Abstract: A method for the preparation of an ester of .alpha.-thio-.alpha.-aromatic propionic acid derivatives of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is alkyl, phenyl or benzothiazolyl, R.sup.2 is alkyl and Ar is an aromatic substituent.The method comprises reacting an ester of .alpha.-chloro-.alpha.-thiopropionic acid of the formula: ##STR2## with an aromatic compound of the formula ARH, in the presence of a Lewis acid. The method provides good reactivity and positional selectivity in the Friedel-Crafts reaction. Many esters of the formula (2) are useful as pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, perfumes or their intermediates.

Abstract: The invention is insecticidal diaminoguanidine hydrazone compounds which are also effective antifeeding agents for insects and methods for their preparation.

Abstract: Amidino compounds represented by the formula ##STR1## and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof are novel compounds and are useful as powerful anti-trypsine, anti-plasmin, anti-kallikrein and anti-thrombin agents. Having strong anti-Cl (Clr, Cls) activities and an anticomplement activity, they are also useful as anticomplement agents. These amidino compounds are prepared by usual esterification of carboxylic acid compounds represented by the formula (II)R.sub.1 --COOH (II)with amidinophenol compound (III) and, if necessary, can be transformed into pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof.

Abstract: Novel 2-amino-3-benzoylphenethylalcohols are provided having the formula: ##STR1## wherein; X is hydrogen, loweralkyl, loweralkoxy, halogen or trifluoromethyl, andY is hydrogen, loweralkyl, loweralkoxy, halogen, trifluoromethyl, --S--loweralkyl, ##STR2## The compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.

Abstract: N-acyl-acyloxy aromatic amines, e.g. 4-acetoxyacetanilide (AAA), are prepared by reacting a hydroxy aromatic ketone, e.g. 4-hydroxyacetophenone, with hydroxylamine or a hydroxylamine salt and a base to obtain the ketoxime of the ketone, e.g. 4-hydroxyacetophenone oxime, and then subjecting the ketoxime to a Beckmann rearrangement and accompanying acylation by contacting the ketoxime with a carboxylic acid anhydride and a Beckmann rearrangement catalyst to form the N-acyl-acyloxy aromatic amine.

Abstract: There are disclosed novel oxamic acid esters substituted on the nitrogen atom and corresponding to the formula I ##STR1## the production thereof, their use for controlling pests, and pesticidal compositions containing these oxamic acid esters as active ingredients. A preferred field of application is the control of pests on animals and plants, particularly of eggs and larvae of phytophagous insect pests and mites.

Abstract: Soil repellents derived from fluorinated acrylates and aromatic amines are disclosed which have excellent durability and resistance to laundering. The compounds are represented by the formula(R).sub.m --Ar--(NHCH.sub.2 CH(R.sub.1)CO.sub.2 R.sub.f).sub.nwherein n is 1 to 3 and m is 0 to 4, Ar is an aromatic radical containing from 1 to 3 benzene rings which may be fused together or linked through a single carbon-carbon bond or a linking group, R.sub.f is a fluorinated radical, R.sub.1 is H or CH.sub.3, and R is independently selected from lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, lower alkylamino, lower acylamino, --CO.sub.2 R.sub.3 and --NHCH.sub.2 CH(R.sub.1)CO.sub.2 R.sub.3 wherein R.sub.3 is lower alkyl, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH, or --CH.sub.2 CH(OH)CH.sub.2 Cl. Also disclosed are polyester and nylon fibers having these compounds incorporated therein.

Abstract: The invention relates to new diphenyl ethers of the general formula ##STR1## wherein X is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a nitro group, an optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio group having 1-6 carbon atoms, or an alkanoyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms;Y is a nitrogen atom or a group of the formula CH or CCl;Z is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a nitro group, an optionally halogenated alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms, or an alkanoyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms; n is 0-2;R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl or alkanoyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms;R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are equal or different and represent hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups having 1-4 carbon atoms; andA is a group of the general formula ##STR2## wherein R.sub.4 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, or a cation of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or an alkylated or non-alkylated ammonium group, andR.sub.5 and R.sub.

