Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the concurrent production of hydrogen and sulphur from a H2S-containing gas stream, with zero emissions. The method comprises the thermal oxidative cracking of H2S so as to form H2 and S2. Preferably, the oxidation is conducted using oxygen-enriched air, preferably pure oxygen. The ratio H2S/O2 in the feedstock is higher than 2:1, preferably in the range of 3:1-5:1.

Abstract: A selective hydrogenation process that is particularly effective in selectively hydrogenating alkynl compounds, such as acetylene or methyl acetylene, over alkenyl compounds, such as ethylene, is described. The process utilizes a slurry conversion unit for heat efficiency purposes during the conversion of acetylene into ethylene.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a catalyst for oxidative coupling of methane, specifically, it relates to a catalyst for oxidative coupling of methane comprising: a magnesium titanium oxide support comprising a mixed oxide of magnesium and titanium; and sodium tungstate and manganese oxide supported on the support, a method for preparing the same, and a method for oxidative coupling of methane. The catalyst for oxidative coupling according to the present disclosure, wherein a mixed oxide of magnesium and titanium is used as the support of the catalyst, is capable of providing significantly improved catalytic activity and C2 hydrocarbon yield as compared to pure magnesium oxide or titanium oxide. By preparing the oxide support not by a physical process but by a chemical sol-gel process, a catalyst for oxidative coupling with a peculiar crystal structure not found in a single oxide support can be provided.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of acetylene from hydrocarbons by partial oxidation, arc cleavage or pyrolysis, the material stream comprising the acetylene and soot obtained being fed to a compressor, wherein a liquid which takes up the major part of the soot present in the material stream is sprayed into the compressor.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of acetylene from hydrocarbons by partial oxidation, arc cleavage or pyrolysis, the material stream comprising the acetylene and soot obtained being fed to a compressor, wherein a liquid which takes up the major part of the soot present in the material stream is sprayed into the compressor.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to a hydrocarbon liquid wherein a stream of natural gas at a selected pressure is mixed with a hot gas stream which is at a temperature sufficient to affect a chemical reaction and form an intermediate product stream containing reactive hydrocarbons, the intermediate product stream being quenched and the quenched intermediate product stream being reacted in a catalytic liquification zone to produce a hydrocarbon liquid.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to an olefin includes heating the gas to a selected range of temperature to convert a fraction of the gas stream to reactive hydrocarbons, primarily ethylene or acetylene, and reacting with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to produce the olefin, usually ethylene. A portion of the incoming natural gas may be used to heat the remainder of the natural gas to the selected range of temperature. Hydrogen resulting from the reactions may be used to make electricity in a fuel cell. Alternatively, hydrogen may be burned to heat the natural gas to the selected range of temperature.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to a liquid includes heating the gas to a selected range of temperature to convert a fraction of the gas stream to reactive hydrocarbons, primarily ethylene or acetylene, and reacting methane and the reactive hydrocarbons in the presence of an acidic catalyst to produce a liquid, predominantly naphtha or gasoline. A portion of the incoming natural gas may be used to heat the remainder of the natural gas to the selected range of temperature. Hydrogen resulting from the reactions may be used to make electricity in a fuel cell. Alternatively, hydrogen may be burned to heat the natural gas to the selected range of temperature.

Abstract: A process for producing olefins and carboxylic acids from lower alkanes using a mixed metal oxide catalytic system comprising a catalyst having the formula MoaVbAlcXdYeOz wherein: X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of W and Mn; Y is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Pd, Sb, Ca, P, Ga, Ge, Si, Mg, Nb, and K; a is 1; b is 0.01 to 0.9; c is >0 to 0.2; d is >0 to 0.5; e is >0 to 0.5; and z is an integer representing the number of oxygen atoms required to satisfy the valency of Mo, V, Al, X, and Y.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for reforming organics into shorter-chain unsaturated organic compounds. A molten metal bath is provided which can cause homolytic cleavage of an organic component of an organic-containing feed. The feed is directed into the molten metal bath at a rate which causes partial homolytic cleavage of an organic component of the feed. Conditions are established and maintained in the reactor to cause partial homolytic cleavage of the organic component to produce unsaturated organic compounds, as products of the homolytic cleavage, which are discharged from the molten metal bath.

