Abstract: A continuous mixing reactor has an outer shell having a cylindrical portion with a central section and two opposite conical end sections; a circulation tube within the shell so that an annular passage forms between the shell and the circulation tube; an impeller within and positioned adjacent to one end of the circulation tube; and heat exchange means penetrating the outer shell and extending into the end of the circulation tube opposite the impeller. The outer shell has a hydraulic head forming one end of the shell, a heat exchange medium header at the opposite end of the shell. The circulation tube nearer the heat exchange medium header terminates at or downstream from a tangential plane extending through the shell at the intersection of the central section and the conical end section of the cylindrical portion of shell. The reactor is useful in an alkylation process.

Abstract: An approach that permits continuous batch conversion of alpha-olefins and internal- olefins to oligomeric materials without fouling the reaction vessel and provides a simple and highly efficient method for making very cost effective catalyst systems based on Zeigler-Natta Group 4 metallocenes.

Abstract: A process for producing a jet fuel, comprising contacting an olefin and an isoparaffin with an unsupported catalyst system comprising an ionic liquid catalyst and a halide containing additive in an alkylation zone under alkylation conditions to make an alkylate product, and recovering the jet fuel from the alkylate product, wherein the jet fuel has a NMR branching index greater than 60 and meets the boiling point, flash point, smoke point, heat of combustion, and freeze point requirements for Jet A-1 fuel. Also a process for producing a jet fuel, comprising providing a feed produced in a FC cracker comprising olefins, mixing the feed with an isoparaffin, alkylating the mixed feed in an ionic liquid alkylation zone, and separating the jet fuel from the alkylated product.

Abstract: A process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation including (a) collecting at least one sample of an ionic liquid catalyst; (b) hydrolyzing the at least one sample to provide at least one hydrolyzed sample; (c) titrating the at least one hydrolyzed sample with a basic reagent to determine a volume of the basic reagent necessary to neutralize a Lewis acid species of the ionic liquid catalyst; and (d) calculating the acid content of the at least one sample from the volume of basic reagent determined in step (c) is described. Processes incorporating such a process for determining ionic liquid catalyst deactivation are also described. These processes are an alkylation process, a process for controlling ionic liquid catalyst activity in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers, and a continuous process for maintaining the acid content of an ionic liquid catalyst at a target acid content in a reaction producing by-product conjunct polymers.

Abstract: A composition comprising a base component and a polymer, and a method of making said composition, are disclosed. The composition thereby obtained is then used as a catalyst for isoparaffin-olefin alkylation.

Abstract: A layered composition which can be used in various processes has been developed. The composition comprises an inner core such as a cordierite core and an outer layer comprising a refractory inorganic oxide, a fibrous component and an inorganic binder. The refractory inorganic oxide layer can be alumina, zirconia, titania, etc. while the fibrous component can be titania fibers, silica fibers, carbon fibers, etc. The inorganic oxide binder can be alumina, silica, zirconia, etc. The layer can also contain catalytic metals such as gold and platinum plus other modifiers. The layered composition is prepared by coating the inner core with a slurry comprising the refractory inorganic oxide, fibrous component, an inorganic binder precursor and an organic binding agent such as polyvinyl alcohol. The composition can be used in various hydrocarbon conversion processes.

Abstract: A composition defined: either as comprising at least one Broensted acid, designated HB, dissolved in a liquid medium with an ionic nature of general formula Q+A?, in which Q+ represents an organic cation and A? represents an anion that is different from B, or as resulting from dissolving at least one Broensted acid, designated HB, in a non-aqueous liquid medium with an ionic nature of general formula Q+A?, in which Q+ represents an organic cation and A? represents an anion that is identical to the anion B, can be used as a catalyst and solvent in acid catalysis processes, in particular in the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons, the oligomerization of olefins, the dimerization of isobutene, the alkylation of olefins by isoparaffins, the isomerization of n-paraffins into isoparaffins, the isomerization of n-olefins into iso-olefins, the isomerization of the double bond of an olefin and the purification of an olefin mixture that contains branched alpha olefins as impurities.