Abstract: New hydroquinone ether compounds of formula I are described: ##STR1## wherein p is 1 or 2 and q is 0 or 1, provided that p+q is 1 or 2, R is a residue of formula II ##STR2## and R.sub.o, R.sub.oo, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, Q, n and k are as defined in the specification.The new compounds are useful e.g. as stabilizers in photographic material.

Abstract: Stereoisomerically-enriched esters are prepared by treating a non-symmetrical ketene with a racemic or chiral tertiary-base-substituted alkylcarbinol. Optional hydrolysis of the esters gives the corresponding optically-active carboxylic acids corresponding to the non-symmetrical ketene.

Abstract: Improvement in the process for preparing biaryl compounds via coupling of an arylamine with an arene in the presence of a nitrite, an acid and copper metal or a derivative thereof; the improvement is consisting in adding to the reaction mixture a trialkylorthoformate. The process may be used for preparing drugs such as Flurbiprofen and Xenbucin or intermediate compounds particularly useful for preparing Flurbiprofen, Flufenisal, Chlordimorin, Xenbucin, Xenysalate, Xenyhexenic acid and the like.

Abstract: A manufacturing method is described for the preparation of optically active 1-aromatic-group-substituted-1-alkanones characterized in that an optically active alkane acid halide is allowed to react with an aromatic compound in the presence of a Lewis acid. The optically active 1-aromatic-group-substituted-1-alkanones are useful intermediates in the preparation of optically active alpha-arylalkanoic acids, which are useful as pharmaceutical, e.g. anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic, agents and as insecticidal agents.

Abstract: Diphenyl ethers of the formula ##STR1## where Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, and Z.sup.3 and R have the meanings given in the description, are used for controlling undesirable plant growth.

Abstract: Intermediates of the formula ##STR1## are disclosed. These compounds are useful in preparing substituted peptide compounds which possess hypotensive and analgesic activity.

Abstract: Amidino compounds represented by the formula ##STR1## and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof are novel compounds and are useful as powerful antitrypsine, antiplasmin, antikallikrein and antithrombin agents. Having strong anti-C1 (C1r, C1s) activities and an anticomplement activity, they are also useful as anticomplement agents. These amidino compounds are prepared by usual esterification of carboxylic acid compounds represented by the formula ##STR2## with 6-amidino-2-naphthol and, if necessary, can be transformed into pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof.

Abstract: Optically-active alpha-substituted carboxylic esters are prepared by treating a non-symmetrical ketene with an alcohol in the presence of an optically-active amine catalyst. Hydrolysis of the resulting esters, yields the optically-active acid corresponding to the non-symmetrical ketene.

Abstract: There are disclosed compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein X is OR.sup.2, SR.sup.2, N(R.sup.2).sub.2 or halo;W is --CH.sub.2 --, ##STR2## Y is --CH.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 S--, --SCH.sub.2 --, ##STR3## m is 0-6; n is 0-6;p is 1-3;A is O or S;B is OR.sup.2, SR.sup.2 or N(R.sup.2).sub.2 ;R.sup.1 is hydrogen, loweralkyl, loweralkoxy or halo;R.sup.2 is hydrogen or loweralkyl;and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and their use in the treatment of leukotriene-mediated naso-bronchial obstructive airpassageway conditions, such as allergic rhinitis, allergic bronchial asthma and the like.

Abstract: Substituted phenoxyphenylhydroxyamines and pyridyloxyphenylhydroxyamines, and the use thereof for the control of weeds.

Abstract: Amidino compounds represented by the formula (I) ##STR1## and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof are novel compounds and are useful as powerful antitrypsine, antiplasmin, antikallikrein and anti-thrombin agents. Having strong anti-Cl (Clr, Cls) activities and an anticomplement activity, they are also useful as anticomplement agents. These amidino compounds are prepared by usual esterification of carboxylic acid compounds represented by the formula (II)R.sub.1 --COOH (II)with amidinophenol compound (III) and, if necessary, can be transformed into pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof.

Abstract: Ester is produced by reacting highly hindered carboxylic acid or salt thereof represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein a. R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 are each independently a monovalent organo group, andb. M is hydrogen, monovalent metal, or the monovalent fractional part of a polyvalent metal,with organic carbonate represented by the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently monovalent organic groups which may be the same or different, and wherein the alpha carbon of at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is substantially sterically unhindered.

