Abstract: Alkylation processes of the type used in the refining of petroleum can be improved by using a promoter composition which contains an alkyl phosphate ester amine salt and pinene.

Abstract: New catalyst compositions comprise sulfated and calcined mixtures of (1) a support comprising an oxide or hydroxide of a Group IV-A element, (2) an oxide or hydroxide of molybdenum, and (3) an oxide or hydroxide of a Group I-B, II-B, III-A, III-B, IV-B, V-A or VI-A metal other than molybdenum or a metal of the Lanthanide Series of the Periodic Table. A process for alkylation of acyclic saturated compounds with acyclic unsaturated compounds utilizing such catalyst compositions.

Abstract: New catalyst compositions comprise sulfated and calcined mixtures of (1) a support comprising an oxide or hydroxide of a Group IV-A element, (2) an oxide or hydroxide of a Group VI, VII or VIII metal, (3) an oxide or hydroxide of a Group I-B, II-B, III-A, III-B, IV-B, V-A or VI-A metal and (4) a metal of the Lanthanide Series of the Periodic Table. A process for alkylation of acyclic saturated compounds with acyclic unsaturated compounds utilizing such catalyst compositions.

Abstract: A novel alkylation catalyst is described which is used in processes for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons to produce high octane alkylate products suitable for use as a blending component of gasoline motor fuel. The novel catalyst comprises a mixture of a Lewis acid, a strong Bronsted acid, and a predominant amount of a weaker acid. The novel alkylation catalyst is utilized in a novel process for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons. Specifically the novel catalyst comprises antimony pentaflouride, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and a predominant amount of methanesulfonic acid.

Abstract: This invention provides an isoparaffin-olefin alkylation catalyst composition comprising hydrofluoric acid, an additive, and a superacid promoter. The additive is present in concentration sufficient to effect deactivation of the hydrofluoric acid for isoparaffin-olefin alkylation such that the catalytic properties of said admixture of the hydrofluoric acid and the additive, in the absence of superacid promoter are characterized by the conversion of a mixed isoparaffin-olefin stream to product containing more than about 0.1 weight percent of alkyl halide.

Abstract: A method for converting HF alkylation unit to a sulfuric acid alkylation unit comprising the steps of retaining a reactor, an acid settler and a fractionation section from the HF alkylation unit and modifying at least a portion of the HF alkylation unit to produce a converted alkylation unit that is adapted to use sulfuric acid as a reaction catalyst.

Abstract: In one embodiment of this invention, a process for alkylating C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alkanes (paraffins) with C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alkenes (monoolefins) employs a catalyst composition which has been prepared by heating a mixture consisting essentially of aluminum chloride, at least one metal sulfate (CuSO.sub.4, FeSO.sub.4, NiSO.sub.4, MgSO.sub.4, CaSO.sub.4 or combinations thereof), at least one inorganic refractory support material (alumina, silica, silica-alumina, aluminum phosphate, aluminum phosphate/oxide or combinations thereof), and at least one chlorinated hydrocarbon (preferably carbon tetrachloride). In another embodiment of this invention, a process for alkylating C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alkanes with C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alkenes employs a catalyst which has been prepared by heating a mixture consisting essentially of aluminum chloride, aluminum phosphate, silica, and at least one chlorinated hydrocarbon (preferably carbon tetrachloride).

Abstract: Described is a novel acid-soluble oil composition produced as a by-product from an alkylation reaction catalyzed by a sulfone-containing catalyst. Also described is a novel process for regenerating an alkylation catalyst which contains a sulfone component.

Abstract: A composition of matter, which is an effective alkylation catalyst composition, is prepared by a method comprising heating, at a temperature of about 40.degree.-90.degree. C., (a) aluminum chloride, (b) boron phosphate, (c) alumina and/or silica, and (d) at least one chlorinated hydrocarbon (preferably CCl.sub.4), and subsequently separating the formed solid from the chlorinated hydrocarbon. The thus-prepared catalyst composition is employed in the alkylation of C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 alkane(s) with C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 alkene(s).

Abstract: Aliphatic hydrocarbons are alkylated in the presence of a fluorinated sulphonic acid catalyst. The catalyst, which is adsorbed on a polar contact material, is pushed sequentially through first and second reactors by a feedstream and is then recycled back to the first reactor without reversing the flow direction of the process stream.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for removing acid soluble oils, produced as an undesirable by-product of an HF catalyzed alkylation reaction, from a liquid containing a sulfone compound. The process includes the use of water to induce the formation of the two immiscible liquid phases of ASO and sulfone with water. The two immiscible phases can subsequently be separated from each other.

