Abstract: A process is provided for the conversion of carbohydrates such as starch, cellulose and sugar into hydrocarbon products of increased carbon content. Solutions of the carbohydrate are contacted with a crystalline silicate zeolite catalyst such as ZSM-5 at a temperature 300.degree. C. to 650.degree. C. to provide hydrocarbon products which are useful as chemicals or fuels.

Abstract: C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -olefins are prepared by catalytic conversion of methanol and/or dimethyl ether in the presence of a zeolite catalyst at elevated temperatures, by a process in which the catalyst used is a pure borosilicate zeolite which has been tableted or extruded without a binder and treated with hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid. The treatment of the catalyst with hydrofluoric acid is carried out using 0.001-1N HF, and that with hydrochloric acid is carried out using 3-25% strength acid. The time-on-stream of the catalyst is improved.

Abstract: A modified zeolite catalyst composition and process for using the catalyst composition to alkylate toluene (or derivative thereof) with methanol to form e.g. styrene and ethylbenzene (or derivatives thereof) is disclosed. The catalyst composition is exemplified by a type X- or Y-zeolite modified with (1) at least one alkali metal selected from Cs, K, and Rb; (2) at least one metal selected from Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn; and (3) boron and/or phosphorus.

Abstract: A modified zeolite catalyst composition and process for using the catalyst composition to alkylate toluene (or derivative thereof) with methanol to form e.g. styrene and ethylbenzene (or derivatives thereof) is disclosed. The catalyst composition is exemplified by a type X- or Y-zeolite modified with (1) at least one alkali metal selected from Cs, K, and Rb; (2) at least one metal selected from Li, Ce, Cr, and Ag; and (3) boron and/or phosphorus.

Abstract: A Fischer-Tropsch catalyst is prepared by impregnating a silica carrier with a solution of a zirconium or titanium compound, calcining the composition thus obtained, thereafter impregnating the carrier with a cobalt compound-containing solution and calcining and reducing the composition thus obtained. Catalysts so prepared and containing 5-40 pbw of cobalt and 2-150 pbw of zirconium or titanium per 100 pbw of silica, are used in the preparation of hydrocarbons from a H.sub.2 /CO mixture.

Abstract: A method for producing branched aliphatic hydrocarbons by reacting H.sub.2 with a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alcohol and/or a C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 olefin in the presence of a cadmium component and a support which comprises an amorphous refractory inorganic oxide, a pillared smectite or vermiculite clay, a molecular sieve consisting essentially of unexchanged or cation-exchanged chabazite, clinoptilite, zeolite A, zeolite L, zeolite X, zeolite Y, ultrastable zeolite Y, or crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -olefins are prepared by catalytic conversion of methanol and/or dimethyl ether in the presence of a zeolite catalyst at elevated temperatures by a process wherein the catalyst used is a borosilicate zeolite which is treated with hydrogen fluoride, molded together with an amorphous aluminosilicate as a binder and then treated with hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: A method for the catalytic conversion of methanol and/or dimethyl ether to lower olefins with an aluminosilicate zeolite catalyst containing zirconium and/or hafnium together with manganese.

Abstract: A process for converting or synthesizing hydrocarbons from carbon sulfides such as CS.sub.2 by catalytic hydrogenation over catalysts such ZSM-5 type zeolites.

Abstract: A method is provided for removing polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCB) from oil contaminated therewith comprising the steps of extracting said oil with organic solvent, separating the extract, and distilling the solvent from said extract in the presence of a base.

Abstract: The liquid carrier in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis slurry reactor system is periodically or continually separated and subjected to cracking and isomerization in the presence of suitable catalysts. The treated carrier is returned to the reactor system and the accumulation of high viscosity paraffin in the reactor slurry is minimized. Suitable catalysts include a mixture of cracking and isomerization catalysts. Zeolite Beta is the novel constituent of the catalyst system.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for making catalytically active aluminosilicates from glasses by hydrothermal cristallization. The hydrothermal cristallization is more particularly effected in the presence of an aqueous solution of an inorganic alkali metal compound producing an alkaline reaction but in the absence of an amine. Useful alkali metal compounds comprise alkali metal carbonate, water glass, alkali metal hydroxide or alkali metal phosphate.The catalytically active aluminosilicates can be used for dehydrating alcohols, ethers and other oxygen-containing organic compounds with formation of hydrocarbons, or for isomerizing or alkylating hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of alcohols and/or ethers to diesel fuel hydrocarbon mixtures comprising contacting alcohols and/or ethers with large pore zeolites, such as rare-earth Y aluminosilicate under elevated pressures and temperatures below about 600.degree. F.

