Abstract: A composition for use after reductive activation as a catalyst in the conversion of synthesis gas to hydrocarbons of carbon number greater than one, which composition before reductive activation has the formula:Ru.sub.a.A.sub.b.XO.sub.x (I)whereinA is an alkali metal,X is a rare earth metal,a is greater than zero and up to 5% w/w, based on the total weight of the composition,b is in the range from zero to 5% w/w, based on the total weight of the composition,x is a number such that the valence requirements of the other elements for oxygen is satisfied, and subject to the requirements of x, X constitutes the remainder of the composition,is produced by the steps of:(A) bringing together at a temperature below 50.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for improving the storage stability of hydrocracked neutral oil lubricating oil stocks comprising a dewaxing step utilizing a high silica zeolite catalyst to produce a dewaxer effluent and two stabilizing steps utilizing hydrofinishing and nonhydrogenative stabilization by an acidic catalyst.

Abstract: A process for reacting synthesis gas in the presence of a cadmium-containing catalyst to selectively produce isoparaffin hydrocarbons is disclosed.

Abstract: A methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) catalytic conversion system in which the conversion is conducted in a fixed bed catalytic reactor. A C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 hydrocarbon diluent is generated from pressurized liquid effluent and recycled to the fixed bed reactor in order to dissipate the heat of reaction.

Abstract: A methanol-to-gasoline (MTG type) conversion process in which the conversion is conducted in a fixed bed catalytic reactor. A C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 hydrocarbon diluent is generated from the effluent in a series of steps and recycled to the fixed bed reactor in order to dissipate the heat of reaction.

Abstract: This invention relates to acid catalysis, e.g. cracking, of organic compound feedstock, e.g. hydrocarbons, over catalyst material treated in a special way for increasing the acid catalytic activity thereof. In particular, a novel catalyst activation process is followed to enhance the alpha value of high-silica zeolite catalyst by contact with an ammoniacal solution of ammonium hydroxide and an alkali metal aluminate under appropriate conditions of time, temperature of pH.

Abstract: A process for converting crude aqueous methanol feedstock or the like to olefinic hydrocarbons in contact with a medium pore shape selective crystalline acid zeolite catalyst, wherein the improvement comprises contacting the aqueous methanol feedstock with a liquid propane-rich hydrocarbon extractant under liquid extraction conditions, recovering an aqueous phase containing the major amount of water introduced with the feedstock, recovering an organic extract phase comprising the hydrocarbon extractant and a portion of methanol introduced in the feedstock, and converting the extracted methanol at elevated temperature under catalytic reaction conditions to produce predominantly olefinic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: An improved process for producing hydrocarbons which comprises bringing oxygen-containing compounds into contact with a catalyst, said catalyst being a crystalline aluminosilicate, when determined after calcination in the air at 550.degree. C., having a composition represented by the following formula (I):pM.sub.2/n O.Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.qSiO.sub.2 (I)(wherein M represents at least one element selected from hydrogen, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals, n represents the valence of M, and p and q each represent a molar ratio and are chosen within the ranges of 0.05.ltoreq.p.ltoreq.3.0, 5.ltoreq.q.ltoreq.500) and has a principal X-ray diffraction pattern as set forth in Table 1.

Abstract: A zirconium, hafnium, cerium or uranium promoted cobalt catalyst and process for the conversion of methanol or synthesis gas to hydrocarbons. Methanol is contacted, preferably with added hydrogen, over said catalyst, or synthesis gas is contacted over said catalyst to produce, at reaction conditions, an admixture of C.sub.10 + linear paraffins and olefins. These hydrocarbons can be further refined to high quality middle distillate fuels, and other valuable products such as mogas, diesel fuel, and jet fuel, particularly premium middle distillate fuels of carbon number ranging to about C.sub.20.

Abstract: A process for reducing methane formation and increasing liquid (C.sub.5.sup.+) yields in Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis processes of CO and H.sub.2 comprising adding one or more olefins to the reactor bed at a point below 10% of the distance from the top to the bottom of the reactor bed and above a point 10% above the bottom of the reactor bed to the top of the reactor bed in an amount sufficient to reduce said methane formation.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl tetracosane and the isomers thereof having a basic hexamethyl tetracosane structure is described. Therein the raw materials are vegetable triglyceride oils and fats or oleins thereof obtained by physical refining. Together with an optional prior refining step, the process comprises a fatty acid and unsaponifiable material separation step, a saponification step giving unsaturated hydrocarbons, a hydrogenation step and a final deparaffining and purification step.