Abstract: This invention refers to a new zeolitic material included under the ITQ-16 denomination, to the method for obtaining them and their use as catalysts. This material, ITQ-16 zeolite, is characterized by having different ratios of the different polymorphs A, B and C described as possible intergrowths in Beta zeolite and which, therefore, show different X-ray diffraction patterns to that described for Beta zeolite, showing the X-ray diffraction pattern for ITQ-16, as it is synthesised, diffraction peaks at 2? angles of 6.9°, 7.4°, and 9.6°, simultaneously. ITQ-16 zeolite in its calcinated form has the following empiric formula: x(M1/nXO2):tTO2:gGeO2:(1?g)SiO2 where T is one or various elements with +4 oxidation status, different of Ge and Si; X is one or various elements with +3 oxidation status and M can be H+ or one or various inorganic cations with charge +n, t is comprised between 0 and 0.1, g is comprised between 0.001 and 0.33 and x is comprised between 0 and 0.2.

Abstract: A catalyst for trimerization of ethylene is disclosed which comprises (a) a chromium complex having a neutral multidentate ligand having a tripod structure, represented by the formula, ACrJnQ3-n wherein A is a neutral multidentate ligand having a tripod structure, J is a carbonyl ligand or halogen, n is an integer of 0-3, and Q is at least one member selected from hydrogen, a C1-C10 hydrocarbon group, a C1-C10 carboxylate group, a C3-C10 diketonato group, an amide group, an imide group, an C1-C10 alkoxide group, a C1-C10 thioalkoxide group, an C6-C15 arene ligand, an C2-C10 alkene ligand, an C2-C15 alkyne ligand, an amine ligand, an imine ligand, an isonitrile ligand, a phosphine ligand, a phosphine oxide ligand, a phosphite ligand, an ether ligand, a sulfide ligand, a sulfone ligand and a sulfoxide ligand, and (b) a metal alkyl compound.

Abstract: A process for alkylation of an isoparaffin with an olefin comprising contacting an isoparaffin containing feed with an olefin-containing feed in the presence of a catalyst, said catalyst is a supported heteropoly acid catalyst, which is represented by the following chemical formula: HkYWmMo12-nO40·nH2O, wherein k is 3 or 4, Y is an atom of P, Si, Ge or As, m is a positive integer between 0-12, n is any number in the range of >0-10; the reaction temperature is at least equal to the critical temperature of isoparaffin and up to 300° C.; the reaction pressure is at least equal to the critical pressure of isoparaffin. The advantages of this process are embodied in high olefin conversion, high alkylate yield, and good retention of catalyst stability at the same time.

Abstract: The invention concerns the catalytic alkylation of at least one isoparaffin selected from the group formed by isobutane and isopentane in the presence of at least one olefin containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule, using a catalyst comprising 40% to 99% by weight of an acid selected from acids with formula R--SO.sub.3 H where R is fluorine or an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group, R preferably being F or CF.sub.3, and more preferably CF.sub.3, and 1% to 60% by weight of a solvent selected from the group formed by sulpholane, dimethylsulphoxide and dioxanes, preferably sulpholane.

Abstract: A process for preparing high-octane gasoline components consists in that a feed stock, composed of isobutane and olefins, preferably butylenes, in a molar ratio between 1 and 40, is contacted at temperatures of from about 50 to about 160.degree. C. and at pressures of from about 1 to about 40 atm. with a heterogeneous acid catalyst, whose active component is a metal-complex or metaloxopolymeric compound of the general formula H.sub.k (Me.sup.1); (Me.sup.2).sub.m O.sub.n X.sub.p wherein k=1-6; j=1-3; m=1-5; n=1-10, p=2-10, dispersed in a porous organic or inorganic matrix, followed by the extraction regeneration of the deactivated catalyst with an organic or inorganic solvent.

Abstract: The invention concerns a catalyst comprising a porous organic or inorganic support and at least one active phase comprising at least one acid selected from acids with formula R--SO.sub.3 H, where R is fluorine or an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group, and at least one weakly basic aprotic organic solvent, the support having been impregnated with the active phase, the catalyst being such that it is essentially constituted by particles with an average diameter in the range 0.1 .mu.m to 150 .mu.m, and being such that before impregnation with the active phase, the support has a total pore volume in the range 0.5 cm.sup.3 /g to 6 cm.sup.3 /g. The invention also concerns the use of the catalyst for aliphatic alkylation.

