Abstract: Alcohols and related oxygenates are converted in a riser reactor and dense fluid catalyst bed (ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst) circulated through a plurality of satellite stripping-cooling zones for temperature control. Catalyst utilized comprises from 5 to 20 weight percent coke for activity and selectivity characteristics promoting the formation of olefins and aromatics at temperatures below about 427.degree. C. (800.degree. F.).

Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) are dechlorinated and rendered environmentally harmless by reaction with preformed sodium naphthalenide in a suitable ether-type solvent. The reaction proceeds rapidly at ambient temperature and effects substantially complete removal of chlorine from the PCB's.

Abstract: Oxygenated hydrocarbons are contacted with a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite for conversion into hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Anthranilic acid has been anchored to polystyrene, and rhodium, palladium, platinum and ruthenium complexes of this modified polystyrene have been prepared. These catalysts will reduce a variety of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and also nitrile, nitro and carbonyl functional groups, said carbonyl groups being present in either ketones or aldehydes.

Abstract: A process for production and recovery of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-containing whole plants in a form suitable for use as chemical feedstocks or as hydrocarbon energy sources which process comprises: (a) pulverizing by grinding or chopping hydrocarbon-containing whole plants selected from the group consisting of Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Compositae, Cactaceae and Pinaceae families to a suitable particle size, (b) drying and preheating said particles in a reducing atmosphere under positive pressure (c) passing said particles through a thermal conversion zone containing a reducing atmosphere and with a residence time of 1 second to about 30 minutes at a temperature within the range of from about 200.degree. C. to about 1000.degree. C., (d) separately recovering the condensable vapors as liquids and the noncondensable gases in a condition suitable for use as chemical feedstocks or as hydrocarbon fuels.

Abstract: Finely divided, small particle (0.1 micron or less) small crystallite (about 50 A.times.100 A or less) chalcogenides of manganese, rhenium and technetium are described. These compositions are prepared by mixing the absence of an aqueous solvent, a manganese, rhenium or technetium salt with a source of chalcogenide yielding a precipitate. The manganese, rhenium or technetium salt and the source of chalcogen can be mixed either neat or in the presence of a nonaqueous aprotic solvent. The precipitate which results before removal of the anion salt is a finely divided product. In the case of rhenium dichalcogenide the product possesses a layered structure. The anion salt may be removed by any technique common to the art, pumping under vacuum being one such technique, washing with a suitable solvent being another.A method is described for the preparation of di- and poly-chalcogenides of the formula MX.sub.

Abstract: Organic waste is converted to hydrocarbons by a process which comprises the steps of:(a) pyrolyzing the organic waste to form a mixture including oxygenated hydrocarbons, and(b) contacting the oxygenated hydrocarbons with a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite to form hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A durene-containing gasoline obtained from the catalytic conversion of methanol after removal of at least the light olefinic fraction is subjected to hydrotreating by contact with hydrogen over a hydrogenation metal on an acidic or non-acidic support.

Abstract: Living plants and animals synthesize and often accumulate a wide variety of organic materials having a molecular weight greater than 150. These include different chemical types such as natural hydrocarbons including rubbery substances, natural resins, and natural glycerides such as oils and fats. These substances, formed in the anabolic process, are collectively called "anabolites".This invention provides a process for catalytically converting certain anabolites to liquid hydrocarbons useful for the manufacture of fuels such as gasoline and chemicals such as para-xylene. Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites having an effective pore size of greater than about 5 Angstrom units are useful catalysts.

Abstract: A new crystalline borosilicate comprises a molecular sieve material having the following composition in terms of mole ratios of oxides:0.9.+-.0.2 M.sub.2/n O:B.sub.2 O.sub.3 :YSiO.sub.2 :ZH.sub.2 O,wherein M is at least one cation, n is the valence of the cation, Y is a value within the range of 4 to about 600, and Z is a value within the range of 0 to about 160, and providing a specific X-ray diffraction pattern. The borosilicate is used to catalyze various processes, such as isomerization, disproportionation, alkylation, transalkylation, and conversion of alcohols into gasoline-boiling-range products, olefins, and/or aromatics.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the coupling of a Grignard reagent RMgX with an allylic halide in the presence of a dipolar aprotic solvent wherein the improvement, for obtaining improved yield and selectivity, comprises adding a catalyst to said Grignard or allylic halide and then carrying out the coupling reaction by the addition of the Grignard reagent to the allylic halide, said reaction being characterized by the displacement at the gamma position (relative to the halide) of the allylic halide with R of the Grignard reagent, migration of the allylic double bond in the direction of the halogen atom and loss of halogen. The present invention also resides in the discovery of certain novel procedures for the synthesis of Vitamin E. Specific embodiments of this aspect of the invention reside in the syntheses of 6,7-dehydrophytol, 10,11-dihydrofarnesene, phytone, hexahydropseudoionone, and related compounds as precursors for Vitamin E.