Abstract: A composition of matter comprises trifluoromethane on a solid support material which contains boron phosphate and/or boron sulfate. Preferred support materials are boron phosphate, boron phosphate-coated silica and boron sulfate-coated silica. The above composition is used as a catalyst for alkylating at least one C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 alkane (preferably isobutane or an isopentane) with at least one C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 alkene (preferably butene-2).

Abstract: A process is provided for alkylating an isoparaffin with an olefin comprising effecting reaction of isoparaffin and olefin in the presence of an alkylation catalyst complex comprising a Lewis acid and a solid component, said solid component comprising a layered silicate and pillars of an oxide of at least one element selected from Groups IB, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVA, IVB, VA, VB, VIA, VIIA and VIIIA of the Periodic Table of the Elements separating the layers of the silicate.

Abstract: A process for liquid phase alkylation of a hydrocarbon substrate with an olefinic alkylating agent comprising the steps of passing a process stream of the hydrocarbon substrate and alkylating agent at alkylating conditions through a fixed bed alkylation reactor of particulate polar contact material in the presence of a fluorinated sulfonic acid catalyst.

Abstract: The invention provides an isoparaffin:olefin alkylation catalyst composition comprising at least one acid selected from the group consisting of hydrofluoric acid and the halogen-substituted sulfonic acids, together with a carbonate additive having the formula ROC(O)OR or ##STR1## wherein R is selected from alkyl, alkyl halide, aromatic and halogenated aromatic groups having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, and an isoparaffin:olefin alkylation process employing the same.

Abstract: A fluorinated cation exchange resin catalyst is prepared by contacting a polymer containing pendant acid groups, particularly the radical --SO.sub.3 X with elemental fluorine in the presence of a water-free halogenated hydrocarbon liquid and thereafter converting the resulting pendant --SO.sub.3 X radical to a free acid.

Abstract: The invention provides an acid catalyst composition for alkylation of an isoparaffin with an olefin comprising from about 10 to about 90 percent of at least one acid selected from the group consisting of hydrofluoric acid and the halogen-substituted sulfonic acids, together with from about 10 to about 90 weight percent of a mono-, di-, or tri-carboxylic acid substituted member selected from the group consisting of alkanes, aromatics, haloalkanes, and haloaromatics having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The invention provides an isoparaffin:olefin alkylation catalyst composition and a process employing the same, wherein the catalyst composition comprises from about 10 to about 90 percent of at least one acid selected from the group consisting of hydrofluoric acid and the halogen-substituted sulfonic acids, together with from about 10 to about 90 weight percent of an additive having the formula R--(NO.sub.2).sub.n, wherein R is an alkyl, aromatic, alkyl halide or halide-substituted aromatic group having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method for separating conjunct polymers and sulfolane from a mixture containing conjunct polymers, sulfolane, and hydrofluoric acid is disclosed, which method comprises the sequential steps of separating hydrofluoric acid from said mixture to provide an intermediate stream containing less than about 30 percent hydrofluoric acid by weight and gravitationally separating said intermediate stream into a sulfolane-enriched stream and a conjunct polymer-enriched stream.

Abstract: A method of making jet fuel compositions from lower alkyl cyclopentanes and C.sub.5 -C.sub.8 olefins via a dehydrocondensation reaction in the presence of sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. The reaction product contains a predominance of decalins and has high density, high heat of combustion and low freezing point.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are disclosed for acid continuous alkylation of a hydrocarbon-containing feedstream in which the inventory of acid is reduced. The apparatus used combines a reactor, settler and heat exchanger in a single vessel. The acid phase flows out of the reactor only for acid makeup, to account for acid consumption, and regeneration.

Abstract: Boron, aluminum and gallium C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 perfluoroalkane-sulfonates (CF.sub.3 (CF.sub.2).sub.n SO.sub.3).sub.3 M (M=B, A1, Ga; n=0-17) as well as perfluororesin sulfonates such as Nafionates are new, highly effective Friedel-Crafts catalysts. In contrast to volatile aluminum and boron trihalides, the Group III-B perfluoroalkanesulfonates are generally of low or no volatility and, except for boron triflate and some of its homologs, only sparingly soluble incommon organic solvents. This allows their use as solid or supported Friedel-Crafts catalysts of wide utility and scope in continuous heterogenous catalytic processes. At the same time, boron triflate and related lower perfluoroalkanesulfonates are particularly efficient soluble catalysts in solution reactions.

Abstract: Improved processes for acid-catalyzed oligomerization of olefins and alkylation of toluene are disclosed using a catalyst blend of at least one perfluorinated ion-exchange polymer containing sulfonic acid groups and at least one polymer diluent in a nonpolar reaction mixture.

Abstract: A cold temperature alkylation reaction process, at -6.degree. C. to 0.degree. C., the production of isoparaffins useful as a high octane fuel additive derived from the reaction of C.sub.3 -C.sub.5 olefins and isobutane in the presence of 92-95% sulfuric acid.