Abstract: A process for converting natural gas to a liquid includes heating the gas to a selected range of temperature to convert a fraction of the gas stream to reactive hydrocarbons, primarily acetylene, and reacting methane and the reactive hydrocarbons in the presence of an acidic catalyst to produce a liquid, predominantly pentane. Hydrogen resulting from the reactions is used to heat the incoming natural gas, either with a hydrogen furnace or by electrical energy generated from the hydrogen. Little or no use of methane is required to supply energy for the process.

Abstract: A method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products and coproduct water wherein a gas comprising methane and a gaseous oxidant are contacted with a nonacidic catalyst at temperatures within the range of about 700 to 1200.degree. C. A preferred catalyst comprises an alkali component associated with a support material. Results obtained over alkali-promoted solids are enhanced when the contacting is conducted in the presence of halogen promoters.

Abstract: A method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products and coproduct water wherein a gas comprising methane and a gaseous oxidant are contacted with a nonacidic catalyst at temperatures within the range of about 700.degree. to 1200.degree. C. A preferred catalyst comprises an alkali component associated with a support material. Results obtained over alkali-promoted solids are enhanced when the contacting is conducted in the presence of halogen promoters.

Abstract: Higher hydrocarbons are produced from methane by reacting the methane at elevated temperature, suitably in the range from 600.degree. to 800.degree. C., with an oxygen-containing gas having a ratio of methane to oxygen of greater than the stoichiometric ratio for complete combustion in the presence as catalyst of a lithium-doped material which under the reaction conditions is a physically base-stable, non-melting, oxygen-stable compound of an element of Groups III to VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements including the rare earth elements.

Abstract: An improved method for preparing a catalyst which is superior for converting methane to ethane and ethylene is described. The method involves mixing a solution of a magnesium alkoxide in alcohol with a solution of a lithium compound in alcohol. Preferably, chlorine is introduced into the mixture. A solution of an aluminum alkoxide in an alcohol may also be added to the mixture. The magnesium alkoxide is hydrolyzed to produce a gel, and the gel is then calcined to produce the catalyst. Catalysts prepared by this method are superior for converting methane to ethane and ethylene, and have superior selectivities for ethylene and ethane over conventional lithium carbonate/magnesium oxide catalysts.

Abstract: A solid composition of matter selected from the group consisting of:(a) a component comprising: (1) an oxide of lanthanum and a component comprising: (2) at least one material selected from the group consisting of halogen ions, compounds containing halogen ions, tin and compounds containing tin; and(b) a component comprising: (1) at least one material selected from the group consisting of Group IA metals and compounds containing said metals, a component comprising: (2) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of lanthanum and compounds containing lanthanum and, optionally, a component comprising: (3) at least one material selected from the group consisting of halogen ions, compounds containing halogen ions, tin and compounds containing tin,and a method for the oxidative conversion of organic compounds to other organic compounds, particularly in the presence of a free oxygen containing gas.

Abstract: There is provided a process for converting methane to hydrocarbons having at least two carbon atoms (i.e. higher hydrocarbons). The process involves oxidizing methane with a metal sulfide oxidizing agent. After this conversion of methane, the reduced metal sulfide may be regenerated by oxidation of the reduced metal sulfide.

Abstract: A method for the oxidative conversion of methane, to higher hydrocarbons, particularly ethylene and ethane, in which a methane-containing gas, such as natural gas, and a free oxygen containing gas are contacted with a contact material selected from the group consisting of:(a) a component comprising: (1) at least one oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, strontium and barium and, optionally, a component comprising: (2) at least one material selected from the group consisting of chloride ions, compounds containing chloride ions, tin and compounds containing tin;(b) a component comprising: (1) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium and compounds containing said metals, a component comprising: (2) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Group IIA metals and compounds containing said metals, and, optionally, a component comprising: (3) at least one material selected from the group consisting of chloride ions, compounds containing chlori

Abstract: An improvement in the process for the oxidative coupling of methane is provided. Typically, the reaction takes place in a reactor that includes a catalyst zone. A primary CH.sub.4 /O.sub.2 stream is fed into the entrance of the reactor and reacted at a temperature of 600.degree. C.-1000.degree. C. and a pressure of between 101 kPa and 800 kPa. The improvement comprises introducing an auxiliary oxygen stream directly into the catalyst zone and one or more points to thereby selectively increase the yield of C.sub.2+ products.