Abstract: Nitrophenoxy- or nitrophenylthiobenzeneacetic acid esters are prepared by reacting a nitrophenoxy- or nitrophenylthiobenzene with an alpha,alpha-disubstituted acetic acid ester in an inert solvent and in the presence of a base. The products are useful as intermediates for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, such as fenoprofen.

Abstract: Novel substituted phenylphosphinyloxy- and phenylphosphinylthio-iminocarboxylates, synthesis thereof, intermediates therefor, and the use of said novel compounds for the control of weeds.

Abstract: Novel 2-amino-3-(alkylthiobenzoyl)phenylacetic acids, esters and metal salts have the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen or lower alkyl, R.sup.1 is hydrogen, lower alkyl or pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, R.sup.2 is hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy, Am is primary amino (--NH.sub.2), methylamino or dimethylamino. The compounds have anti-inflammatory activity; have effective analgesic activity, and inhibit blood platelet aggregation.

Abstract: Symmetrical N-substituted bis-carbamoyl sulfide compounds exhibit exceptional broad spectrum pesticidal activity coupled with extremely low mammalian toxicity and phytotoxicity.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## exhibit, in the pre-emergence process and in the post-emergence process, a good herbicidal action against a number of dicotyledonous weeds, they are well tolerated in monocotyledonous crops, such as wheat, barley, rice, sorghum and maize, and are also selectively active in some dicotyledonous crops such as soy beans, groundnuts and the like.

Abstract: For the preparation of polyfunctional organic compounds having at least one functional group of medium nucleophilic character selectively blocked by a tertiary butyl group, the corresponding unblocked compound is dissolved in a solution of concentrated sulfuric acid in an organic ether, and excess liquid isobutene is added to the solution at a temperature of not more than 5.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of N,O-disubstituted urethanes. A substituted urea, an alcohol and a compound taken from the group consisting of N-unsubstituted urethanes, urea, polyurets and mixtures thereof at a temperature of 120.degree.-350.degree. C. The urethanes prepared by this process are particularly suitable for the preparation of isocyanates.

Abstract: Compounds of the structure ##STR1## wherein: P and Q are independently hydrogen, halo, CF.sub.3, OR.sub.1, SR.sub.1, sulfamoyl, alkyl and NR.sub.1 R.sub.2 ;R.sub.1, and R.sub.2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, aminoalky, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or cycloalkyl;Y is OH, OR.sub.1, NH.sub.2, or, N(R.sub.1 R.sub.2); andM is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aminoalkyl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclicwherein:the alkyl groups and the alkyl moieties of aminoalkyl, alkoxy and thioalkyl contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; the cycloalkyl group contains from 3 to 8 carbon atoms; the aryl group contains from 6 to 10 carbon atoms; the aralkyl group contains from 7 to 16 carbon atoms; and the hetero group is selected from pyrrolidyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, furyl, furfuryl and thienyl; and where Y is a hydroxy, their pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic alkali, alkaline earth and amine salts, have angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity.

Abstract: Sulfonyl or carbonyl derivatives of inositols are found to be effective phospholipase C inhibitors and thereby potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. These inositol derivatives are prepared by condensation of a protected inositol with a substituted sulfonic or carboxylic acid derivative followed by removal of protecting groups.

Abstract: Fluorinated esters based on multi-ring anhydride systems are disclosed which have excellent anti-soiling properties, durability and resistance to laundering. The compounds are represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein n is 2 or 3, Q is a linking group such as --CO--, --O--, or (C.sub.a H.sub.2a+2-n --(O.sub.2 C).sub.n, R.sub.f is a fluorinated radical, and R is derived from an epoxide such as ethylene oxide or epichlorohydrin. Also disclosed are polyester and nylon fibers having these compounds incorporated therein, and a process for producing such soil-repellent fibers.

Abstract: A process for producing aromatic carbamates in high yield is described, which comprises reacting aromatic nitro compounds, organic compounds containing a hydroxy group, and carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst comprising: (1) a platinum group metal or its compound, (2) metallic vanadium or its compound, (3) metallic iron or its compound, (4) a halogen atom, and (5) a tertiary amine, wherein the amount of each component used and the composition are adjusted within specific ranges.

