Abstract: A catalytic process for hydrogenation of unsaturated organic compounds is carried out in a two-phase aqueous/organic medium, in which the catalytic complex is dissolved in the aqueous phase and to which is added an amphiphilic reagent to facilitate phase boundary crossing of dissolved species. Catalyst separation from reaction products is thereby rendered more efficient.The catalytic complex is preferably formed in situ and contains a water-soluble phosphine ligand, preferably a hydroxy- or carboxy-aryl phosphine.

Abstract: A process is provided for reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of halogen-containing ruthenium carbonyl complexes as catalysts to produce acetaldehyde and/or ethanol.

Abstract: Process of reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of halogen-containing rhodium catalysts to produce acetaldehyde and ethanol.

Abstract: Ruthenium-on-charcoal and ruthenium-on-carbon black catalysts, containing from 0.1 to 5% by weight of iron, for the preparation of olefinically unsaturated alcohols by selective hydrogenation of the corresponding .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the liquid phase are prepared by modifying the catalyst with iron only after it has been impregnated with the ruthenium compound, and reducing the catalyst with hydrogen at from 400.degree. to 600.degree. C., with thorough mixing.The catalysts according to the invention are particularly useful for improving the industrially difficult hydrogenation of citral to give the sought-after fragrances geraniol and nerol.

Abstract: New unsaturated fatty alcohols of the formula: ##STR1## in which n=2 or 4 are provided and are prepared by the novel process of reacting butadiene with water in the presence of a palladium salt and orthoboric acid, B(OH).sub.3, in a polar aprotic solvent.

Abstract: Zeolite-ruthenium catalysts in which the ruthenium is in the form of a cation are very effective in catalyzing the hydrogenation of a broad range of organic compounds.

Abstract: Olefinically unsaturated alcohols (I) are prepared by selective hydrogenation of the corresponding carbonyl compounds (II) in the liquid phase with hydrogen, using an Ru, Rh, Os, Ir or Pt catalyst and carrying out the hydrogenation in the presence of from 5 to 40% by weight, based on (II), of a tertiary amine.The process is of particular importance for the selective hydrogenation of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (IIa) and amongst these specifically for the hydrogenation of citral to geraniol and nerol.The preferred amine is trimethylamine.

Abstract: A multi-stage hydrogenation process for hydrogenating a vaporous aldehyde to a corresponding alcohol utilizing a plurality of adiabatic catalytic stages is described. Hydrogenation is allowed to occur substantially completely and adiabatically in each stage. Further vaporous aldehyde or a mixture of hydrogen and vaporous aldehyde is added to the essentially aldehyde-free mixture exiting each catalytic stage prior to entry to the next stage.

Abstract: Aliphatic alcohols are produced by an improved hydrogenation of the corresponding saturated aliphatic aldehydes in the presence of organo-sulfur impurities by partially hydrogenating the aldehydes in a first hydrogenation zone in the presence of a sulfided hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature within the range of from about 180.degree. to 260.degree. C., followed by completion of the hydrogenation in the second hydrogenation zone in the presence of a metallic nickelcontaining hydrogenation catalyst. The second hydrogenation zone employs a lower temperature than is used in the first and is selected within the range of from about 175.degree. to 250.degree. C.

Abstract: New unsaturated fatty alcohols of the formula: ##STR1## in which n=2 or 4 are provided and are prepared by the novel process of reacting butadiene with water in the presence of a palladium salt and orthoboric acid, B(OH).sub.3, in a polar aprotic solvent.

Abstract: Supported coprecipitated cobalt-silica hydrogenation catalysts are disclosed. The catalysts are prepared by: preparing an aqueous reaction mixture containing cobalt cations, silicate anions and solid porous carrier particles under agitation to form a coprecipitate of the cobalt and silicate ions onto said solid porous support particles; heating the aqueous reaction mixture; and adding an alkaline precipitating agent to further precipitate the cobalt and silicate ions onto said solid porous carrier particles. The aqueous reaction mixture may additionally include copper cations.

Abstract: Organic sulfur compounds containing a carbon-sulfur double bond are used to remove homogeneous catalyst group VIII metals from chemical process streams.

Abstract: An improved process for producing alcohols which comprises passing a demetalled hydroformylation liquid effluent comprising aldehyde and alcohol and containing acetal impurities to a thermal treatment zone; subjecting the demetalled hydroformylation effluent in the thermal treatment zone in the absence of added acidic compounds and in the presence of water to a temperature of from about 350.degree. to 500.degree. F. for a time sufficient to convert at least a major portion of the acetal impurities to the corresponding aldehydes and alcohols and to form an aldehyde-containing liquid containing substantially reduced levels of the acetal impurities; withdrawing the aldehyde-containing liquid from the thermal treatment zone and rapidly cooling the liquid to a temperature of about 300.degree. F.