Abstract: A new crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite product is provided having a structure intermediate that of ZSM-5 and ZSM-11, having a characterizing X-ray diffraction pattern and having a unit cell parameter of at least about 40 Angstroms. There is also provided a method for synthesizing the new zeolite and a process for using the same as a catalyst in effecting conversion of organic compounds.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for the removal of low level halogenated organic compounds forming a fluid through treatment with an alkali metal aromatic radical anion reagent.

Abstract: Commercially attractive amounts of benzene and toluene can be obtained from a solid mixture of aldehydo-, carboxy-, keto- and carboxy-, carboxy- and aldehydo-substituted benzene and toluene including such mixtures also containing cobalt and manganese salts of organic acids and inorganic and organic bromides obtained from the manufacture of benzene di- and tricarboxylic acids by non-catalytic pyrolysis of such mixture or gases and vapors therefrom at a temperature of at least 700.degree. C. Such non-catalytic pyrolysis is more technically attractive than catalytic pyrolysis conducted at a temperature of from 300.degree. C. to 500.degree. C. which has a short activity life.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic production of gasoline hydrocarbons from synthesis gas comprising carbon oxides and hydrogen is disclosed wherein the synthesis gas is fed initially to a methanol synthesis and thereafter effluent from the methanol synthesis is converted to gasoline hydrocarbons in a gasoline synthesis stage. The invention resides in that the entire effluent from the methanol synthesis stage is fed to the gasoline synthesis stage and at least a portion of the residual gases from the gasoline synthesis stage comprising carbon oxides, hydrogen, methane and minor amounts of C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 hydrocarbons is fed to the methanol synthesis stage together with fresh synthesis gas.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons and esters and/or acids are produced by heating aldehydes in the presence of an alcohol or an alcohol equivalent and in the presence of an iodine or bromine moiety and a rhodium or iridium catalyst.

Abstract: Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids using diazabicycloalkenes and, if desired, also a simple copper salt, as the means for decarboxylation.

Abstract: Short, less than one second, residence time non-catalytic hydropyrolysis is conducted by rapid heating at more than 600.degree. C. per second of a solid mixture of aldehydo-, carboxy-, keto- and carboxy-, and aldehydo- and carboxy- substituted benzene and toluene and such solid also containing cobalt and/or manganese salts of organic acids and organic and/or inorganic bromides obtained from the manufacture of benzene di- and tricarboxylic acids up to a temperature of at least 700.degree. C. Such short residence hydropyrolysis produces attractive amounts of readily recoverable benzene and toluene as well as lower alkanes and alkenes and a solid carbonaceous char which can be burned to provide heat for the hydropyrolysis. The short residence hydropyrolysis is not subject to short activity and frequent periods of off-stream time as are the catalytic pyrolysis conducted at lower temperatures of from 300.degree. up to 500.degree. C.

Abstract: In the conversion of coal to gaseous and liquid products, the heat value of the coal is more completely retained by the products through the selective high efficiency conversion of coal to a low ratio syngas utilizing a portion of the Fischer-Tropsch generated heat recovered as steam, conversion of the low ratio syngas with a water gas shift F-T catalyst to a product comprising C.sub.1 to C.sub.50 hydrocarbons and oxygenates, converting the F-T product to premium gas and increased liquid fuels comprising gasoline and distillate with a special zeolite catalyst and recovering the SNG and LPG products of the selective steps to provide an improved product slate. A portion of the produced fuel gas is used in lieu of coal to provide some of the heat energy requirements of the combination process.

Abstract: Diphenylmethane is synthesized by reacting benzene and benzyl chloride at elevated temperatures in a Friedel-Crafts type reaction using catalytic amounts of a Friedel-Crafts metal halide catalyst such as ferric chloride whereby the desired product is obtained with a good selectivity and a high conversion rate.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a straight-chain or branched alkene which has 20 to 24 carbon atoms and in which the ethylenic bond is located after a carbon atom numbered between 8 and 11, which process comprises reacting, in an anhydrous solvent, preferably in an oxahydrocarbon an organometallic copper compound with an alkyl or alkenylsulfonate.