Abstract: The invention concerns the catalytic alkylation of at least one isoparaffin selected from the group formed by isobutane and isopentane in the presence of at least one olefin containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule, using a catalyst comprising 40% to 99% by weight of an acid selected from acids with formula R--SO.sub.3 H where R is fluorine or an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group, R preferably being F or CF.sub.3, and more preferably CF.sub.3, and 1% to 60% by weight of a solvent selected from the group formed by sulpholane, dimethylsulphoxide and dioxanes, preferably sulpholane.

Abstract: Improved acid catalyzed alkylation reactions occur for the addition of a hydrocarbyl reactant to an alkene, by the optimized addition of an oxidizing agent, such as a peroxide, molecular oxygen, ozone, peracid, and one or more of the peroxide, molecular oxygen, ozone, or peracid mixed with at least one material selected from the group consisting of the hydrocarbyl reactant, and the alkene. The hydrocarbyl reactant contains at least one tertiary carbon atom attached to hydrogen, such as isobutane. The alkene is preferably an alkene of at least 2 carbon atoms. Suitable peroxides are found in the group consisting of: tert-butyl peroxyneopentanoate ((CH.sub.3).sub.3 C--O--OCO--C(CH.sub.3).sub.3); acetyl peroxide (CH.sub.3 CO--O--OCOCH.sub.3); di-tert-butyl peroxide ((CH.sub.3).sub.3 C--O--O--C(CH.sub.3).sub.3); hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2 O.sub.2) and peracids of carboxylic acid having up to 10 carbon atoms, and a general chemical formula C.sub.n H.sub.2n O.sub.3, where n has values in the range 2-10.

Abstract: A process for converting at least one olefin and at least one isoparaffin to a diesel fuel blending component comprising the steps of contacting the olefin and the isoparaffin with a catalyst comprising an acidic solid comprising a Group IVB metal oxide modified with an oxyanion of a Group VIB metal to provide a diesel fuel. Process conditions can be varied to favor the formation of gasoline, distillate, lube range products or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Method of producing alkylates in which an isoparaffin, olefin, a diffusing agent and a solid, acid catalyst are combined to form a three phase reaction mixture; a hydrocarbon phase containing primarily isoparaffin, a diffusing agent phase containing the diffusing agent, olefin and diffuse isoparaffin and a solid, acid catalyst phase, the diffusing agent being a polar solvent in which the olefin and aromatics are soluble.

Abstract: Improved acid catalyzed alkylation reactions occur for the addition of a hydrocarbyl reactant to an alkene, by the optimized addition of an oxidizing agent, such as a peroxide, molecular oxygen, ozone, peracid, and one or more of the peroxide, molecular oxygen, ozone, or peracid mixed with at least one material selected from the group consisting of the hydrocarbyl reactant, and the alkene. The hydrocarbyl species contains at least one tertiary carbon atom attached to hydrogen, such as isobutane. The alkene is preferably 1- or 2-butene. Suitable peroxides are found in the group consisting of: tert-butyl peroxyneopentanoate ((CH.sub.3).sub.3 C--O--OCO--C(CH.sub.3).sub.3); acetyl peroxide (CH.sub.3 CO--O--O--COCH.sub.3); di-tert-butyl peroxide ((CH.sub.3).sub.3 C--O--O--C(CH.sub.3).sub.3); hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2 O.sub.2) and peracids of carboxylic acid having up to 10 carbon atoms, and a general chemical formula C.sub.n H.sub.2n O.sub.3, where n has values in the range 2-10.

Abstract: Alkyl alcohols are added to the effluent from hydrocarbon reactions using phosphoric acid based catalysts to prevent corrosion in metallic pipes and vessels downstream of the reactor. The alcohol is believed to react with phosphoric acid present in the hydrocarbon stream to produce a mixture of phosphate esters which act as corrosion filmers to prevent corrosion. The high boiling points of the phosphate esters allow for the separation of useful product from the phosphate ester corrosion inhibitors.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for alkylating an olefin with an isoparaffin comprising contacting an olefin-containing feed in the presence of a thermally stable composition comprising a non-swellable layered chalcogenide of an element having an atomic number of 4, 5, 12 to 15, 20 to 33, 38 to 51, 56 to 83 and greater than 90, inclusive, said layered metal chalcogenide comprising an interspathic polymeric chalcogenide of an element selected from Groups IB, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVA, IVB, VA, VB, VIA, VIIA, and VIIIA of the Periodic Table.