Abstract: A rhenium promoted cobalt catalyst, especially a rhenium and thoria promoted cobalt catalyst, and process for the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons. Methanol is contacted, preferably with added hydrogen, over said catalyst, or synthesis gas is contacted over said catalyst to produce, at reaction conditions, an admixture of C.sub.10 + linear paraffins and olefins. These hydrocarbons can be further refined to high quality middle distillate fuels, and other valuable products such as mogas, diesel fuel, jet fuel, lubes and speciality solvents, particularly premium middle distillate fuels of carbon number ranging from about C.sub.10 to about C.sub.20.

Abstract: A process for producing hydrocarbons which comprises bringing a gas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide into contact with a catalyst comprising manganese oxide, alkali metal, sulfur, and ruthenium to produce hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons formed are rich in olefins. When a catalyst prepared by combining the above described catalyst with crystalline zeolite is used, the hydrocarbons formed becomes rich in liquid hydrocarbons, particularly, a gasoline fraction.

Abstract: Crystalline Group VIII metal aluminosilicate compositions which are prepared by exchanging or impregnating a Group VIII metal onto an aluminosilicate. Conversion of methanol in the presence of a hydrogen cofeed to low molecular hydrocarbons employing these aluminosilicates as catalysts is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for converting crude aqueous methanol feedstock to liquid hydrocarbons in contact witha medium pore shape selective crystalline acid zeolite catalyst, such as HZSM-5. In a preferred embodiment, the novel technique comprises the steps of: (a) contacting a crude methanol feedstock containing a minor amount of water with a liquid hydrocarbon extraction stream under extraction conditions favorable to selective extraction of the methanol, thereby providing an extract liquid stream rich in methanol and an aqueous raffinate stream lean in methanol; (b) charging the extracted methanol substantially free of water to said reaction zone under process conditions to convert substantially all methanol to hydrocarbons; (c) cooling reaction effluent to recover aqueous liquid byproduct stream, gas rich in C.sub.2.sup.- hydrocarbons, liquid rich in C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 and C.sub.5.sup.

Abstract: A process is provided for converting feedstock comprising oxygenates to product comprising hydrocarbons over a catalyst comprising zeolite ZSM-58.

Abstract: Crystalline ferroborosilicate compositions are prepared from a silica containing mixture by digesting a reaction mixture comprising a tetraalkylammonium compound, a sodium hydroxide, a boron compound, an oxide of silicon, an iron ion source, an optional chelating agent and water to provide the crystalline ferroborosilicate which is then palladium ion-exchanged. This composition may be used alone or physically mixed with a methanol catalyst. Conversion of synthesis gas, dimethylether, ethylene and methanol to low molecular hydrocarbons employing these new ferroborosilicates as catalysts is also disclosed.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel crystalline silicate useful as a catalyst for various organic reactions such as polymerization of organic compounds, alkylation, isomerization, disproportionation and the like, which has a chemical composition represented by the general formula in the terms of mole ratios of oxides under dehydrated state,(0.1-2)R.sub.2/n O. [aLa.sub.2 O.sub.3.bCe.sub.2 O.sub.3 ].ySiO.sub.2in which R is at least one mono- or divalent cation, n is the valence of R, M is at least one trivalent transition metal ion and/or aluminum ion, and a+b=1, a.gtoreq.0, b.gtoreq.0, and y.gtoreq.12.

Abstract: A new catalyst system for the conversion of short-chain aliphatic alcohols to hydrocarbons having the formula[ML.sub.q ].sub.b.sup.m+ [N].sub.d.sup.n+ [X.sup.p+ Y.sub.a Z.sub.(12-a) O.sub.40 ].sup.-(8-p)wherein:[ML] is an organometallic compound where M is at least one metal selected from Group IIIA, IVA, VA, IB, IIB, IVB, VB, VIA, Fe, Co, and Ni; and L is an organic ligand,N is a positively charged species including a positively charged organic ligand,X is at least one element selected from P, Si, As, Ti, Zr, B, Co, Cu or Sn,Y and Z are independently selected from W, Mo, or V,m+n=[-pq=1-6O<a.ltoreq.12O.ltoreq.d<3b=1 to 3.