Abstract: The thermal stability of synthetic lubricants composed of alpha-olefin oligomers is improved by reaction with an olefin such as decene or the lower molecular weight, non-lubricant range olefins produced in the course of the oligomerization of 1-alkenes. The alkylation of the lube range oligomer is carried out using acidic alkylation catalyst such as solid, open-pore catalyst, e.g., fluorided alumina.The improved lubricant compositions of the present invention comprise a high viscosity index liquid lubricant oligomer composition containing C.sub.30 -C.sub.1300 hydrocarbons with at least one higher alkyl branch per oligomer molecule, said alkyl branch containing between 12 and 40 carbon atoms. In a preferred embodiment the novel alkylated lubricant composition has a methyl to methylene branch ratio of less than 0.19 and pour point below -15.degree. C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the vapor phase alkylation of alkanes or aromatic hydrocarbons comprising (a) adsorbing an alkene on a dry cation exchange resin in its hydrogen form and (b) reacting said adsorbed alkene with at least one alkane or at least one aromatic hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A novel catalytic absorbent composition is prepared with a synthetic copper or silver carbonate-containing material. The absorbent is useful for removing hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan sulfur from hydrocarbon oils, especially from feedstreams to a reformer.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon alkylation processes which are catalyzed by acids are promoted by the addition of an alkylation promoter which is a combination of a new carboxylic acid having the structural formula ##STR1## wherein R, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are alkyl groups and at least one aromatic hydrocarbon sulfonic acid selected from compounds having the structure ##STR2## wherein R.sup.3 is H or an alkyl group and R.sup.4 is an alkyl group.

Abstract: A novel hydrocarbon alkylation catalyst is disclosed comprising a mineral acid and an ether component. A process for utilizing the novel catalyst is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to supported superacidic catalysts comprising C.sub.4 -C.sub.18, preferentially C.sub.6 to C.sub.12, perfluorinated alkanesulfonic acid absorbed on suitable supports, such as fluoridated alumina, alumina silica and other chalcides having bonded thereto subsequently a Lewis acid compound selected from the higher valency fluorides of the elements of Groups IIA, IIIA, IVB, VA or VIB of the Periodic Table. The invention includes a process for catalytic transformation of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Disclosed is an alkylation process comprising the step of contacting a paraffinic compound, capable of forming a carbonium ion under strong acid conditions, with an olefin in the presence of a strong acid system comprised of an acid component and a mixture comprised of: (a) one or more adamantane derivatives containing at least one unsubstituted bridgehead position and which is capable of being protonated, or hydrogen bonded to, or dissociated by an acid; and (b) one or more surfactants capable of stabilizing the one or more adamantane derivatives of (a) above at a hydrocarbon-acid interface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to supported superacidic catalysts comprising C.sub.4 -C.sub.18, preferentially C.sub.6 to C.sub.12, perfluorinated alkanesulfonic acid absorbed on suitable supports, such as fluorinated alumina, alumina silica and other chalcides having bonded thereto subsequently a Lewis acid compound selected from the higher valency fluorides of the elements of Groups IIA, IIIA, IVB, VA or VIB of the Periodic Table. The invention includes a process for catalytic transformation of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The efficiency of acid catalyzed alkylation of alkanes with olefins is improved by conducting the alkylation in the presence of small amounts of a mixture of a neo acid and another fatty acid having 10 to 30 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The efficiency of acid catalyzed alkylation of alkanes with olefins is improved by conducting the alkylation in the presence of small amounts of a fatty acid having 16 to 40 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin-olefin alkylation under strong acid conditions in which an adamantylalkyl carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid is used to substantially improve the efficiency of reaction.

Abstract: A method for utilizing low level or waste heat in a petroleum refinery through absorption refrigeration of isoparaffinic hydrocarbons, e.g., isobutane. In an alkylation process, an olefin is contacted with a molar excess of isoparaffinic hydrocarbons to produce an alkylate. A portion of unreacted isoparaffinic hydrocarbons is vaporized to provide refrigeration. They are cooled and condensed by contact with a lean oil absorbent. They are recovered from the absorbent by use of low level heat in a distillation step and returned to the reaction zone.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin-olefin alkylation under strong acid conditions in which an adamantane hydrocarbon is used to substantially increase the reaction rate of the alkylation.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin-olefin alkylation under strong acid conditions in which an aminoalkyladamantane hydrocarbon is used to substantially improve the reaction.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for making anthraquinone by the cyclization reaction of orthobenzoylbenzoic acid. The process uses as a catalyst a cation-exchange resin formed from a polymer with a polytetrafluoroethylene backbone and sulfonic-acid sidechains.