Abstract: Described is the novel compound genus defined according to the structure: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl useful in augmenting or enhancing the aroma or taste of consumable materials including perfumes, colognes, perfumed articles (including a solid or liquid anionic, cationic, nonionic or zwitterionic detergents) smoking tobacco and smoking tobacco articles.

Abstract: A process for hydrogenating an unsaturated organic compound which comprises contacting the same with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst composed of a support containing (1) (A) a Group IIB metal compound selected from the group consisting of zinc and cadmium compounds, (B) a combination of said zinc and cadmium compounds or (C) a combination of at least one of said Group IIB metal compounds with at least one Group IIA metal compound selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium compounds, (2) alumina and (3) aluminum phosphate and carrying nickel thereon.

Abstract: A process for hydrogenating an unsaturated organic compound which comprises contacting the same with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst composed of a support containing alumina and aluminum phosphate carrying nickel thereon.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for the production of isobutyric acid by liquid-phase oxidation of isobutyraldehyde in the presence of an alkali metal-containing compound, the oxidation being effected while maintaining the molar ratio of oxygen to isobutyraldehyde to be fed at 0.5 or above.

Abstract: Nickel boride colloid useful as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of carbonyl compound is obtained by causing a nickel salt to react upon an alkali metal borohydride in an alcohol substantially free from dissolved oxygen under a non-oxidative atmosphere in the presence of an alcohol-soluble polymer.

Abstract: In the process for oxidizing methacrolein to a methacrylic acid salt with an oxidizing gas in a strongly alkaline medium at a temperature of 0 to 100.degree. C. and in the presence of a finely divided silver catalyst and recovering methacrylic acid by acidification, the improvement which comprises carrying out said oxidation in the presence of a small amount of dissolved alkali metal carbonate.

Abstract: Olefinically unsaturated carbonyl compounds R.sup.1 --CHR.sup.2 --CHR.sup.3 --C(R.sup.4)O (I) and alcohols R.sup.1 --CHR.sup.2 --CHR.sup.3 --CH(R.sup.4)--OH (II) (where R.sup.1 is an olefinically unsaturated organic radical, and R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are H or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl) are prepared by hydrogenating the carbonyl compounds R.sup.1 --CR.sup.2 .dbd.CR.sup.3 --C(R.sup.4)O (III) in the liquid phase with hydrogen, using a catalyst system comprising, firstly, Pd and, secondly, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir or Pt, in the presence of from 5 to 40% by weight, based on (III), of a tertiary amine, under a hydrogen pressure of from 1 to 20 bar is predominantly (I) is to be obtained and from 20 to 150 bar if predominantly (II) is to be obtained.The process is of particular importance for the hydrogenation of citral (IIIa) to give citronellal (Ia) or citronellol (IIa), the preferred amine being trimethylamine.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for synthesizing compounds of aluminium and alkaline earth metals containing hydride hydrogens and alkoxy radicals, of compositionM[A1H.sub.4-n (OR).sub.n ].sub.2.xBin which 0.5.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.3.5; OR is an alkoxy radical derived from a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol; R is an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical; M is an alkaline earth metal; B is a Lewis base; x can vary between 0 and 4; and R can also contain functional groups OR', SR', NR'.sub.2 ect., consisting of reacting together:(a) a halide of an alkaline earth metal;(b) an alanate of an alkaline earth metal of formula M' A1H.sub.4 (M'.apprxeq.alkaline metal);(c) an alcohol chosen from primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic alcohols containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Anthranilic acid has been anchored to polystyrene, and rhodium, palladium, platinum and ruthenium complexes of this modified polystyrene have been prepared. These catalysts will reduce a variety of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and also nitrile, nitro and carbonyl functional groups, said carbonyl groups being present in either ketones or aldehydes.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of di-n-propyl-acetic acid, comprising the steps of:A. catalytically reacting n-butyric acid with cleavage of carbon dioxide and water to form heptanone-4;B. hydrogenating heptanone-4 in teh presence of a catalyst to form heptanol-4;C. dehydrating heptanol-4 in the presence of an Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 catalyst to form heptene-3;D. hydroformylating heptene-3 in the presence of a rhodium complex compound as catalyst to form a mixture of 2-propyl pentanal and 2-ethyl hexanal;E. oxidizing the 2-propyl pentanal/2-ethyl hexanal mixture to form a mixture of di-n-propyl acetic acid and 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, andF. separating the mixture of di-n-propyl acetic acid and 2-ethyl hexanoic acid to recover pure di-n-propyl acetic acid.If desired, step B can be carried out without purification of the product of step A. Moreover, the dehydration of step C can be carried out without previous purification of the product of step B.

