Abstract: Methods of making polyisobutylene and catalyst systems are described. Polyisobutylene compositions and catalyst system compositions are also described. In some embodiments, a method of making a catalyst system includes: providing a support material comprising one or more ion exchange resins; dehydrating the support material; and forming a catalyst system by adding to the support material (a) a mixture comprising BF3, (b) a mixture comprising BF3 and a complexing agent, or (c) both. In some embodiments, a method of making a polymer composition includes providing a catalyst system comprising: (a) a support material comprising one or more ion exchange resins, and (b) BF3; providing a feedstock comprising isobutylene; forming a reaction mixture comprising the feedstock and the catalyst system; contacting the isobutylene with the catalyst system; and obtaining a polymer composition.

Abstract: A method for alkylating a hydrocarbon comprising at least one isoparaffin and at least one olefin that includes introducing a liquid catalyst and the hydrocarbon into a high shear device; processing the liquid catalyst and the hydrocarbon in the high shear device to form an emulsion comprising droplets of hydrocarbon dispersed in the liquid catalyst; introducing the emulsion into a vessel operating under suitable alkylation conditions whereby at least a portion of the isoparaffin is alkylated with the olefin to form alkylate, wherein suitable alkylation conditions comprise a bulk reaction temperature of from about 38° C. to about 90° C. and a bulk reaction pressure in the range of from about 1379 kPa to about 34 MPa; and removing a product stream comprising alkylate from the vessel.

Abstract: A method for alkylating a hydrocarbon comprising at least one isoparaffin and at least one olefin by introducing liquid acid catalyst and the hydrocarbon into a high shear reactor, forming an emulsion comprising droplets comprising hydrocarbon in a continuous acid phase, wherein the droplets have a mean diameter of less than about 5 ?m, introducing the emulsion into a vessel operating under suitable alkylation conditions whereby at least a portion of the isoparaffin is alkylated with the olefin to form alkylate, and removing a product stream comprising alkylate from the vessel. A system for carrying out the method is also disclosed.

Abstract: This invention covers a process for dimerizing of isobutylene to Iso-octene and unique configuration is being disclosed, where the Feed is diluted to low level with recycle which has essentially no Iso-octene, dual catalyst system, new selectivator (IPA) and successive catalyst stages if needed to enhance the conversion. The process is very selective and provides higher isobutylene conversion. Additionally the invention also covers the hydrogenation of olefins to Paraffin, Iso-octene to Iso-octane product under moderate conditions and with dual or single catalyst system.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for alkylation of an aromatic hydrocarbon or isoalkane with an olefin over the catalysis of a solid acid, comprising contacting a reaction material containing an aromatic hydrocarbon or C4-C6 isoalkane, C2-C18 monoolefin and a compound containing a strongly electronegative element as promoter with a solid acid catalyst to carry out the alkylation, characterized in that the solid acid catalyst is contacted with a compound having a strongly electronegative element prior to its contact with the reaction material. Said process not only greatly increases the selectivity of the target product of the alkylation but also improves stability of the solid acid catalyst.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrogen for a fuel cell from a hydrocarbon fuel composition, by providing a hydrocarbon fuel composition, which is obtained by contacting a liquid hydrocarbon feed comprising an alkylating agent with an acidic catalyst, under conditions effective to alkylate at least a portion of the hydrocarbon feed; converting the hydrocarbon fuel composition into hydrogen; and optionally, introducing the hydrogen produced into a fuel cell. In a preferred embodiment the liquid hydrocarbon feed further comprises sulphur-containing impurities, at least a portion of which are alkylated during the alkylation step.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for alkylation of an isoparaffin with an olefin over a solid-acid catalyst, wherein at least two parallel reactors are used at the same time. When the solid acid catalyst in one or more reactors need to be regenerated, the catalyst is contacted in-situ in the reactor with a solvent to wash out the macromolecular hydrocarbons deposited on the surface of the catalyst in order to resume the high selectivity of catalyst in alkylation.