Abstract: Alcohols and related oxygenates converted in a riser reactor and dense fluid catalyst bed (ZSM-5 cat) circulated through a plurality of satellite stripping-cooling zones for temperature control. Catalyst utilized comprises from 5 to 20 weight percent coke for activity and selectivity characteristics promoting the formation of olefins and aromatics at temperatures below 800.degree. F.

Abstract: This invention provides processes for the production of benzene from anthracene, 9,10-anthraquinone from anthracene, and benzene from 9,10-anthraquinone. In the conversion of anthracene to 9,10-anthraquinone, anthracene is reacted with a molecular oxygen-containing gas (e.g., air) in the presence of a catalyst and promotor at an elevated temperature (65.degree. to 205.degree. C.). To convert 9,10-anthraquinone to benzene, the anthraquinone is thermally cracked, with or without a suitable catalyst, at a temperature of at least 425.degree. C. An example of a suitable catalyst is synthetic zeolite.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the coupling of a Grignard reagent RMgX with an allylic halide in the presence of a dipolar aprotic solvent wherein the improvement, for obtaining improved yield and selectivity, comprises adding a catalyst to said Grignard or allylic halide and then carrying out the coupling reaction by the addition of the Grignard reagent to the allylic halide, said reaction being characterized by the displacement at the gamma position (relative to the halide) of the allylic halide with R of the Grignard reagent, migration of the allylic double bond in the direction of the halogen atom and loss of halogen. The present invention also resides in the discovery of certain novel procedures for the synthesis of Vitamin E. Specific embodiments of this aspect of the invention reside in the syntheses of 6,7-dehydrophytol, 10,11-dihydrofarnesene, phytone, hexahydropseudoionone, and related compounds as precursors for Vitamin E.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for hydrocracking coal or other carbonaceous material to produce various aromatic hydrocarbons including benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, phenol and cresols in variable relative concentrations while maintaining a near constant maximum temperature. Variations in relative aromatic concentrations are achieved by changing the kinetic severity of the hydrocracking reaction by altering the temperature profile up to and quenching from the final hydrocracking temperature. The relative concentration of benzene to the alkyl and hydroxyl aromatics is increased by imposing increased kinetic severity above that corresponding to constant heating rate followed by immediate quenching at about the same rate to below the temperature at which dehydroxylation and dealkylation reactions appreciably occur.

Abstract: An improved process for the catalytic dehydration of alcohols to form unsaturated organic compounds is provided in which an alcohol is dehydrated in the presence of alumina catalysts which are pre-treated with an organic silylating agent at elevated temperature.

Abstract: Hydroxy-substituted aromatic compounds are dehydroxylated in the presence of hydrogen and a rhenium-fluorided alumina catalyst at high conversion and selectivity to dehydroxylated aromatic products.

Abstract: A method and means for disposing of undesired heat in the conversion of lower alcohols and their derivatives to higher boiling gasoline hydrocarbons in a crystalline zeolite fluidized bed.

Abstract: Organo-lithium compounds of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is an alkyl group of up to 5 carbon atoms, R' is either hydrogen or an alkyl group of up to 5 carbon atoms and n is an integer from 2 to 10. These bifunctional organo-lithium compounds are prepared without the use of any polar or complexing agent and are useful as polymerization initiators for the production of block copolymers.

Abstract: Novel dyestuffs comprising at least one laser dyestuff radical and at least one fluorescent dyestuff radical, where the fluorescent range of the fluorescent dyestuff radical overlaps the absorption range of the laser dyestuff radical and is linked with the laser dyestuff radical directly or via a bridge member having a length of at most 20 A in such a manner that the .pi. electron systems of the individual radicals are decoupled, are outstandingly effective and long lived when used in dyestuff lasers. The dyestuffs can be of the formula:X--(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2).sub.n --X--[(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2).sub.n --X].sub.mwhereinN is 0 or an integer from 1 up to a number corresponding to a chain length of 20 A,m is 0, 1, 2 or 3,X is a laser dyestuff radical L or a fluorescent dyestuff radical F andR.sub.1 and R.sub.