Abstract: The distyrylbiphenyls of the formula ##STR1## in which X and X' independently of one another are a direct bond, oxygen, sulfur, --O--C.sub.1-3 -alkylene-CON(R.sub.4)----CON(R.sub.4)--, --O--C.sub.1-3 -alkylene-COO--, OCO or --COO--, with the proviso that if n+n'=O, X and Y' may not be --CON(R.sub.4)-- or O--C.sub.1-3 -alkylene-CON(R.sub.4)--, and if n+n'=2 and X and X' are --CON(R.sub.4)-- or --COO--, A.sup..crclbar. may not be a phosphite or phosphonate anion, and Y and Y' independently of one another are C.sub.1-20 -alkylene, R.sub.1 and R.sub.1 ' independently of one another are unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1-8 -alkyl or C.sub.3-4 -alkenyl, or R.sub.1 together with R.sub.2, or R.sub.1 ' together with R.sub.2 ', is a heterocyclic ring, R.sub.2 and R.sub.2 ' independently of one another are unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1-8 -alkyl or C.sub.3-4 -alkenyl, or R.sub.2 together with R.sub.1, or R.sub.2 ' together with R.sub.1 ', is a heterocyclic ring, or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, or R.sub.1 ' and R.sub.

Abstract: There are described novel dihydropyrones of the formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently of one another are each a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl group, or one of the two substituents is also hydrogen, or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 jointly form a C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -alkylene bridge, R.sub.3 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -alkenyloxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -alkynyloxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -haloalkoxy, C.sub.3 -C.sub.5 -alkoxyalkoxy or hydroxyl, and X, Y and Z independently of one another are each hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -haloalkoxy, --S(O).sub.n -C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, --S(O).sub.n -C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -haloalkyl, where n is 0, 1 or 2, or they are each C(O)OR.sub.4, where R.sub.4 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, or they are each NO.sub.2, CN or NR.sub.5 R.sub.6, where R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 independently of one another are each hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.

Abstract: Dipeptides are claimed which consist of a mercaptoalkanoic acid and a derivative of said acid, namely an S-alkyl-, aralkyl-, aryl-, acyl- or aroyl derivative with methionine, a methionine ester or a methionine amide, as well as their salts with metallic cations and organic bases. These compounds have the property of protecting the liver against intoxications and have sedative and hypnotic properties.

Abstract: A method for sulfating a hydroxy amino acid or a residue of such an amino acid in a peptide by reaction with a reagent which is a tertiaryammonium salt of acetylsulfuric acid having the formula:[CH.sub.3 COOSO.sub.3 ].sup.- [R].sup.+wherein R is triethylamine, ethyldiisopropylamine, pyridine, 4-methylmorpholine or 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine. The .alpha.-amino group and any other labile side chains present may be protected or may be left unprotected at the time the sulfation takes place.

Abstract: New acylanilides are disclosed which act as microbicides. They may preferably be used for combating phytopathogenic fungi.

Abstract: Novel bicyclo [2,2,1] heptanes and hept-2-enes are substituted at the 5-position by a 6-carboxyhex-2-enyl group or a modification thereof, and at the 6-position by a grouping --C(R).dbd.N--NHCO--(NH).sub.a --R' in which R is hydrogen, an aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, an aromatic residue or an aliphatic hydrocarbon residue substituted by an aromatic residue, a is 0 or 1 and R' is an aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, an aromatic residue, or an aliphatic hydrocarbon residue substituted directly or through an oxygen or sulphur atom by an aromatic residue. The compounds are of value for use in pharmaceutical compositions particularly in the context of the inhibition of thromboxane activity.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are disclosed. The compounds are useful as anthelmintics.

Abstract: New acylanilides are disclosed which act as microbicides. They may preferably be used for combating phytopathogenic fungi.