Abstract: A catalyst for trimerization of ethylene is disclosed which comprises (a) a chromium complex having a neutral multidentate ligand having a tripod structure, represented by the formula, ACrJnQ3-n wherein A is a neutral multidentate ligand having a tripod structure, J is a carbonyl ligand or halogen, n is an integer of 0-3, and Q is at least one member selected from hydrogen, a C1-C10 hydrocarbon group, a C1-C10 carboxylate group, a C3-C10 diketonato group, an amide group, an imide group, an C1-C10 alkoxide group, a C1-C10 thioalkoxide group, an C6-C15 arene ligand, an C2-C10 alkene ligand, an C2-C15 alkyne ligand, an amine ligand, an imine ligand, an isonitrile ligand, a phosphine ligand, a phosphine oxide ligand, a phosphite ligand, an ether ligand, a sulfide ligand, a sulfone ligand and a sulfoxide ligand, and (b) a metal alkyl compound.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved method for the alkylation reaction of isoparaffins with olefins over solid catalysts including contacting a mixture of an isoparaffin, an olefin and a phase-modifying material with a solid acid catalyst member under alkylation conversion conditions at either supercritical fluid, or near-supercritical fluid conditions, at a temperature and a pressure relative to the critical temperature(T.sub.c) and the critical pressure(P.sub.c) of the reaction mixture. The phase-modifying phase-modifying material is employed to promote the reaction's achievement of either a supercritical fluid state or a near-supercritical state while simultaneously allowing for decreased reaction temperature and longer catalyst life.

Abstract: Although alkenes commonly are used to alkylate alkanes using various solid acid catalysts, the process is severely hampered by short catalyst lifetimes attending substantial alkene oligomerization. This problem can be avoided by using an alkene-alkyl chloride mixture as the alkylating agent. Thus, alkylation of isobutane by a butyl chloride/butene mixture at a molar ratio of 1:3 in the presence of an AlCl.sub.3 -type Friedel-Crafts catalyst at 30.degree. C. maintains at least an 80% conversion of (alkene and alkyl chloride) for almost twice as long as is the case for a 1:19 molar ratio of butyl chloride/butene.

Abstract: Although alkenes commonly are used to alkylate alkanes using various solid acid catalysts, the process is severely hampered by short catalyst lifetimes attending substantial alkene oligomerization. This problem can be avoided by using an alkene-alkyl chloride mixture as the alkylating agent. Thus, alkylation of isobutane by a butyl chloride/butene mixture at a molar ratio of 1:3 in the presence of an AlCl.sub.3 -type Friedel-Crafts catalyst at 30.degree. C. maintains at least an 80% conversion of (alkene and alkyl chloride) for almost twice as long as is the case for a 1:19 molar ratio of butyl chloride/butene.

Abstract: A novel catalyst for alkylating an alkene with an alkane to give an alkylate product has been developed. The catalyst comprises a refractory inorganic oxide on which is dispersed a Group VIII metal, a metal cation and the reaction product of a metal halide and bound surface hydroxyl groups of the refractory inorganic oxide. The catalyst is characterized in that the Group VIII metal is concentrated in an outer layer of the catalyst particle.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a catalyst comprising a porous organic or mineral support, preferably silica, and an acidic phase containing B(OSO.sub.2 CF.sub.3).sub.3 and at least one acid selected from the group formed by sulphuric acid (H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) and trifluoromethane sulphonic acid (CF.sub.3 SO.sub.3 H), the support having been impregnated by said acidic phase, said catalyst being such that it is constituted essentially by particles with an average diameter of between 0.1 and 150 .mu.m, such that the support, prior to its impregnation with said acidic phase, has a total pore volume of between 0.5 and 6 cm.sup.3 per gram and said catalyst being characterized in that said acidic phase contains:between 0.1 and 70% by weight of B(OSO.sub.2 CF.sub.3).sub.3 ;between 0 and 90% by weight of H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 ;between 0 and 90% by weight of CF.sub.3 SO.sub.3 H.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst comprising silica and an acid phase comprising sulphuric acid and the compound HB(HSO.sub.4).sub.4, the silica having been impregnated by said acid phase, said catalyst being such that is consists essentially of particles of an average diameter of between 0.1 and 150 .mu.m, its content by weight of acid phase is greater than 40%, the silica, prior to its impregnation with said acid phase, has a total porous volume of between 0.5 and 6 cm.sup.3 per gram and said acid phase contains between 0.4% and 68.8% by weight of the compound HB(HSO.sub.4).sub.4, said acid phase containing neither sulphuric anhydride nor boric acid.The invention also relates to the preparation and use of said catalyst in catalytic alkylation of isobutane and/or isopentane in the presence of at least one olefin containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule.