Abstract: A method for the oxidative conversion of feed organic compounds to product organic compounds, particularly, the conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons and the conversion of saturated C.sub.2 to C.sub.7 hydrocarbons to less saturated hydrocarbons, in which the feed compounds are contacted with a free oxygen-containing gas, water and a contact material, comprising at least one Group IIA metal or lanthanum and oxygen; at least two Group IIA metals, Lanthanum Series metals, zinc, or titanium and oxygen; at least one Group IA metal, at least one Group IIA metal, Lanthanum Series metals, zinc or titanium and oxygen; at least one Group IA metal or Group IIA metal, phosphorous and oxygen; cobalt, at least one of zirconium, zinc, nickel, indium, lead or bismuth, phosphorous, at least one Group IA metal and oxygen; or cobalt, at least one Group IA metal, silicon and oxygen.

Abstract: A method of converting natural gas or light alkane(s) into unsaturated hydrocarbons, consisting in providing inside of a reaction space a fluidized bed of particles of a refractory and advantageously catalytic material and feeding a plasma of a hydrogen-containing gas and the natural gas or the light alkane(s) into the bed so that the latter effects the quenching of the reaction medium and catalyses the conversion reaction.

Abstract: A method for converting methane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons wherein hot oxidative coupling reactor effluent is briefly contacted with a C.sub.2 to C.sub.20 alkane quench material to remove part of the heat contained in the raw reactor effluent, and is then further quenched by thermal quenching means to achieve a temperature which discourages retrograde reactions.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the direct partial oxidation of methane with oxygen, whereby hydrocarbons having at least two carbon atoms are produced. The catalyst used in this reaction is a cadmium-manganese oxide catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and to an apparatus for the conversion of hydrocarbons. According to the invention, at least one first gas containing at least 20% oxygen by volume and a type of hydrocarbon are first of all circulated in separate streams which are parallel to each other, without their being mixed, according to a spatial distribution such that the first gas is surrounded by the hydrocarbon; these substances are introduced into a mixing/reaction chamber, at a first given circulation level, and while the substances are then allowed to mix, the oxygen and the hydrocarbon are ignited so as to give rise to the conversion reaction and then, at a second given circulation level situated downstream of the first, a quenching of the resultant mixture is performed in a chamber; whereupon, the resultant quenched conversion products are recovered. The invention applies particularly to the manufacture of conversion products such as acetylene and ethylene.

Abstract: A catalyst and a process for oxidative coupling of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon compounds with aliphatic and alicyclic substituted aromatic hydrocarbon compounds to form a longer substituent hydrocarbon on the aromatic ring. The catalyst is mixed basic metal oxide catalyst, one preferred catalyst is boron/alkali metal promoted metal oxide. Reaction of methane with toluene and oxygen according to this invention results in conversion to styrene.

Abstract: A catalyst and process for oxidative coupling of methane, the catalyst being a mixed basic metal oxide catalyst. One preferred catalyst is boron/alkali metal promoted metal oxide.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for on-line decoking of flame-cracking reactors whereby decoking is achieved without interruption of the normal operation of such reactors and without the necessity to change feed equipment and/or disassemble reactor components. While maintaining the temperature of the effluent at 1000.degree. C. to 2000.degree. C., the flow of the hydrocarbon feedstock in the reactor is periodically stopped for a time sufficient to reduce the carbon deposits to an acceptable level.

Abstract: A process is provided for the oxidative conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons wherein a mixture of methane and gaseous oxidant is contacted at reaction conditions with a solid oxidative contact agent which is essentially free of reducible metal oxide, the oxidative conversion taking place in the presence of a chalcogen promoter.

Abstract: The steam and thermal cracking of hydrocarbons is facilely carried out by in situ generating a stream of hot combustion gases including steam, advantageously in the configuration of a downstream axially extending, axially symmetrical helical flowstream, by combustion of steam-producing reactants in a combustion first reaction zone, and serially directly contacting and intimately admixing a liquid hydrocarbon feedstock with said gas of combustion in a downstream isodistribution, non-multi-tubular second reaction zone, advantageously first at a zone of reduced pressure thereof, the momentum of said gas of combustion at the point of direct contact being such as to provide all of the thermal and mechanical energy and heat transfer required to autogenously vaporize, entrain and effect cracking therein of said liquid hydrocarbon feedstock.