Abstract: There is disclosed a novel process for converting allylic amines, having a hydrogen bonded to a carbon .delta. to the amino group, to a diene in the presence of a zero valent palladium phosphine complex and a weak acid. The process has been used to make novel compositions containing 7-methoxy-3,7-dimethyloctadienes which are useful as odorants and flavorants.

Abstract: A process for eliminating by destruction polychlorinated bi-phenyls from hydrocarbonaceous oil contaminated therewith is disclosed. The oil is admixed with liquid sodium in an atmosphere of argon gas and allowed by refluxing, mixing, agitation, and hydrogenation circulation to react therewith. The polychlorinated bi-phenyls are eliminated, the reaction products are filtered and the uncontaminated treated oil is rendered susceptible to re-use.

Abstract: Methanol, dimethyl ether or a mixture thereof is converted to a hydrocarbon product rich in iso-C.sub.4 compounds by contact with a catalyst comprised of crystalline silica having molecular sieve properties or a crystalline solid with molecular sieve properties which has been impregnated with thorium oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A process for the production of ethylene, benzene and carbon monoxide from particulated biomass such as wood by reaction with methane at a temperature of from 700.degree. C. to 1200.degree. C., at a pressure of from 20 psi to 100 psi for a period of from 0.2 to 10 seconds.

Abstract: Phenolic compounds are dehydroxylated in the vapor phase by contacting with a reducing atmosphere substantially comprising hydrogen sulfide as the reducing agent in the presence of a sulfur-tolerant metal sulfide catalyst. The additional presence of hydrogen gas helps to desulfurize the catalyst and maintain catalytic activity. The process is useful in the treatment of phenolic naphtha fractions present in coal liquids, produced by pyrolysis or direct coal liquefaction.

Abstract: A process for converting methanol and/or methyl ether to light olefins over a zeolite catalyst comprising at least some crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitic material having pore windows formed by 8-membered rings of oxygen atoms, e.g., Zeolon 500 or ZSM-34, in the presence of hydrogen, or mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide as a gaseous diluent, at elevated temperature and pressure. By using such zeolite catalysts, hydrogen-containing diluents and reaction conditions, methanol and/or methyl ether can be converted to an olefin-containing hydrocarbon product enriched in ethylene and propylene with enhanced catalyst lifetime.

Abstract: There is disclosed an improved process for the destruction of halogenated organic compounds through treatment with an alkali metal aromatic radical anion reagent wherein the improvement comprises the elimination of the water quench step.

Abstract: Production of unsaturated hydrocarbons of 2-5 carbon atoms from methanol in the presence of zeolitic catalysts is effected by introducing gaseous methanol into a carrier gas, the concentration of the methanol in the entering mixture being between 5 and 60% by volume, and passing the mixture through a catalytic bed based on synthetic mordenite of the so-called de-aluminized type whose Si/Al ratio (atomic) is higher than 80, the flow rate of the methanol being between 1 and 5 liters of liquid methanol per liter of catalyst and per hour. The reaction is carried out at a temperature between 350.degree. and 550.degree. C., under a pressure which can reach 20 bars. The de-aluminized synthetic mordenite is prepared by subjecting the mordenite to a series of alternate acid and hydrothermic treatments, the said series commencing with an acid treatment and terminating with an acid treatment.

Abstract: O-xylene and ethylbenzene are prepared by converting, 2,7-octadien-1-ol, 1,7-octadien-3-ol or mixtures containing these octadienols, or carboxylates of 2,7-octadien-1-ol or of 1,7-octadien-3-ol, or mixtures containing these carboxylates at from 200.degree. to 550.degree. C. over a catalyst.

