueous alcoholic base under moderate pressure at a temperature of about 115.degree.-130.degree. C. A preferred nitrile is 6-methoxy-5-trifluoromethyl-1-cyanonaphthalene, preferred bases are sodium and potassium hydroxides, utilizable alcohols are alkanols containing 1-3 carbons, and preferred pressures are in the range of about 90-110 psi.

Abstract: Herbicidal trans-2-[(3-chloroallyloxyimino)alkyl]-5-(substitutedsulfinylalkyl)-cycloh exane-1,3-diones and derivatives thereof. The compounds can be prepared via oxidation of the corresponding 5-(substitutedthioalkyl) precursors. The compounds are especially useful as selective herbicides active against grassy weeds.

Abstract: Nematic liquid crystalline mixtures, which can be used in optoelectronic components. Compounds are provided which influence the characteristics of mixtures in the direction of high clarification temperatures at simultaneous favorable switching times. It has been found that compounds of the general formula ##STR1## wherein n, m=1 to 10 in nematic mixtures in quantities of 5 to 40% considerably increase the clarification points without significantly increasing the viscosity, so that favorable switching times are obtained. The new mixtures can be used for the production of optoelectronic components (displays) for watches, computers and other devices.

Abstract: Novel antiandrogenic compositions comprising an antiandrogenically effective amount of at least one compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sub.1 is alkyl of 1 to 2 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms optionally interrupted with a heteroatom, alkenyl and alkynyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms optionally interrupted with a heteroatom, formyl and acyl of an organic carboxylic acid of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and alkenyl and alkynyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the dotted lines indicate optional presence of a double bond between the 4(5) and 5a(6) carbons and the wavy line indicates that R.sub.4 may be in the .alpha.- or .beta.

Abstract: Provided is a process for preparing a diaryl or a mixture of diaryls represented by any or a combination of the following formulae (II), (III) and (V), characterized in that a diaryliodonium salt represented by the following formula (I) is reacted in a solvent in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and a reducing metal at a temperature in the range of room temperature to 100.degree. C.:[Ar.sub.1 -I.sup..sym. -Ar.sub.2 ]X.sup..crclbar. (I)Ar.sub.1 -Ar.sub.1 (II)Ar.sub.1 -Ar.sub.2 (III)Ar.sub.2 -Ar.sub.2 (IV)wherein Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2, which may be alike or different, are each an aryl group which may have a substituent group or groups and X.sup..crclbar. is a counter ion which is inert to said reaction.

Abstract: Pharmaceutically useful optically active .alpha.-arylalkanoic acids or esters, ortho esters, or amides thereof are stereoselectively prepared by contacting an aryl magnesium Grignard reagent with an optically active .alpha.-substituted acyl halide to form the optically active aryl .alpha.-substituted alkyl ketone, which is ketalized and rearranged to the desired optically active .alpha.-arylalkanoic acid or the corresponding ester, ortho ester or amide. In an alternate embodiment, the aryl .alpha.-substituted alkyl ketone is reduced to the corresponding alkanol, which is rearranged to the .alpha.-arylalkanal. The alkanal so produced is converted to the desired optically active .alpha.-arylalkanoic acid by conventional methods.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of alpha-haloalkylesters, wherein an acylhalide having the general formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group and Hal represents chlorine or bromine is contacted with hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalytic system comprising at least one Group VIII element.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the preparation of aryl carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof by the carbonylation of diaryliodonium salts. The diaryliodonium salts are reacted with carbon monoxide and water or an alcohol or amine in a base reaction medium having a pK.sub.b greater than about 8.

Abstract: This invention produces methyl esters and ethylene glycol esters by reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a homogeneous liquid phase mixture containing a ruthenium carbonyl complex catalyst and an acyl compound. Methyl ester and ethylene glycol ester are the predominant products. These esters are used as precursors in the formation of ethylene glycol, vinyl acylates such as vinyl acetate, ethylene oxide, ethylene carbonate and methanol.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of optically active alpha-arylalkanoic acids, consisting in the rearrangement of optically active alpha-(haloalkyl)-aryl-ketals and in submitting to hydrolysis the so-obtained esters of alpha-arylalkanoic acids.The rearrangement reaction is carried out under neutral or slightly alkaline conditions in a polar protic medium.