Abstract: Methane is converted to higher hydrocarbons by contact with a catalyst comprised of a reducible metal oxide which had previously been treated with a reducing agent such as hydrogen to improve characteristics of the catalyst.

Abstract: Process for the production of synthesis gas and higher hydrocarbons in which a saturated hydrocarbon and an oxygen containing gas having a ratio of hydrocarbon to oxygen of greater than the stoichiometric ratio for complete combustion are introduced into a bed of an inert particulate material. The upward flow rate of the hydrocarbon/oxygen containing gas stream is sufficient to fluidize or to produce a spouting action of the bed material, whereby the particulate material is thrown up above the bed surface and subsequently falls back into the bed. The hydrocarbon and oxygen containing gas are ignited reacted together, and the products of the reaction withdrawn.

Abstract: Liquified Natural Gas (L.N.G.) is re-vaporized by heat exchange and pre-heated in a furnace at a temperature not exceeding 1100.degree. C. It is fed, together with an ionized hydrogen plasma stream, into a reactor containing a catalyst of the type described in the co-pending application No. 688,058. After heat exchange with the vaporizing L.N.G., the reactor effluent is separated into a condensed low-vapor-pressure liquid hydrocarbon product, rich in aromatics, into a hydrogen-rich gaseous by-product and into a recycle gas stream. The process is of particular interest where thermal or electrical energy is available at low cost. The Liquified Natural Gas Conversion Process may be considered as a method for storing such energy because the resulting liquid hydrocarbon product can be stored at low cost and may be sold during periods when such energy is in surplus.

Abstract: The catalyzed oxidative coupling of a lower molecular weight alkane to move valuable, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons is disclosed.

Abstract: The catalyzed oxidative coupling of a lower molecular weight alkane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons which are then oligomerized to form aromatic hydrocarbons is disclosed.

Abstract: The catalyzed oxidative coupling of a lower molecular weight alkane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons which are then oxidatively dehydrogenated to form unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons is disclosed.

Abstract: A method for dehydrogenating dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons which comprises contacting said hydrocarbons with an oxide of Pr having combined therewith an amount of alkali and/or alkaline earth metal which is sufficient to improve the selectivity to dehydrogenated hydrocarbon products. The oxide is reduced by the contact which is carried at about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. Reducible oxides of Pr are regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with oxygen. Solids prepared from the oxide Pr.sub.6 O.sub.11 are particularly effective in the process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalytic process for the production of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons from lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. More particularly, disclosed is a catalytic process for the conversion of methane to C.sub.2 + hydrocarbons, particularly hydrocarbons rich in ethylene or benzene, or both. The process utilizes a metal-containing catalyst, high reaction temperature of greater than 1000.degree. C., and a high gas hourly space velocity of greater than 3200 hr.sup.-1.

Abstract: In a continuous catalytic process for the production of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons from lower molecular weight hydrocarbons in which a lower molecular weight hydrocarbon containing reaction gas is contacted in a reaction zone with a higher molecular weight hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst under C.sub.2 + hydrocarbon synthesis conditions, the improvement comprising increasing the production of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons by the addition of an effective amount of aluminum metal vapor to the reaction gas, said synthesis conditions including a temperature greater than 1000.degree. C. and a gas hourly space velocity of greater than 3200 hr.sup.-1.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with an oxide of Pr. The oxide is reduced by the contact which is carried at about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. Reducible oxides of Pr are regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with oxygen. The oxide Pr.sub.6 O.sub.11 is particularly effective in the process.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing hydrocarbons from a methane source which comprises contacting methane with a reducible oxide of Tb. The Tb oxide is preferably combined with an amount of alkali and/or alkaline earth metal which is sufficient to improve the selectivity to higher hydrocarbon products. The oxide is reduced by the contact which is carried at about 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. Reducible oxides of Tb are regenerated by oxidizing the reduced composition with molecular oxygen. The oxide Tb.sub.4 O.sub.7 is particularly effective in the process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for converting light hydrocarbon feedstocks such as methane and/or natural gas, to higher molecular weight hydrocarbon products that are more readily handleable and transportable. The process comprises heating a gaseous mixture comprising said light hydrocarbon feedstocks and carbon dioxide at a temperature of at least about 600.degree. C. for a period of time effective to provide said higher molecular weight liquid hydrocarbon product. The invention also relates to the higher molecular weight liquid products obtained by the process of the invention.