Abstract: Improvements in heat exchanging of distillation steps in sulfuric acid alkylation processes; removing water from the vaporous overhead fraction of a sulfuric acid alkylation process distillation step or deisobutanizer to enable mixing thereof with the vaporous hydrocarbon effluent from the reaction zone which contains sulfur dioxide vapors sulfur trioxide and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 mist, thus permitting mixing of the vaporous fraction and effluent for compression before use as a compressed heat exchanging medium in the alkylation process; sulfuric acid alkylation with deisobutanizer tower overhead effluent acid wash.

Abstract: An improved cyclic process for the alkylation of isoparaffins with olefins in the presence of a circulating concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst is disclosed. Improvement in the octane rating of the product alkylate is achieved by periodic fortification of the sulfuric acid catalyst with a sulfur trioxide-bearing fortifying agent under conditions wherein the harmful effects caused by contact of the sulfur trioxide with the hydrocarbons in the alkylation zone are minimized. The acid catalyst is fortified during less than about 15% of the cycles of the circulating acid catalyst through the alkylation system to maintain the water content of the acid catalyst in the range of above about 1% and below about 4% by weight. The process effects not only essentially 100% utilization of the fortifying agent for water removal but also improves the octane rating of the product alkylate while simultaneously extending the service life of the acid catalyst by allowing use of the catalyst having higher organic content.

Abstract: Improvements in alkylation effluent flash vaporization systems used in processes of alkylating isoparaffinic hydrocarbons with olefinic hydrocarbons in the presence of acid catalyst and an excess of isoparaffinic hydrocarbons; improvements in heat sources used in such alkylation effluent flash vaporization systems, specifically utilizing hot and compressed isoparaffinic hydrocarbon vapors generally available in such systems from such sources as fractionation (deisobutanizer) overhead or vapor flashing processes utilized in cooling the reaction step or both; improvements in alkylation effluent flash vaporization systems which reduce the load on the conventional step of retrieving excess isoparaffinic hydrocarbons from the alkylation reaction effluent for recycle to the reaction step.

Abstract: A process for the acid-catalyzed alkylation of an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon with an olefinic hydrocarbon is disclosed. The alkylation is effected at alkylation reaction conditions resulting in an alkylation reaction mixture containing a vapor phase generated by the exothermic heat of reaction. The vapor phase so generated has a cooling effect permitting the alkylation reaction to be effected at lower temperatures more conducive to higher quality alkylation product.

Abstract: A process for alkylating isoparaffin hydrocarbon with olefin hydrocarbon in the presence of a sulfuric acid alkylation catalyst wherein hydrocarbon effluent from an alkylation reaction zone is treated in the liquid phase with bauxite or similar adsorbent for removing acid alkyl sulfates, neutral alkyl sulfate and other corrosive species, wherein treated alkylation effluent is flashed at reduced pressure in indirect heat exchange contact with alkylation reaction mixture in said alkylation reaction zone for refrigerating said reaction mixture, and wherein flashed vapors and unflashed liquid are fractionated for recovery of isoparaffin recycle and alkylated hydrocarbon product.

Abstract: A method of alkylating an alkylatable hydrocarbon with different alkylating agents, at different reaction temperatures and in a single reaction zone, in which an alkylatable hydrocarbon is contacted with an acid-type catalyst and at different points in an elongated reaction zone, the reaction zone effluent is separated into a hydrocarbon phase and a catalyst recycle phase and the reaction temperatures of the various alkylating agents are maintained at different temperatures by splitting the recycle catalyst phase into an equal number of streams and adjusting the reaction temperatures by adjusting the temperatures of the recycle catalyst phase streams, the relative proportions of the recycle catalyst phase streams or both. A method of starting-up the process and apparatus for conducting the process are also disclosed.

Abstract: A process and a catalyst composition to effect hydrocarbon transformations comprising contacting a hydrocarbon charge with a catalyst comprising a fluorinated graphite having a fluorine to carbon atomic ratio of from about 0.1 to 1 and having bonded thereto from about 5 to 50 percent by weight of the total weight of the catalyst of at least one Lewis acid compound selected from halides of the elements of Group IIA, IIIA, IVB, V or VIB of the Periodic Table. In addition, the catalysts may also have bonded thereto a minor portion of a Bronsted acid and/or a metal of Group IVB or VIII of the Periodic Table.

Abstract: An alkylation process wherein isoparaffin hydrocarbons are alkylated with olefin hydrocarbons in the presence of an alkylation catalyst comprising H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 to yield alkylated hydrocarbons suitable for use in motor fuels. Such process includes an isoparaffin pretreatment step wherein isoparaffin charge is contacted with spent alkylation catalyst to remove contaminants from the isoparaffin which are reactive with sulfuric acid under alkylation conditions.

Abstract: A process and catalyst for the alkylation of isoparafffins is disclosed. The catalyst is an unsupported solid perfluorinated polymer containing pendent sulfonic acid groups.