Abstract: There is provided a catalyst comprising a heteropoly acid, such as phosphotungstic acid, supported on a mesoporous crystalline material, such as M41S. A particular form of this M41S support is designated as MCM-41. There is also provided a method for preparing this catalyst by impregnating the heteropoly acid on the support. There is also provided a process for using this catalyst to catalyze acid catalyzed reactions, such as the isomerization of paraffins and the alkylation of aromatics.

Abstract: Alkylation processes of the type used in the refining of petroleum can be improved by using a promoter composition which contains an alkyl phosphate ester amine salt and pinene.

Abstract: The alkylation of isoparaffin with olefin to provide alkylate is carried out in the presence of, as catalyst, a supported heteropoly acid. The support may be MCM-41, and the heteropoly acid may be dodecawolframophosphoric acid (i.e., phosphotungstic acid, i.e., H.sub.3 PW.sub.12 O.sub.40).

Abstract: The invention provides a catalyst complex for promoting alkylation of an isoparaffin with an olefin, said catalyst complex comprising the reaction product of BF.sub.3 and at least one selected from the group consisting of H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 and H.sub.2 O; and, additionally, excess BF.sub.3 in concentration of from about 10 ppm (weight) to about 5 percent by weight of the total isoparaffin and olefin feed.The invention further provides a process for the alkylation of an isoparaffin with an olefin by contacting a mixture of isoparaffin and olefin with the catalyst complex of the invention, decanting the hydrocarbon product from the catalyst complex, and deacidifying the hydrocarbon product.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for removing acid soluble oils, produced as an undesirable by-product of an HF catalyzed alkylation reaction, from a liquid containing a sulfone compound. The process includes the use of water to induce the formation of the two immiscible liquid phases of ASO and sulfone with water. The two immiscible phases can subsequently be separated from each other.

Abstract: This invention relates to hydrocarbon conversion process using a catalyst consisting essentially of a layered clay homogeneously dispersed in an inorganic oxide matrix. The clay is dispersed in such a way that the clay layers are completely surrounded by the inorganic oxide matrix. The inorganic oxide is selected from the group consisting of alumina, titania, silica, zirconia, P.sub.2 O.sub.5 and mixtures thereof. The clay can be a natural clay such as montmorillonite, a metal exchanged clay (Fe.sup.+3 exchanged) or a pillared clay such as aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) pillared clay. The hydrocarbon conversion process is carried out by contacting a hydrocarbon feed with the catalyst at hydrocarbon conversion conditions to give a hydroconverted product. Examples of the hydrocarbon conversion processes are alkylation and hydrocracking.

Abstract: High viscosity index, low pour point lubricants are produced by reacting an iso-paraffinic component, preferably with significant mono- and di-methyl chain branching, with an olefinic reactant in the presence of a free radical generator such as an organic peroxide, preferably ditertiary butyl peroxide. The isoparaffinic reactant is preferably obtained by the isomerization of a waxy feed such as slack wax over a zeolite beta isomerization catalyst, preferably Pt/zeolite beta. The olefinic reactant is preferably a distillate fraction produced by the oligomerization of low molecular weight olefins e.g., C.sub.3 to C.sub.5 olefins, produced by oligomerization over an intermediate pore size zeolite oligomerization catalyst such as ZSM-5.

Abstract: Compositions containing sulfuric acid and one or more of certain chalcogen-containing compounds in which the chalcogen compound/H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 molar ratio is below 2 contain the mono-adduct of sulfuric acid which is catalytically active for promoting organic chemical reactions. Suitable chalcogen-containing compounds have the empirical formula ##STR1## wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is independently selected from hydrogen, NR.sub.3 R.sub.4, and NR.sub.5, at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is other than hydrogen, each of R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 is hydrogen or a monovalent organic radical, and R.sub.5 is a divalent organic radical. Such compositions are useful for catalyzing organic reactions such as oxidation, oxidative addition, reduction, reductive addition, esterification, transesterification, hydrogenation, isomerication (including racemization of optical isomers), alkylation, polymerization, demetallization of organometallics, nitration, Friedel-Crafts reactions, and hydrolysis.