Abstract: Methanethiol is produced from a gaseous feed comprising a mixture of H.sub.2 S and CO by contacting said feed with a catalyst comprising rutile titania at a temperature of at least about 225.degree. C.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting a methanol-containing feed to a light olefin-containing product over a ZSM-12 zeolite catalyst, preferably modified by incorporation of either magnesium, manganese or both magnesium and manganese. By using such Mg and/or Mn-modified ZSM-12 zeolite catalysts, methanol and/or methyl ether can be converted to an olefin-containing hydrocarbon product enriched in C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 olefins and especially enriched in the particular light olefin propylene.

Abstract: The ion-exchange capacity and acid catalytic activity of a ZSM-5 type zeolite are increased by treatment of a physical mixture of the zeolite and an inorganic oxide with water in the presence of an alkali metal cation.Specifically, the catalyst is prepared by contacting a mixture of a crystalline zeolite having a silica to alumina ratio above 12 and a Constraint Index between about 1 and about 12, and a solid source of aluminum with liquid water in the presence of an activating amount of an alkali metal cation and under a combination of conditions including a temperature up to about 370.degree. C. for less than about an hour to about 100 hours to induce increased activity to the zeolite.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for reducing the amount of water in the feed to a methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) conversion reactor is described. The output products of a dehydration reactor and an aqueous methanol feed are supplied to a primary distillation tower or separator. A dimethylether (DME)/methanol mixture is taken as overhead from the primary tower and can be sent to the MTG conversion reactor to produce hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline range. Bottoms from the primary tower, containing methanol and water, are supplied to a secondary distillation tower or separator. A methanol stream is drawn as overhead from the secondary tower and is passed to an acid catalyzed dehydration reactor where an equilibrium mixture of dimethylether, methanol, and water is produced. The equilibrium mixture is passed from the dehydration reactor to the primary distillation tower. In preferred embodiments, the conversion reactor feed from the primary distillation tower may be of a gaseous or liquid phase.

Abstract: Feedstock comprising oxygenates is converted to product comprising hydrocarbons over catalyst having been prepared by reacting a high-silica zeolite with an acidic inorganic oxide in the presence of water.

Abstract: A product comprising hydrocarbons having at least 2 carbon atoms is produced by contacting a monohalomethane at elevated temperature, e.g. 200.degree. to 600.degree. C., with a synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite having a silica to alumina molar ration of at least 12:1 and containing cations of either hydrogen, copper or a metal capable of forming an amphoteric oxide, which cations are introduced either by exchange and/or by deposition, provided that when the cation is hydrogen the zeolite is Theta-1. At temperatures below 330.degree. C. the product predominantly comprises aliphatic hydrocarbons, of which a substantial proportion is isoalkanes and isoalkenes.

Abstract: A feedstock of low molecular weight oxygenates such as methanol and/or dimethylether is contacted with a mildly presteamed or hydro-thermally treated zeolite catalyst in a reaction zone to produce liquid hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range. The pretreated zeolite catalyst has an .alpha.-value (acid cracking activity) substantially the same as the .alpha.-value of fresh unsteamed catalyst and shows increased stability and resistance to aging under oxygenate conversion conditions of elevated temperature and pressure.

Abstract: The crystalline silicophosphoaluminate designated MCM-10 catalyzes various processes for modifying organic compounds, particularly the cracking of hydrocarbons and the conversion of alcohols and ethers to olefins.

Abstract: A monohalomethane is converted to a product comprising hydrocarbons having at least 2 carbon atoms and in particular aliphatic hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range by contact with a synthetic crystalline gallosilicate zeolite loaded either with at least one modifying cation selected from hydrogen and metals of Groups I to VIII of the Periodic Table or with a compound of at least one Group I to VIII metal.

Abstract: A method for increasing the total amount of lattice metal in the framework of a particular porous inorganic crystalline composition, its conversion to hydrogen or hydronium form and use thereof as a catalyst component having enhanced catalytic activity for conversion of oxygenates to hydrocarbons is provided.

Abstract: A process for improving the catalyst life of zeolites employed in the conversion of alcohols (e.g. methanol) and/or their ether derivatives (e.g. dimethyl ether) wherein a suitable zeolite is modified in a 2-stage procedure by providing a controlled low amount of a coke precursor deposit on the external surface of the zeolite, and then heating this treated zeolite in an inert gas at specifically controlled temperatures for a minimum time is disclosed. A process of employing this modified zeolite to produce lower olefins is also disclosed.