Abstract: Natural gas hydrocarbon components, methane to butanes, are converted into low-vapor-pressure liquid hydrocarbons in a combination process which comprises successively passing the heavier fraction (C.sub.2 to C.sub.4) and the lighter fraction (C.sub.1, C.sub.2) with hydrogen over a non silica-based catalyst including crystals of basic mixed oxides and recovering C.sub.5 + hydrocarbons. First the heavier fraction of the feed (C.sub.2 +) is converted at temperatures below 600.degree. C. over a fluidized or moving catalytic bed. Condensible C.sub.3 + products are fractionated for C.sub.5 + recovery and for C.sub.3, C.sub.4 recycling. Gas by-products H.sub.2, C.sub.1, C.sub.2, are separated into an enriched hydrogen stream and into a C.sub.1, C.sub.2 by-product gas which is recycled into the lighter fraction C.sub.1, C.sub.2 of the feed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalytic process for the production of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons from lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. More particularly, disclosed is a catalytic process for the conversion of methane to C.sub.2 + hydrocarbons, particularly hydrocarbons rich in ethylene or benzene, or both. The process utilizes a metal-containing catalyst, high reaction temperature of greater than 1000.degree. C., and a high gas hourly space velocity of greater than 3200 hr.sup.-1.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalytic process for the production of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons from lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. More particularly, disclosed is a catalytic process for the conversion of methane to C.sub.2+ hydrocarbons, particularly hydrocarbons rich in ethylene or benzene, or both. The process utilizes a metal-containing catalyst, high reaction temperature of greater than 1000.degree. C., and a high gas hourly space velocity of greater than 3200 hr.sup.-1.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalytic process for the production of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons from lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. More particularly, disclosed is a catalytic process for the conversion of methane to C.sub.2 + hydrocarbons, particularly hydrocarbons rich in ethylene or benzene, or both. The process utilizes a metal-containing catalyst, high reaction temperature of greater than 1000.degree. C., and a high gas hourly space velocity of greater than 3200 hr.sup.-1.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for converting light hydrocarbon feedstocks such as methane, ethane and/or natural gas, to higher molecular weight hydrocarbon products that are more readily handleable and transportable. The process comprises heating a gaseous mixture comprising said light hydrocarbon feedstocks and at least one oxide initiator selected from the group consisting of nitrogen oxides, sulfur trioxide and mixtures thereof at a temperature of at least about 600.degree. C. for a period of time effective to provide said higher molecular weight hydrocarbon product. In one embodiment, the invention provides for a process for converting the feedstocks, to unsaturated compounds such as ethylene. The invention also relates to the higher molecular weight products obtained by the process of the invention.

Abstract: A catalyst is disclosed which comprises a molybdenum-tungsten-containing complex represented by the formulaMo.sub.a W.sub.b M.sub.c A.sub.d O.sub.

Abstract: Methane is converted into higher hydrocarbons by a process wherein a gas comprising methane and molecular oxygen is contacted at elevated temperatures with a molten salt mixture containing at least one reducible metal oxide.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a hydrocarbon gas comprising methane, an oxygen-containing gas and a reducible metal oxide under conditions effective to produce higher hydrocarbon products and water, the improvement which comprises conducting the contacting in the presence of at least one stabilizer selected from the group consisting of chalcogens and compounds thereof.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for reforming organics into shorter-chain unsaturated organic compounds. A molten metal bath is provided which can cause homolytic cleavage of an organic component of an organic-containing feed. The feed is directed into the molten metal bath at a rate which causes partial homolytic cleavage of an organic component of the feed. Conditions are established and maintained in the reactor to cause partial homolytic cleavage of the organic component to produce unsaturated organic compounds, as products of the homolytic cleavage, which are discharged from the molten metal bath.