Abstract: Immobilized Lewis Acid catalyst comprising polymer having at least one Lewis Acid immobilized within the structure therein, said polymer having monomer units represented by the structural formula:--[A].sub.a --[B].sub.b --[C].sub.c --whereina represents about 1 to about 99 mole %b represents about 0 to about 50 mole %c represents about 1 to about 99 mole %a+b+c is preferably about 100%; ##STR1## C is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR2## (III) combinations thereof, wherein D is OH, halide, OR.sup.4, NH.sub.2, NHR.sup.3, OM', or OM";E is the residue of the reaction of at least one Lewis Acid with the D substituent of monomer unit B;R.sup.1 represents proton, C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkyl group, or C.sub.3 -C.sub.24 cycloalkyl;R.sup.2 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkylene group, C.sub.3 -C.sub.24 cycloalkylene, C.sub.6 -C.sub.18 arylene, or C.sub.7 -C.sub.30 alkylarylene;R.sup.3 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.24 cycloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 aryl, or C.sub.7 -C.sub.30 alkylaryl;R.sup.

Abstract: Catalyst comprising a porous mineral or organic support and a mixture constituted by sulphuric acid, trifluoromethanesulphonic acid and, optionally, water. The invention also relates to a method for the preparation of the catalyst and its use in catalytic alkylation of isobutane and/or isopentane in the presence of at least one olefin comprising 3 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule.

Abstract: A process for alkylating an isoparaffin with an olefin in the presence of a catalyst comprising HF, BF.sub.3, and a hydroxylic promoter wherein the total acid dosage as defined herein is less than about 1 weight percent of the total hydrocarbon reactants and the molar ratio of BF.sub.3 to the sum of the moles of HF and hydroxylic promoter is greater than zero and less than about 1.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the conversion of a reactant into a reaction product in the presence of a novel acid catalyst complex comprising an organosulfonic acid having the formula[(R.sup.2 O).sub.2 P(O)].sub.y R(SO.sub.r R.sup.1).sub.xwherein R is an organo radical having at least one covalent carbon-fluorine bond, R.sup.1 is hydrogen, R.sup.1 is a hydrocarbyl radical having up to 20 carbon atoms or hydrogen, r is 2 or 3, x is an integer from 1 to 3, y is an integer of from 1 to 3 with the proviso that the phosphorus and the sulfur are covalently bonded to a carbon atom and which organosulfonic acid has been contacted with a Lewis Acid to produce a catalyst complex containing said Lewis Acid. In the elected claims, a process for providing a high octane alkylate stream by converting a mixture comprising isoparaffins and olefins into said alkylate in the presence of said acid catalyst complex, is described.

Abstract: A process for the alkylation of hydrocarbon feedstock with an olefinic alkylating agent in the presence of a hydrogen fluoride catalyst, wherein the hydrogen fluoride catalyst is supported on a support material comprising a solid material with a Hammett acidity H.sub.0 >-8 calculated on the material in protonated form.

Abstract: Process for the recovery of acid catalyst from acid catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion processes comprising the steps of: passing a product stream of converted hydrocarbons leaving the hydrocarbon conversion process and containing the acid catalyst through a fixed bed of a solid adsorbent material having affinity for the acid catalyst and, thereby, adsorbing the acid catalyst on the material; desorbing the adsorbed acid catalyst by passing a process stream of hydrocarbons through the adsorbent bed; and cycling the process stream together with the desorbed acid catalyst contained therein to the hydrocarbon conversion process.