Abstract: Novel compounds of the general formula ##STR1## wherein Ar represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heterocyclic group; W represents alkylene of from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms; and B represents --NR.sub.2 COR.sub.1, --NR.sub.2 CONR.sub.1 R.sub.3, --NR.sub.2 SO.sub.2 R.sub.1, --NR.sub.2 SO.sub.2 NR.sub.1 R.sub.3, or --NR.sub.2 COOR.sub.1 wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 may be the same or different and may be hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or aralkyl, except that R.sub.1 is not hydrogen when B is --NR.sub.2 SO.sub.2 R.sub.1 or --NR.sub.2 COOR.sub.1, or R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 may together with N form a 5 to 7 momoered heterocyclic group; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. These compounds exhibit .beta.-adrenergic blocking activity and are also useful in the treatment of glaucoma.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of optically active alpha-arylalkanoic acids, consisting in the rearrangement of optically active (alpha-haloalkyl)-aryl-ketals and in submitting to hydrolysis the thus obtained esters of alpha-arylalkanoic acids. The rearrangement reaction is carried out under neutral or alightly alkaline conditions, in an aprotic dipolar diluent and in the presence of a protic substance having a high dielectric constant.

Abstract: Phenylethylene derivatives of the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and A have the meanings given in the description, and their preparation.The novel compounds are useful for combating disorders.

Abstract: The invention is a process for the chloromethylation of an aromatic compound, substituted with an alkyl group and a deactivating moiety, which comprises contacting an aromatic compound, substituted with an alkyl group and a deactivating group, with a chloromethyl alkyl ether in the presence of a catalytic amount of ferric chloride or stannic chloride, under conditions such that an aromatic compound, substituted with an alkyl group, a chloromethyl group, and a deactivating group, wherein the alkyl and chloromethyl groups are on adjacent carbon atoms, is prepared.

Abstract: A multi-step process is described for preparing a methoxytrifluoromethylnaphthoic acid compound of formula ##STR1## from 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene and for preparing novel intermediate compounds of formula ##STR2## where X is chlorine or fluorine. Methoxytrifluoromethylnaphthoic acid is useful for preparing biologically active compounds such as naphthyl thioamide derivatives which inhibit aldose reductase activity.

Abstract: A multi-step process is described for preparing a methoxytrifluoromethylnaphthoic acid of formula ##STR1## from 1-methyl-5-naphthoic acid and for preparing novel intermediate compounds of formula ##STR2## where X is chlorine or fluorine. Methoxytrifluoromethylnaphthoic acid is useful for preparing biologically active compounds such as naphthyl thioamide derivatives which inhibit aldose reductase activity.

Abstract: Stereoisomerically-enriched esters are prepared by treating a non-symmetrical ketene with a racemic or chiral tertiary-base-substituted alkylcarbinol. Optional hydrolysis of the esters gives the corresponding optically-active carboxylic acids corresponding to the non-symmetrical ketene.

Abstract: .alpha.-Arylalkanoic acids or esters, orthoesters or amides thereof are prepared by forming an .alpha.-hydroxy ketal or thioketal of an aryl alkyl ketone, activating the .alpha.-hydroxy substituent with an esterifying agent to form the corresponding ketal or thioketal ester substrate, wherein the ester group is sufficiently labile to non-catalytically disassociate from the substrate in a protic or dipolar, aprotic solvent, maintaining the ester substrate in contact with the protic or dipolar, aprotic solvent or mixtures thereof for a time sufficient to form the corresponding .alpha.-arylakanoic acid or ester, orthoester or amide thereof, and optionally concomitantly or sequentially hydrolyzing any ester, orthoester or amide formed to the corresponding .alpha.-arylalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A carboxylic acid esters, such as methyl propionate, is prepared by carbonylation of an olefin, such as ethylene, in the presence of an alcohol by the use of a molybdenum-nickel-alkali metal, a tungsten-nickel-alkali metal or a chromium nickel-alkali metal co-catalyst and in the presence of a halide.