Abstract: Supported coprecipitated catalysts comprised of one or more metals of Group VIII, one or more metals of Group IIA, and aluminum are used for hydrogenating hydrogenatable organic compounds. The catalysts are produced by preparing, under agitation; an aqueous mixture containing ions of Group VIII, Group IIA, and aluminum, as well as solid porous particles to form a coprecipitate of the metal ions and aluminum ions with the solid porous support particles; heating the aqueous reaction mixture; and adding precipitating agent to precipitate the metal ions and aluminum ions onto the solid support.

Abstract: Process for selective hydrogenation of aliphatic unsaturated aldehyde to unsaturated alcohol with gaseous hydrogen using supported rhodium-complex catalyst.This invention relates to a process for preparing unsaturated aliphatic alcohols wherein unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes are selectively hydrogenated using supported rhodium-complex catalyst.Unsaturated alcohols have use in the production of plastics and perfumes. Crotonyl alcohol, for example, has utility for the production of copolymers with vinyl acetate or styrene, and also as an intermediate for synthesis of other organic compounds. Allyl alcohol is a precursor for butanediol which is used to produce tetrahydrofuran, polyesters such as polybutylene terephthalate, and polybutylene oxide based polyurethanes.Particular difficulty in selectively hydrogenating alpha, beta unsaturated aldehydes is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,655,777 (Rylander et al., 1972, assigned to Engelhard Minerals and Chemicals) wherein patentees teach many catalysts, e.g.

Abstract: Methylisobutylketone is produced from acetone in a high yield with a good selectivity through one-step reaction by contacting acetone together with at least one of water and hydrogen with an element of Group VIII of the periodic table, a halogen and a phosphorus compound as a catalyst under a super atmospheric pressure in a carbon monoxide atmosphere.

Abstract: Supported coprecipitated non-ferrous Group VIII metal aluminum catalysts are used for hydrogenating hydrogenatable organic compounds. The catalysts are produced by preparing an aqueous mixture containing the metal ions, aluminum ions and solid porous support particles under agitation to form a coprecipitate of the metal ions and aluminum ions with the solid porous support particles; heating the aqueous reaction mixture; and adding precipitating agent to further precipitate the metal ions and aluminum ions onto the solid support.

Abstract: A modified nickel catalyst used for stereo-differentiating reduction of carbonyl compounds is provided. The modified nickel catalyst is prepared by soaking a nickel catalyst in an aqueous modifying medium having dissolved therein at least one inorganic salt, such as sodium bromide or sodium chloride, and at least one optically active substance, such as optically active hydroxy acid. The modified nickel catalyst exhibits enhanced activity for stereo-differentiating reduction and causes little or no side reactions, and thus, brings about an extremely high yield of the reaction product.

Abstract: An industrially suitable process for producing a higher carbonyl compound by the oxidation of an olefinic compound having at least six carbon atoms is provided. Said improved process comprises oxidizing the olefinic compound in aqueous medium containing palladium or salt thereof and a copper salt in the presence of a specific water-soluble polyoxyalkylene compound in an amount of from about 1/4 to about 3 parts by weight per 1 part by weight of water contained in the reaction mixture. The improvement is demonstrated in terms of yield, selectivity, separation of the product, and recycle of the catalyst.

Abstract: Acetaldehyde and ethanol are produced by the reaction of formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and hydrogen using a halogen-containing ruthenium catalyst.

Abstract: Supported coprecipitated nickel-cobalt-silica and nickel-cobalt-copper-silica hydrogenation catalysts are disclosed. The catalysts are prepared by preparing an aqueous reaction mixture containing nickel and cobalt cations (and optionally copper cations), silicate anions and solid porous carrier particles under agitation to form a coprecipitate of the nickel, cobalt (and optionally copper) and silicate ions onto said solid porous support particles; heating the aqueous reaction mixture; and adding an alkaline precipitating agent to further precipitate the nickel, cobalt (and optionally copper) and silicate anions onto said solid porous carrier particles.

Abstract: A copper promoted massive nickel catalyst is disclosed which is capable of having a reduced nickel surface area ranging from about 55 to about 100 m.sup.2 /g as determined by hydrogen chemisorption, after reduction at 400.degree. C., and a B.E.T. total surface area ranging from about 150 to about 300 m.sup.2 /g, wherein the amount of copper in the catalyst ranges from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % and the amount of nickel ranges from about 25 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, said wt. % of copper and nickel metal are based on the total weight of the catalyst. The copper promoted massive catalysts are prepared by the steps comprising comingling a solution containing copper and nickel cations with another solution containing silicate anions and coprecipitating the copper, nickel and silicate ions in an aqueous solution onto solid carrier particles. The catalysts are useful in hydrogenation processes.