Abstract: This invention is a process for the regeneration of a catalyst system component comprising certain transition aluminas promoted with a Lewis acid (preferably BF.sub.3) which have been used in the alkylation of isoparaffin with olefins. The process involves the calcination of the catalyst system component to volatilize and to oxidize the reaction product residue adhering to the solid catalyst. The process may include recovery and recycle of the involved Lewis acid.

Abstract: An isoparaffin-olefin alkylation process is disclosed which improves alkylate quality by segregating the olefin feed into intermediate feedstreams which are enriched in propene, 1-butene, and/or 2-butenes with respect to the olefin feed, and alkylating these intermediate feedstreams in separate reaction zones at reaction temperatures specific to the olefin feed to increase the ratio of trimethylpentanes to dimethylhexanes in the resulting alkylate product.

Abstract: A continuous alkylation process for the production of high octane gasoline comprising contacting a mixture of an isoparaffin and an olefin with a catalyst complex comprising BF3:H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 in a continuous hydrocarbon downflow reactor.

Abstract: This invention is a process for the regeneration of solid acidic hydrocarbon conversion catalysts, but particularly certain transition aluminas and zeolites promoted with Lewis acids (preferably BF.sub.3) which have been used in the alkylation of isoparaffins with olefins. The process involves the removal of some portion of the reaction product residue adhering to the solid catalyst by contact with a solvent to partially recover the catalyst's initial activity.

Abstract: New catalyst compositions comprise sulfated and calcined mixtures of (1) a support comprising an oxide or hydroxide of a Group IV-A element, (2) an oxide or hydroxide of molybdenum, and (3) an oxide or hydroxide of a Group I-B, II-B, III-A, III-B, IV-B, V-A or VI-A metal other than molybdenum or a metal of the Lanthanide Series of the Periodic Table. A process for alkylation of acyclic saturated compounds with acyclic unsaturated compounds utilizing such catalyst compositions.

Abstract: New catalyst compositions comprise sulfated and calcined mixtures of (1) a support comprising an oxide or hydroxide of a Group IV-A element, (2) an oxide or hydroxide of a Group VI, VII or VIII metal, (3) an oxide or hydroxide of a Group I-B, II-B, III-A, III-B, IV-B, V-A or VI-A metal and (4) a metal of the Lanthanide Series of the Periodic Table. A process for alkylation of acyclic saturated compounds with acyclic unsaturated compounds utilizing such catalyst compositions.

Abstract: The alkylation of isoparaffin with olefin to provide alkylate is carried out in the presence of, as catalyst, MCM-36.

Abstract: The invention provides an isoparaffin: olefin alkylation process comprising contacting isoparaffin and olefin with a synthetic porous crystalline material which is characterized, in its uncalcined form, by an X-ray diffraction pattern including values substantially as set forth in Table I of the specification and having a composition comprising the molar relationshipX.sub.2 O.sub.3 :(n)YO.sub.2,wherein n is less than about 20, X is a trivalent element and Y is a tetravalent element.

Abstract: A composition of matter, which is an effective alkylation catalyst composition, is prepared by a method comprising heating, at a temperature of about 40.degree.-90.degree. C., (a) aluminum chloride, (b) boron phosphate, (c) alumina and/or silica, and (d) at least one chlorinated hydrocarbon (preferably CCl.sub.4), and subsequently separating the formed solid from the chlorinated hydrocarbon. The thus-prepared catalyst composition is employed in the alkylation of C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 alkane(s) with C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 alkene(s).

Abstract: The invention provides a catalyst complex for promoting alkylation of an isoparaffin with an olefin, said catalyst complex comprising the reaction product of BF.sub.3 and at least one selected from the group consisting of H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 and H.sub.2 O; and, additionally, excess BF.sub.3 in concentration of from about 10 ppm (weight) to about 5 percent by weight of the total isoparaffin and olefin feed.The invention further provides a process for the alkylation of an isoparaffin with an olefin by contacting a mixture of isoparaffin and olefin with the catalyst complex of the invention, decanting the hydrocarbon product from the catalyst complex, and deacidifying the hydrocarbon product.