Abstract: This invention concerns the improved preparation of alkanol and glycol esters, such as ethylene glycol diesters, by reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst system comprising ruthenium and a quaternary aryl or alkaryl phosphonium salt and a liquid phase medium containing a carboxylic acid co-reactant.

Abstract: A manufacturing method is described for the preparation of optically active 1-aromatic-group-substituted-1-alkanones characterized in that an optically active alkane acid halide is allowed to react with an aromatic compound in the presence of a Lewis acid. The optically active 1-aromatic-group-substituted-1-alkanones are useful intermediates in the preparation of optically active alpha-arylalkanoic acids, which are useful as pharmaceutical, e.g. anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic, agents and as insecticidal agents.

Abstract: This invention relates to the preparation of esters or salts of aromatic or etheroaromatic acids having formula Y--Ar--CO--OR (I), where:Ar represents an aromatic group constituted by one or more benzene rings, optionally condensed, or an etheroaromatic nucleus optionally condensed with one or more benzene rings;Y represents from zero to more substituents, equal or different, chosen among a halogen; an alkyl group having up to 6 carbon atoms; an alkoxy group having up to 5 carbon atoms; an ester group --COOR', where R' contains up to 5 carbon atoms; a hydroxyl group; a phenyloxy group, optionally substituted with groups inert under reaction conditions; a trifluoromethyl group; a nitrile group; an amidic group (--CONH.sub.2); an acetamidic group (--NH--CO--CH.sub.3); or an acyl group --CO--R", where R" represents a hydrocarbon group having up to 8 carbon atoms;R represents an alkyl group R.sub.1 having up to 5 carbon atoms or an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal M.

Abstract: Non-ortho substituted 2-aryl-1,3-cycloalkanedione enol ester compounds exhibit outstanding acaricidal and herbicidal activity.

Abstract: An improved method for the manufacture of purified esters is provided. The method comprises reaction of carboxylic acids or anhydrides with alcohols in the presence of certain novel chelated titanate catalysts having unique structural features that provide means for simplification of the refining process as well as for improving reaction rates, ester yield and product quality.

Abstract: Novel polymerizable 3-aroyloxyphenyl carbamates such as 3-benzoyloxyphenyl 2-methacryloxyethylcarbamate form addition polymers which are useful as surface coatings for resinous (especially polycarbonate) articles. The coatings protect the resinous articles against discoloration as the result of ultraviolet radiation-induced degradation and also may serve as primers for abrasion-resistant coatings such as silicone hardcoats.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the preparation of aryl carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof by the carbonylation of aryl sulfonyl chlorides. The aryl sulfonyl chlorides are reacted with carbon monoxide and water or an alcohol or amine in the presence of a zero-valent metal catalyst consisting essentially of palladium.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the preparation of aryl carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof by the carbonylation of triaryl sulfonium salts. The triaryl sulfonium salts are reacted with carbon monoxide and water or an alcohol or amine in the presence of a triaryl phosphine and a zero-valent metal catalyst selected from palladium or rhodium.

Abstract: Process for preparing esters of aryl alkanoic acids via oxidation of the corresponding ketones with bromine or iodine in the presence of a metal halide and an alcohol.The thus obtained esters are then easily hydrolized to give the corresponding aryl alkanoic acids which are particularly useful as anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic agents.

Abstract: Biaryl compounds are prepared by coupling an arylamine with an aromatic compound in the presence of an alkyl nitrite and about 0.04-0.6 mol of an acid having a dissociation constant of at least about 1.7.times.10.sup.-5 at 25.degree. C. and about 0.08-1.3 mols of a cuprous halide catalyst per mol of the arylamine. The invention has particular utility in the coupling with aromatic compounds of arylamines having acid-sensitive ar-substituents, e.g. flurbiprofen intermediates, such as 2-(4-amino-3-fluorobenzene)propionitrile and alkyl 2-(4-amino-3-fluorobenzene)propionates.