Abstract: This invention relates to solid nonionic cross-linked resins containing amine or phosphine borane adducts and their use as reducing agents for metal ions, aldehydes, ketones, alkenes and the like. This invention also relates to the use of these resins as starting materials for the preparation of novel metal catalysts for use in hydrogenation reactions.

Abstract: This invention relates to catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds containing carbonyl groups, and, particularly, to the effective and rapid reduction of the carbonyl group to the corresponding hydroxy group, sometimes even very selectively in the presence of a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated group in the same compound, using as a hydrogenation catalyst Raney nickel having molybdenum adsorbed thereon.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for producing 1,4-butanediol by (1) selectively hydrogenating acrolein to a product mixture of allyl alcohol and residual acrolein in a 2:1 ratio, (2) converting the product mixture to acrolein diallyl acetal under acidic conditions, (3) selectively hydroformylating the acrolein diallyl acetal to a trialdehyde, and (4) reacting the trialdehyde under substantially neutral hydrolysis/hydrogenation conditions to yield 1,4-butanediol.Acrolein is converted into tetrahydrofuran employing the process conditions described above, except that the step (4) hydrolysis/hydrogenation reaction is conducted under acidic conditions.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of higher ketones by reacting an aldehyde with a ketone in the presence of hydrogen over a catalyst system which contains, firstly, oxides or salts of the rare earth metals and, secondly, metals of group VIII of the periodic table of the elements. The process gives numerous higher ketones, required, for example, as solvents for surface coatings, or as scents, with high conversions and good selectivities, and therefore more simply and more economically than conventional methods.

Abstract: An improvement in a process for the manufacture of 2-ethylhexanol wherein n-butyraldehyde is subjected to aldol condensation, the resultant aldol condensation product is catalytically hydrogenated in a hydrogenation stage and the hydrogenation product is subjected to two separate multiple stage distillations to separate, in the first case the first runnings, a fraction containing the main amount of 2-ethylhexanol, and the residue. In the second case this residue is separated into a 2-ethylhexanol fraction and a distillation residue, the improvement residing in cracking the distillation residue by heating the same at 200 to 250.degree. C whereby to obtain cracked products comprising n-butanal, 2-ethylhexenal, 2-ethylhexanal, and/or 2-ethylhexanol together with non-cracked higher boiling substances. The cracked products are separated from the non-cracked products and the cracked products are recycled to the hydrogenation stage.

Abstract: A method for increasing the hydrogen:carbon ratio of an organic compound is disclosed. The organic compound can be one having any of the following functions: hydroxyl, carbonyl, epoxide, acetal, ketal, hemiacetal and hemiketal. The method involves introducing the organic compound and a silicon hydride into a liquid which is either chemically inert or acidic and introducing BF.sub.3 into the liquid to produce a reaction product having a higher hydrogen:carbon ratio than the starting organic compound. Examples of organic compound starting materials disclosed include undecanal, benzaldehyde, p-methylbenzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzaldehyde, p-methoxybenzaldehyde, p-cyanobenzaldehyde, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2-undecanone, cyclohexanone, 2-methylcyclohexanone, adamantanone, p-cyanoacetophenone, fluorenone, 1-naphthaldehyde, p-nitroacetophenone, fructose and cotton.

Abstract: This invention provides a silver-cadmium alloy catalyst which is highly selective for hydrogenation of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to the corresponding .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated alcohol derivatives. Acrolein is hydrogenated to allyl alcohol in 70 percent yield at 100 percent conversion.

Abstract: A solid catalyst for preparation of unsaturated alcohols by selective hydrogenation of the aldehyde group of unsaturated aldehydes, said catalyst comprising platinum oxide and deposited on its surface in an atmosphere of hydrogen, an iron compound and a zinc compound, and an improved process for preparing unsaturated alcohols by catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes with hydrogen in the presence of the aforesaid catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a dihydric alcohol with the formula ##STR1## wherein R represents an alkyl radical of 1 to 20 carbon atoms which comprises contacting a 2-alkylacrylaldehyde of the formula ##STR2## wherein R has the meaning given above with formaldehyde and thereafter contacting the resultant reaction mixture with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst.

Abstract: This invention provides an improved hydrogenation process for converting .alpha.,.beta.-olefinically unsaturated carbonylic compounds into the corresponding allylic alcohol derivatives in the presence of a novel silver-cadmium alloy catalyst. Acrolein is hydrogenated to allyl alcohol with 100 percent conversion and 70 percent yield.