Abstract: An improved process for converting an olefinic feedstock containing ethene and C.sub.3 .sup.+ alkenes to produce a heavy hydrocarbon product rich in distillate by contacting the feedstock with an oligomerization catalyst bed, at elevated pressure and temperature conditions in operating mode favorable to formation of heavy distillate product by selective conversion of C.sub.3 .sup.+ alkenes. The improvement comprises providing a distillate mode effluent stream containing substantially unconverted ethene in vapor phase and condensed distillate, and recovering unconverted ethene-rich hydrocarbon vapor from the distillate mode effluent stream and further converting such to olefinic gasoline in a second oligomerization catalyst bed at reduced moderate pressure and elevated temperature conditions in operating mode favorable to formation of C.sub.6 .sup.+ olefinic gasoline. At least a portion of the olefinic gasoline is recycled for conversion with the feedstock in the distillate mode catalyst bed.

Abstract: A process for converting a methanol feed to light olefins over a zeolite catalyst comprising at least some crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitic material having a Constraint Index of about 1 to 12 and a silica/alumina mole ratio of at least about 12, e.g., ZSM-5, in the presence of diluent which provides O.sub.2 -containing gas, e.g. air, in the reaction zone under methanol conversion conditions. By using such a ZSM-5 type zeolite catalyst and an oxygen-providing diluent, methanol can be converted to an olefin-containing hydrocarbon product enriched in C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 olefins such as ethylene.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of lower olefins from methanol or dimethyl ether by catalytic conversion at from 300.degree. to 550.degree. C. in two stages over borosilicate zeolites, wherein C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -olefins and C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -paraffins are removed after the first reaction stage, the C.sub.5.sup.+ hydrocarbons are passed to the second reaction stage, the aromatics are removed from the reaction product of the second stage and the remaining reaction products are recycled. The advantage of this process is an improvement in the yield of olefins.

Abstract: Alcohols and related oxygenates are converted in a riser reactor and dense fluid catalyst bed comprising ZSM-5 type catalyst circulated through a plurality of satellite stripping-cooling zones for temperature control. Catalyst utilized comprises from 5 to 30 weight percent coke for activity and selectivity control promoting the formation of olefins and aromatics at temperatures below about 427.degree. C. (800.degree. F.).

Abstract: A process for the removal and detoxification of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) present in dielectric or other fluids, such as transformer oil, employing polyethylene glycol as the primary extractant, cyclohexane as a secondary extractant and a reagent derived from the reaction of sodium or sodium hydroxide, polyethylene glycol and oxygen for the decomposition and detoxification of the PCBs.

Abstract: A zeolite of improved stability for use in acid-catalyzed reactions is prepared by mildly presteaming the catalyst under controlled conditions of temperature, time, and steam partial pressure. The resulting catalyst retains nearly the same activity as that of a fresh unsteamed catalyst.

Abstract: The liquid carrier in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis slurry reactor system is periodically or continually separated and subjected to cracking and isomerization in the presence of suitable catalysts. The treated carrier is returned to the reactor system and the accumulation of high viscosity paraffin in the reactor slurry is minimized. Suitable catalysts include a mixture of cracking and isomerization catalysts.

Abstract: Organic functional fluids containing halogenated organic compounds present as contaminants therein are treated with a NaPEG decomposition reagent in an inert atmosphere to produce a functional fluid phase substantially free of the halogenated organic compound and a reagent residue phase containing a partially dehalogenated organic derivative therein. The latter may be further dehalogenated by reacting the reagent residue with oxygen.

Abstract: Gasoline hydrocarbons are produced by a catalytic conversion of methanol under a pressure of about 5 to 100 bars and at temperatures of about 250.degree. to 500.degree. C. The high-hydrocarbon product of the conversion is cooled so as to condense gasoline hydrocarbons. Tail gas is separated and then compressed and recycled to the conversion. In a heating step, liquid methanol is injected into a mixture of tail gas and methanol vapor and the liquid methanol is entirely evaporated. The resulting mixture of tail gas and methanol vapor is heated by about 10.degree. to 40.degree. C. by an indirect heat exchange with the high-hydrocarbon product. The heating step consists of the injection of liquid methanol and of the heating of the mixture of tail gas and methanol vapor and is repeated at least twice. The mixture at a temperature of about 280.degree. to 360.degree. C. is supplied to the catalytic conversion.