Abstract: A composition of matter comprises trifluoromethane on a solid support material which contains boron phosphate and/or boron sulfate. Preferred support materials are boron phosphate, boron phosphate-coated silica and boron sulfate-coated silica. The above composition is used as a catalyst for alkylating at least one C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 alkane (preferably isobutane or an isopentane) with at least one C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 alkene (preferably butene-2).

Abstract: A process is provided for alkylating an isoparaffin with an olefin comprising effecting reaction of isoparaffin and olefin in the presence of an alkylation catalyst complex comprising a Lewis acid and a solid component, said solid component comprising a layered silicate and pillars of an oxide of at least one element selected from Groups IB, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVA, IVB, VA, VB, VIA, VIIA and VIIIA of the Periodic Table of the Elements separating the layers of the silicate.

Abstract: The invention provides an isoparaffin:olefin alkylation catalyst composition comprising at least one acid selected from the group consisting of hydrofluoric acid and the halogen-substituted sulfonic acids, together with a carbonate additive having the formula ROC(O)OR or ##STR1## wherein R is selected from alkyl, alkyl halide, aromatic and halogenated aromatic groups having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, and an isoparaffin:olefin alkylation process employing the same.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for alkylating an isoparaffin with an olefin comprising contacting an isoparaffin having from 4 to 8 carbon atoms with an olefin having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms in an alkylation reaction zone at temperature from about -20.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C. with an alkylation catalyst complex comprising a Lewis acid and an inorganic, porous crystalline phase material having, after calcination, a d-spacing greater than about 18 Angstrom Units and having a benzene adsorption capacity of greater than 15 grams benzene per 100 grams of said material at 50 torr and 25.degree. C., wherein the molar ratio of said isoparaffin to said olefin is from about 1 to about 250 to evolve a product stream containing C.sub.5 +alkylate.

Abstract: The invention provides a catalyst complex for promoting alkylation of an isoparaffin with an olefin, said catalyst complex comprising the reaction product of Lewis acid and at least one fluorophosphoric acid; and, additionally, excess Lewis acid in concentration of from about 10 ppm (weight) to about 10000 ppm by weight of the total isoparaffin and olefin feed. The invention further provides a process for the alkylation of an isoparaffin with an olefin by contacting a mixture of isoparaffin and olefin with the catalyst complex of the invention.

Abstract: This invention is a process for the alkylation of isoparaffin with olefins using a catalyst system comprising certain transition aluminas promoted with a Lewis acid (preferably BF.sub.3), and free Lewis acid. The product alkylate is a complex mixture of branched paraffins suitable for use as a high octane blending component for motor fuels.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are disclosed for acid continuous alkylation of a hydrocarbon-containing feedstream in which the inventory of acid is reduced. The apparatus used combines a reactor, settler and heat exchanger in a single vessel. The acid phase flows out of the reactor only for acid makeup, to account for acid consumption, and regeneration.

Abstract: The present invention provides a Lewis acid-catalyzed isoparaffin/olefin alkylation process in which acid consumption and energy costs are decreased by employing an acid sorption stage to separate the Lewis acid catalyst from the alkylate product stream, or from a selected fraction of the alkylate product stream, and desorbing the Lewis acid from the sorption stage with an isoparaffin-containing alkylation process feedstream.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process and apparatus for alkylating an isoparaffin with an olefin which decreases the required catalyst inventory while improving alkylate quality by internally admixing unreacted isoparaffin and alkylate product with the isoparaffin:olefin reactant stream in the draft tube of a decantation reaction vessel.

Abstract: The thermal stability of synthetic lubricants composed of alpha-olefin oligomers is improved by reaction with an olefin such as decene or the lower molecular weight, non-lubricant range olefins produced in the course of the oligomerization of 1-alkenes. The alkylation of the lube range oligomer is carried out using acidic alkylation catalyst such as solid, open-pore catalyst, e.g., fluorided alumina.The improved lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise a high viscosity index liquid lubricant oligomer composition containing C.sub.30 -C.sub.1300 hydrocarbons with at least one higher alkyl branch per oligomer molecule, said alkyl branch containing between 12 and 40 carbon atoms. In a preferred embodiment the novel alkylated lubricant composition has a methyl to methylene branch ratio of less than 0.19 and pour point below -15.degree. C.