Abstract: Lower olefinic hydrocarbons are produced from methanol in a high yield and with a high selectivity by bringing methanol into contact with a metallosilicate catalyst of the formula Si/Me wherein atomic ratio of Si/Me is 25-3200 and Me is Fe, Ni or Co at a temperature of 250.degree.-400.degree. C., a space velocity of 2000-8000 hr.sup.-1 and a pressure of atmospheric pressure -50 kg/cm.sup.2.

Abstract: Synthetic polyethylene wax having low molecular weight of 250 to 3000 and a density of 0.930 to 0.950 is prepared in a high pressure process at pressures of at least 800 bar using a carbonyl compound such as acetaldehyde as chain transfer agent. The resulting wax with incorporated CO has good compatibility in hot melt systems, and may be stripped to remove light ends, increase density and crystallinity and improve thermal stability.

Abstract: Synthetic polyethylene wax having low molecular weight of 250 to 3000 and a density of 0.930 to 0.950 is prepared in a high pressure process at pressures of at least 800 bar using a carbonyl compound such as acetaldehyde as chain transfer agent. The resulting wax with incorporated CO has good compatibility in hot melt systems, and may be stripped to remove light ends, increase density and crystallinity and improve thermal stability.

Abstract: A novel hydrocarbon alkylation process is disclosed wherein the feed hydrocarbons are dried to maintain the water content of the alkylation catalyst at less than 2.0 wt. %, where said alkylation catalyst is comprised of a mineral acid and an ether component selected from the group consisting of tert-butyl ether, methylphenyl ether, tert amylmethyl ether (TAME), or methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). This process also incorporates a method of regenerating at least a portion of the alkylation catalyst to prevent build-up of more than 15 wt. % of polymer products therein.

Abstract: Alkali metal carbonates have been found to be effective catalysts for dehydrogenation of primary and secondary alcohols. The dehydrogenated products may be either predominantly ketones and aldehydes, depending on whether the feed alcohol is secondary or primary, or may be fuel gases. Lower reaction temperatures, in the neighborhood of 600.degree. C., tend to produce high yields of liquid products. Higher temperatures encourage production of fuel gases of high calorific value. When fuel gases are a desired product, a feedstock containing water, in addition to the alcohol, produces increased yields due to the simultaneous catalysis of the water-gas shift reaction.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new process for the direct conversion of natural gas or methane into gasoline-range hydrocarbons (i.e., synthetic transportation fuels or lower olefins) via catalytic condensation using superacid catalysts.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new process for the direct conversion of natural gas or methane into gasoline-range hydrocarbons (i.e., synthetic transportation fuels or lower olefins) via catalytic condensation using superacid catalysts.

Abstract: Fuel range liquid hydrocarbons are produced by the oligomerization of olefins in a process comprising contacting the olefins containing 5 or less carbon atoms with a water containing medium at a temperature sufficient to cause oligomerization and at a pressure sufficient to maintain the density of the medium at about 0.5 to about 1.0 grams per milliliter.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new process for the direct conversion of natural gas or methane into gasoline range hydrocarbons (i.e., synthetic transportation fuels or lower olefins) via catalytic condensation using superacid catalysts.

Abstract: Chemical methods for diminishing the viscosity of petroleum residuals are disclosed. According to a preferred embodiment, residuals and olefins are coreacted employing a peroxide and a silver salt at a temperature between the pour point of the residual and about 350.degree. C.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin-olefin alkylation under strong acid conditions in which an adamantylalkyl carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid is used to substantially improve the efficiency of reaction.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin-olefin alkylation under strong acid conditions in which an aminoalkyladamantane hydrocarbon is used to substantially improve the reaction.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin-olefin alkylation under strong acid conditions in which an adamantane hydrocarbon is used to substantially increase the reaction rate of the alkylation.