Abstract: A method for removing the excess sodium and byproducts of reaction which occur during the destruction of PCBs from oil. A predetermined quantity of water is mixed with the decontaminated oil and the byproducts, which include sodium chloride and polyphenyl polymer, to form sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide. Centrifuging removes most of the oil from the remaining aqueous mixture which then is agitated and treated with carbon dioxide gas to form less hazardous sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. Any excess carbon dioxide gas is vented to the atmosphere and the sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate is collected into containers for disposal. Small amounts of oil remaining in the aqueous waste mixture that is discharged from the centrifuge is decanted from the remaining material in a waste separator due to its lighter specific gravity. A pump intermittently injects waste from the waste separator into a converter where it reacts with the carbon dioxide gas.

Abstract: The synthetic fuel slate of products derived from wet natural gas is expanded to include both aromatic gasoline from the methane rich dry gas portion via steam reforming to synthesis gas, the production of methanol from synthesis gas and the conversion of methanol to gasoline over a ZSM-5 type catalyst, plus high quality jet fuel, diesel fuel and lubricating oils from the C.sub.3.sup.+ paraffin rich fraction of wet natural gas via thermal cracking of the paraffin rich fraction to olefins and the conversion of the olefins to gasoline and distillate boiling range hydrocarbons over a ZSM-5 type catalyst. Methane separated from the thermal cracked product can be mixed with the dry gas fraction for synthesis gas production and a portion of the hydrogen from the synthesis gas may be used to hydrogenate the distillate fraction from the catalytic conversion of the thermal cracked product.

Abstract: A process for cracking lignin-containing feed materials, such as precipitated from black liquor, to produce hydrocarbon products such as ethylene, utilizing dual fluidized beds of particulate solids in series flow arrangement. In the process, the feedstock is introduced with a diluent gas such as steam into the first or fast fluidized bed for cracking reactions at superficial gas velocity exceeding about 5 ft/sec. A particulate solids carrier material, which can comprise at least partly coke produced in the process, is circulated between the beds, and coke deposited on the carrier in the first or cracking bed at 1000.degree.-1600.degree. F. temperature is burned off in a second or combustion bed maintained at 1400.degree.-2000.degree. F. temperature by an oxygen-containing gas and diluent steam introduced therein. Superficial upward gas velocity in the fast fluidized bed zone exceeds about 5 ft/sec. and the bed density exceeds about 3 lb/cu.ft.

Abstract: A methanol-to-gasoline conversion process in which the conversion is conducted in a number of reactors which are fed directly by the charge, preferably in equal proportions. A diluent gas, preferably recycled light hydrocarbons separated from the product, is passed in sequence through each of the beds to carry away the heat of reaction. In this way, a high effective recycle ratio is maintained in each bed although the actual recycle ratio for the entire system is low.

Abstract: Organic halides are reduced to a dechlorinated products with a catalyst mixture consisting essentially of a nickel compound, a triarylphosphine and a halide ion, in the presence of reducing means for maintaining nickel in the zero valent state.

Abstract: A solid mixture of aldehydo-, keto-, carboxy-, carboxy-and-aldehydo-, and keto-and-carboxy-substituted benzene and toluene especially as obtained as residue from the manufacture of benzene di- and tricarboxylic acid is continuously subjected to pyrolysis at a temperature above 700.degree. C. with the production of a gaseous product and no substantial production of a solid carbonaceous char by adding such mixture as a suspension of comminuted solid in liquid water, but without an externally added catalyst, to a bed of inert, moving solids whose movement is stimulated by a gas flowing through said bed to fluidize, expand or make ebullient said bed of particles. Said gaseous product comprises hydrogen, carbon oxides, methane, benzene and toluene enriched in hydrogen and carbon dioxide content by the reaction of carbon and steam from the suspending liquid water thus substantially consuming the carbonaceous char which would otherwise be produced as a solid product.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the dealkylation of durene resulting from a methanol to gasoline conversion by contacting a durene-containing fraction with zeolite ZSM-12 at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons e.g. toluene and oxyhydrocarbons e.g. methanol are converted to other hydrocarbons by being contacted under conversion conditions with a catalyst comprising zeolite Nu-5.