Abstract: This invention provides an improved process for direct hydrogenation of a carboxylic acid to its corresponding alcohol with synthesis gas in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst comprising a ruthenium compound and a Lewis Acid metal halide.

Abstract: Prostaglandin I.sub.2 analogues of the formula: ##STR1## [wherein the symbol between the carbon atoms in positions 5 and 6 represents a single or double bond, Y represents ethylene or trans-vinylene, R.sup.1 represents hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 12 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 4 to 7 carbon atoms optionally substituted by alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, phenyl optionally substituted by chlorine, trifluoromethyl, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or phenyl, a --C.sub.m H.sub.2m COOR.sup.7 group (wherein m represents an integer of from 1 to 12 and R.sup.7 represents alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms), a --C.sub.n H.sub.2n OR.sup.8 group (wherein n represents an integer of from 2 to 12 and R.sup.8 represents hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms) or a ##STR2## group (wherein R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 each represent alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and n is as hereinbefore defined), R.sup.2 represents hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group, R.sup.

Abstract: Sulfonyl or carbonyl derivatives of inositols are found to be effective phospholipase C inhibitors and thereby potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. These inositol derivatives are prepared by condensation of a protected inositol with a substituted sulfonic or carboxylic acid derivative followed by removal of protecting groups.

Abstract: A novel ethynylation process is disclosed which provides an expanded series of novel ethylnyl-terminated aromatic compounds having base sensitive substituents and which facilitates the economic preparation of prior art ethynyl-substituted aromatic compounds.

Abstract: A method for conducting transesterification reactions employing a catalyst system comprising metallic sodium and aluminum isopropoxide which provides a facile, high yield, means for producing compounds such as esters of alkyl- and alkyloxy-substituted arylamines.

Abstract: Naphthenic and heterocyclic retinoic acid analogues such as (E)-6-[2-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)ethenyl]-2-naphthaldehyde, methyl 6-[2-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)ethenyl]-2-naphthoate, 6-[2-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)ethenyl]-2-naphthoic acid, (E)-1-(5-carbethoxy-2-furanyl)-2-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1- yl)-1,3-butadiene, (E)-1-(5-carboxy-2-furanyl)-2-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl) -1,3-butadiene, (E)-1-(5-carbethoxythien-2-yl)-2-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1- yl)-1,3-butadiene, and (E)-1-(5-carboxythien-2-yl)-2-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl) -1,3-butadiene. These retinoids are useful as chemopreventive agents for inhibiting tumor promotion in epithelial cells and for treating nonmalignant skin disorders.

Abstract: Compounds of the formulas: ##STR1## where X is methyl, methoxy, chlorine, or hydrogen, Y and Y.sub.1 are fluorine or hydrogen, R is hydroxy, alkoxy with 0 or 1 hydroxy substituent, aroxy, or NR.sup.1 R.sup.2 where R.sup.1 is hydrogen, alkyl with 0 or 1 hydroxy substituent or aryl and R.sup.2 is alkyl with 0 or 1 hydroxy substituent or aryl with the proviso that when Y or Y.sup.1 is fluorine, the other Y or Y.sup.1 is hydrogen. These compounds are useful as chemopreventive agents for inhibiting tumor promotion in epithelial cells and for treating nonmalignant skin disorders.

Abstract: Herein disclosed are N-[(2-naphthalenyl)thioxomethyl]glycine derivatives of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is lower alkyl and R.sup.2 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, halo or trifluoromethyl. The derivatives have aldose reductase inhibiting activity and are useful for treating diabetic complications.

Abstract: Substituted 2-[1-(oxyamino)alkylidene]-cyclohexane-1,3-diones have herbicidal activity against grassy weeds.