Abstract: Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation is carried out in the presence of a Lewis acid-promoted catalyst, said catalyst comprising a synthetic porous crystalline material characterized in its calcined form by an X-ray diffraction pattern including interplanar d-spacings at 12.36.+-.0.4, 11.03.+-.0.2, 8.83.+-.0.14, 6.18.+-.0.12, 6.00.+-.0.10, 4.06.+-.0.07, 3.91.+-.0.07 and 3.42.+-.0.06 Angstroms.

Abstract: The quality of alkylate resulting from the alkylation of isoparaffin with olefin in the presence of an alkylation catalyst comprising a large pore zeolite, e.g., zeolite Beta, and a Lewis acid, e.g., BF.sub.3, is significantly improved by the presence of added water in the alkylation reaction zone.

Abstract: A solid catalyst composition which has undergone a partial loss of catalytic activity due to the accumulation of reaction product residue is treated in a chemical conversion process reaction zone in the presence of feedstock(s) with ultrasonic energy of a magnitude and a duration sufficient to restore at least a significant percentage of the lost activity.

Abstract: The alkylation of isoparaffin with olefin to provide alkylate is carried out in the presence of, as catalyst, a porous crystalline material characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including interplanar d-spacings at 12.36.+-.0.4, 11.03.+-.0.2, 8.83.+-.0.14, 6.18.+-.0.12, 6.00.+-.0.10, 4.06.+-.0.07, 3.91.+-.0.07 and 3.42.+-.0.06 Angstroms.

Abstract: An improved continuous process for alkylation of isoparaffins with olefins to yield a product which includes a large proportion of highly branced paraffins for making gasoline having improved octane is taught. The improved process comprises contacting isoparaffins and olefins with a composite catalyst comprising a Lewis acid and a non-zeolitic inorganic oxide in the presence of a controlled amount of water. The process results in reduced catalyst aging and obviates environmental problems associated with prior art processes.

Abstract: This invention relates to catalytic distillation utilizing Lewis acid promoted non-zeolitic inorganic oxide, large pore crystalline molecular sieve and/or ion exchange resin systems. Alkylation and oligomerization processes are adapted to this catalytic distillation technique.

Abstract: An improved process for alkylation of isoparaffins with olefins to yield a product which includes a high proportion of highly branched paraffins for making gasoline having improved octane is taught. The improved process comprises isomerizing the olefins and then contacting effluent and isoparaffins with a composite catalyst comprising a Lewis acid and a large pore zeolite and/or a non-zeolitic inorganic oxide. The beneficial effects of low temperature operation and the use of water in the process are also noted. The process results in reduced catalyst aging and obviates environmental problems associated with prior art processes.

Abstract: A solid catalyst composition which has undergone a partial loss of catalytic activity due to the accumulation of reaction product residue is treated in a chemical conversion process reaction zone in the presence of feedstock(s) with ultrasonic energy of a magnitude and a duration sufficient to restore at least a significant percentage of the lost activity.

Abstract: A modified ZSM-5 type zeolite is provided by treatment of a ZSM-5 type zeolite with BF.sub.3. The novel product is characterized by reduced pore size and enhanced shape-selectivity, or by enhanced activity, or by both. This invention also provides a process for catalytically converting organic compounds by use of the novel composition, an illustrative conversion being the catalytic conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons and C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 olefins to gasoline components.

Abstract: Disclosed is an alkylation process comprising the step of contacting a paraffinic compound, capable of forming a carbonium ion under strong acid conditions, with an olefin in the presence of a strong acid system comprised of an acid component and a mixture comprised of: (a) one or more adamantane derivatives containing at least one unsubstituted bridgehead position and which is capable of being protonated, or hydrogen bonded to, or dissociated by an acid; and (b) one or more surfactants capable of stabilizing the one or more adamantane derivatives of (a) above at a hydrocarbon-acid interface.