Abstract: Middle distillate hydrocarbons are produced from feed mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen by contacting said feed at elevated temperature and pressure in a first stage with certain impregnated catalysts and contacting at least the middle distillate fraction of the product of the first stage in the presence of hyrogen with a catalyst containing at least one metal having hydrogenation activity supported on a porous carrier.

Abstract: A method of preparing aromatics processing catalysts which comprises incorporating a noble metal with a member or members of a useful class of zeolites, with such incorporation occurring after zeolite crystallization, but prior to final catalyst particle formation, i.e. extrusion into particles. Said useful class of zeolites is characterized by a silica to alumina mole ratio of at least 12 and a Constraint Index in the approximate range of 1 to 12.

Abstract: Alcohols and related oxygenates converted in a riser reactor and dense fluid catalyst bed (ZSM-5 cat), along with the catalyst, are circulated through a plurality of satellite stripping-cooling zones for temperature control. Catalyst utilized comprises from 5 to 20 weight percent coke for activity and selectivity characteristics promoting the formation of olefins and aromatics at temperatures below 800.degree. F.

Abstract: A method is provided for effecting the removal of polychlorinated biphenyls from hydrocarbon oils, such as transformer oil, contaminated with more than 50 ppm of such polychlorinated biphenyls. There is utilized in the contaminated oil, while it is being agitated, dispersed metallic sodium, an aprotic ion-complexing solvent, for example, diglyme, and an oil-soluble electron carrier, such as naphthalene.

Abstract: Bis(ethynylphenyl) compounds are prepared by an improved synthesis process which increases yield and is suitable for large scale synthesis operations. Aromatic dianilines are diazotized to form aromatic halides that are subsequently coupled with an end-protecting group having acetylenic moieties. The end-protecting groups are subsequently removed leaving the desired diethynyl derivative in quantitative yields.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of crystalline iron silicates with certain critical ratios of components in the starting mixture results in silicates having improved catalytic properties in conversion processes.

Abstract: A method is provided for regeneration of a catalyst comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite characterized by a silica to alumina mole ratio of at least about 12, a constraint index, as hereinafter defined, within the approximate range of 1 to 12, which catalyst has undergone controlled precoking by exposing the same to a thermally decomposable organic compound at a temperature in excess of the decomposition temperature of said compound but less than about 1200.degree. F., at a hydrogen to organic compound mole ratio of between 0 and 1 to deposit at least about 1 weight percent coke thereon, such precoked catalyst having been deactivated by formation of a carbonaceous deposit thereon as a result of use of the same in catalytically converting an organic charge under conditions less severe, i.e.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of disposing of polychlorinated biphenyls without causing a health hazard to the public in which the polychlorinated biphenyls are converted into harmless and useful compounds. This is accomplished by the hydrogenation-dechlorination thereof.

Abstract: A novel process for the reduction of durene produced in a methanol to gasoline conversion process is disclosed wherein either the total effluent from said process or a bottoms fraction containing durene is contacted with an isomerization catalyst at elevated temperatures in order to convert said durene.

Abstract: Phenol pitch obtained as a bottoms fraction in the distillation of phenol deriving from the acid hydrolysis of cumene hydroperoxide is treated to recover therefrom desired products consisting of phenol, alpha-methylstyrene, cumene and acetone, by introducing steam and the phenol pitch, into a reactor in a weight ratio of from 0.01:1 to 1:1, withdrawing from the top of said reactor a vapor phase comprising said desired products, withdrawing from the bottom of said reactor a liquid phase consisting essentially of compounds of higher boiling point than said desired products, and operating at a pressure of 4-12 Kg/cm.sup.2, at a temperature of 320.degree.-400.degree. C., as measured in the liquid phase, and with a residence time of 0.5-10 hours.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures from a feed mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen by contacting said feed at elevated temperature and pressure with a mixture of two catalysts; one capable of converting said feed into acyclic oxygen containing hydrocarbons and the other certain crystalline gallium silicates.