Abstract: Diphenyl ethers of the formula ##STR1## where Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 independently of one another are each hyrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylmercapto, haloalkylmercapto, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl or haloalkylsulfonyl where alkyl is in each case of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Y is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or nitro and Q is --CO--NA--OR.sup.1, where A is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a metal ion or an unsubstituted or substituted ammonium ion and R.sup.1 is carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl or carbamylalkyl of not more than 10 carbon atoms, herbicides which contain these diphenyl ethers as active ingredients, and methods of controlling undesirable plant growth using these active ingredients.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a 3-(arylvinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ester of the formula ##STR1## in which Ar is an aromatic radical,R is alkyl or an alcohol radical customary in pyrethroids, andR.sup.1 is hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine,comprising reacting a compound of the formula ##STR2## with respectively, one, two or three equivalents of a base at a temperature between about -20.degree. and +60.degree. C. The compounds are insecticidally active. Numerous syntheses of the starting materials, some involving new intermediates, are also shown.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel ester compounds derived from alkynoic acids and to their preparation. This invention is also directed to insecticidal and miticidal compositions comprising an acceptable carrier and an insecticidally or miticidally effective amount of a novel ester compound of this invention as well as a method of controlling pests by subjecting them to an insecticidally or miticidally effective amount of a novel ester compound of this invention.

Abstract: The invention provides compounds which are particularly valuable for use as the active ingredient in sun tan lotions and creams and the like. These compounds have the general formula: ##STR1## in which Y denotes hydrogen or the radical SO.sub.3 H or a salt thereof with an organic or inorganic base, and Z denotes the radical --CH.sub.2 Br or --CHBrBr or a radical Z' which denotes the radical --CH.sub.2 I, --CH.sub.2 R, --CHR'R', --CHO or --COOR", in which R denotes --NR.sub.1 R.sub.2, --N.sup.+ R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3, --OR.sub.4, --OCOR.sub.5, --SR.sub.6, --CN, -COOR" or --SSO.sub.3 Na, in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently denote hydrogen, C.sub.1-18 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl, or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, denote a heterocyclic ring, R.sub.3 denotes C.sub.1-4 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl or sulphonatopropyl, R.sub.4 denotes hydrogen, alkyl, polyoxyethylene, aryl which is optionally substituted, menthyl or dialkylaminoalkyl, R.sub.

Abstract: Novel antibacterially-active compound, 1,2,8,8a-cyclopropa[c]-benzo[1,2-b:-4,3-b']dipyrol-4(5H)-one, prepared by a novel chemical process. This compound, as well as antibacterially-active intermediates, can be used to eradicate or control susceptible bacteria, for example, B. subtilis, K. pneumonia, S. lutea, S. aureus, and M. avium.

Abstract: Esters and thiolesters of amino acids, intermediates therefor, synthesis thereof, and the use of said esters and thiolesters and compositions for the control of pests.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts are disclosed. The compounds are useful as anthelmintics.

Abstract: Aralkylaniline derivatives of the general formula ##STR1## where R is alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, cyanoalkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkenylthio or alkynylthio or unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, Y is hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, alkoxy or haloalkyl, A is unsubstituted or substituted alkylene, Z is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, aryloxy, halogen, a C.sub.4 H.sub.4 -chain which is fused to the benzene radical to form an unsubstituted or substituted naphthyl radical, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, thiocyanato, cyano, ##STR2## R' and R" each, independently of one another, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, cycloalkyl or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, and n is an integer from 1 to 4, and herbicides containing these compounds.

Abstract: An improved process for the preparation of N-monosubstituted carbamates by reacting an aromatic primary amine, urea and a monohydric aliphatic alcohol in the presence of a strongly basic tertiary amine catalyst and optionally an inert solvent.

Abstract: Dimethyl dichlorovinylcyclopropyl carboxylic acid esters of substituted (alkyl, aryl, halo, amino, etc.) polycyclic alcohols are insecticidal.

Abstract: The 9,11-methano-13-aza-11a-carbathrombanoic acid analogues of the general formula: ##STR1## [wherein A represents ##STR2## (in which m is an integer of 1 to 6, the double bond between the carbon atoms in positions 5 and 6 in (iv) is in cis or trans-configuration or a mixture thereof and the phenylene group in (iv) represents o-, m- or p-phenylene), R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a straight- or branched-chain alkyl group of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, two R.sup.2 both represent hydrogen atoms or methyl groups, R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxy group, R.sup.4 represents a single bond or a straight- or branched-chain alkylene group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, R.sup.