Abstract: A continuous process for upgrading C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 hydrocarbon feed containing olefins to produce heavier liquid hydrocarbons comprising converting a major portion of C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 olefins in an oligomerization zone by contacting a shape selective medium pore zeolite catalyst at elevated temperature and pressure to make distillate and olefinic gasoline; fractionating the oligomerization stage effluent to provide distillate and gasoline product and a C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 intermediate stream containing isobutane and unconverted propene and butylene; and combining the C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 intermediate stream with a portion of C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 feed and further converting the combined streams in an alkylation zone to make heavier paraffinic hydrocarbons.The olefin feed may be produced by catalytically converting methanol or similar oxygenated hydrocarbons in a known process.

Abstract: A catalytic cracking process is described in which methanol is a coreactant with gas oil in combination with a small amount (catalyst/oil 0.01) of a dispersed, very fine, and highly active catalyst powder, such as ZSM-5B. The methanol is preferably admixed with the catalyst before admixture with the oil in order to protect the catalyst from adsorption of poisonous compounds (e.g., nitrogenous compounds) during the initial stages of the reaction, particularly if the methanol is insoluble in a non-polar hydrocarbon feed. The premixed materials are fed into a riser reactor. The residence time in the reactor is 6-15 seconds. Preferably, the catalyst is not regenerated. The quantity of methanol is maintained so that its exothermic reaction is approximately heat balanced with the endothermic catalytic cracking reaction.

Abstract: A process for converting ethanol to gasoline-boiling-range hydrocarbons by contact in the vapor phase at dehydrating temperature with a bifunctional zeolite catalyst in the presence of an equimolar proportion of water. The catalyst induces simultaneous dehydration of the ethanol to reactive intermediates and recombination to a spectrum of hydrocarbons in the C.sub.1 to C.sub.10 range. Higher and lower proportions of water lead to higher yields of gaseous hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Substitution of aluminum or gallium for boron or iron contained in the framework of a high silica content zeolite is effected by treating the zeolite in liquid water in the presence of a compound of aluminum or gallium. Catalyst comprising the treated zeolite is used for conducting acid-catalyzed reactions of organic compounds, e.g. cracking of hydrocarbon compounds.

Abstract: A process is provided for converting feedstock comprising oxygenates to product comprising hydrocarbons over a catalyst composition prepared by compositing a high silica zeolite having a Constraint Index of from 1 to 12 with binder, followed by treating the composite under conditions effective for increasing the catalytic activity of the composition.

Abstract: Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are upgraded to valuable organic compounds, such as methanol, methane, propylene, and the like, by a thermochemical process comprising:(a) contacting the carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide with hydrogen sulfide to form carbonyl sulfide,(b) contacting the carbonyl sulfide with oxygen to form carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide, and(c) hydrogenating at least one of carbon monoxide and carbonyl sulfide to the desired organic compound.

Abstract: A process for preparing light monoolefins, particularly ethylene and propylene, from a feed stream comprising a reactant consisting of methanol, dimethyl ether or mixtures thereof in the presence of a boron-treated aluminosilicate zeolite catalyst is disclosed.

Abstract: A method for making monocarboxylic acids and esters comprising contacting carbon monoxide and a monohydric alcohol containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the presence of a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite having a silica to alumina ratio at least about 6 and a constraint index within the approximate range of 1 to 12 under a pressure of at least one atmosphere. Also coproduced are hydrocarbons, particularly ethylene and "gasoline".

Abstract: This invention relates to acid catalysis of organic compound feedstock, e.g. conversion of oxygenates to hydrocarbons, over catalyst material treated in a special way for increasing the acid catalytic activity thereof. In particular, a novel catalyst activation process is followed to enhance the alpha value of high-silica zeolite catalyst by contact with an ammoniacal solution of an alkali metal aluminate under appropriate conditions of time, temperature and pH.

Abstract: Substitution of aluminum or gallium for boron or iron contained in the framework of a high silica content zeolite is effected by treating the zeolite in liquid water in the presence of a compound of aluminum or gallium. Catalyst comprising the treated zeolite is used for conducting acid-catalyzed reactions of organic compounds, e.g. conversion of oxygenates to hydrocarbons.

Abstract: An improved process for producing a methane-enriched gas wherein a hydrogen-deficient carbonaceous material is treated with a hydrogen-containing pyrolysis gas at an elevated temperature and pressure to produce a product gas mixture including methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The improvement comprises passing the product gas mixture sequentially through a water-gas shift reaction zone and a gas separation zone to provide separate gas streams of methane and of a recycle gas comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane for recycle to the process. A controlled amount of steam also is provided which when combined with the recycle gas provides a pyrolysis gas for treatment of additional hydrogen-deficient carbonaceous material.

Abstract: Neoalkanes of the formula R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 CCH.sub.3 are synthesized by hydrogenation of a neoacid of the formula R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 CCOOH or a neoalcohol of the formula R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 CCH.sub.2 OH, wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are the same or different alkyl of 1-10 carbon atoms, at a temperature of 250.degree.-500.degree. C. over a copper oxide/zinc oxide catalyst.

Abstract: The operating performance of a tubular reactor system designed for the exothermic conversion of methanol to light olefins is improved by cofeeding small quantities of light olefins with the methanol feed, whereby a more controllable operation is achieved. Catalyst activity and cycle length also improves significantly. The light olefins can be produced in situ during conversion.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for the recovery and/or recycling of dimethylether (DME) during a methanol-to-chemical (MTC) conversion reaction. The hydrocarbon output is divided into liquid, vaporous and aqueous products. The liquid hydrocarbon products are reboiled to liberate dissolved DME and then provided as a liquid hydrocarbon product output. Vapor products resulting from the reboiling are combined with the vapor hydrocarbon stream and DME is removed therefrom in a DME absorber. The resultant vaporous hydrocarbons are passed out of the system as a product and the DME absorber materials recycled. In one embodiment, the DME absorber materials are methanol and water and these are combined with the aqueous liquid stream, stripped to reduce the water content, and resubmitted to the MTC reaction section for conversion.

Abstract: Carbon monoxide-containing gas streams are converted to methane by a cyclic, essentially two-step process in which said carbon monoxide is disproportionated to form carbon dioxide and active surface carbon deposited on the surface of a catalyst, and said carbon is reacted with steam to form product methane and by-product carbon dioxide. The exothermic heat of reaction generated in each step is effectively removed during each complete cycle so as to avoid a build up of heat from cycle-to-cycle, with particularly advantageous techniques being employed for fixed bed, tubular and fluidized bed reactor operations.

Abstract: A C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 monohaloalkane is converted to hydrocarbons having a greater number of carbon atoms than the monohaloalkane reactant, in particular to aliphatic hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range, by contacting the monohaloalkane at elevated temperature with a clay containing either hydrogen ions and/or metal cations introduced either by exchange and/or by deposition. Preferred as catalysts are the layered clays including stabilized pillared layered clays.

Abstract: A process combination wherein (1) in a first stage wet methanol, or methanol and water, are reacted over a copper-containing methanol synthesis catalyst at conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the feed to essentially hydrogen and carbon dioxide and, (2) in a second stage, the product stream from said first stage and methanol are reacted over a cobalt or ruthenium catalyst, or cobalt-containing or ruthenium-containing catalyst, to produce, at reaction conditions, an admixture of C.sub.10.sup.+ linear paraffin and olefins, which can be further refined and upgraded to high quality middle distillate fuels, and other valuable products such as mogas, diesel fuel, jet fuel, lubes, and specialty solvents, especially premium middle distillate fuels of carbon number ranging from about C.sub.10 to C.sub.20.

Abstract: An improved catalyst for methanol conversion having enhanced stability is obtained by extruding a zeolite having a silica-to-alumina ratio of at least 12 and a Constraint Index within the approximate range of 1 to 12 with a silica matrix and thereafter subjecting the extrudate to both steaming and acid-extraction in order to enhance the stability thereof.

Abstract: Methanethiol is produced from a gaseous feed comprising a mixture of H.sub.2 S and CO by contacting said feed, at a temperature of at least about 225.degree. C., with a catalyst comprising an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of V, Nb, and Ta and mixtures thereof, preferably V, supported on titania and wherein at least a portion, and preferably at least about 25 wt. %, of said supported oxide is in a non-crystalline form.

Abstract: A process is provided for converting feedstock comprising oxygenates to product comprising hydrocarbons over a catalyst comprising a high silica crystalline zeolite which has been treated by contact with aluminum chloride vapor.