Abstract: Embodiments of methods and apparatuses for isomerization of paraffins are provided. In one example, a method comprises the steps of separating an isomerization effluent into a product stream that comprises branched paraffins and a stabilizer vapor stream that comprises HCl, H2, and C6-hydrocarbons. C6-hydrocarbons are removed from the stabilizer overhead vapor stream to form a HCl and H2-rich stream. An isomerization catalyst is activated using at least a portion of the HCl and H2-rich stream to form a chloride-promoted isomerization catalyst. A paraffin feed stream is contacted with the chloride-promoted isomerization catalyst in the presence of hydrogen for isomerization of the paraffins.

Abstract: A process, comprising: a. taking a sample from a continuous alkylation reactor process; b. measuring a content of a halide in the sample; and c. within 45 minutes from the taking a sample, adjusting a flow of a halide containing additive comprising the halide to control a ratio of a yield of an alkylate gasoline and a yield of a middle distillate. Also a process, comprising: a. taking a sample from an effluent of an alkylation reactor in an alkylation reactor process; b. measuring a content of a halide in the sample; and c. in response to the measured content of the halide, adjusting a flow of a halide containing additive to a predetermined range that has been selected to obtain a ratio of a yield of an alkylate gasoline and a yield of a middle distillate from 0.31 to 4.0 in a product from the alkylation reactor.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising: a) an alkylation reactor holding an ionic liquid catalyst and a reactant mixture, b) a means for measuring levels of a halide in an effluent from the alkylation reactor, and c) a control system that receives a signal in response to the measuring and communicates changes in an operating condition that influences the yield of products from the reactant mixture. The control system is responsive to deviations outside a predetermined range of halide level that has been selected to obtain a ratio of a yield of an alkylate gasoline and a yield of a middle distillate from 0.31 to 4.0 in the product from the alkylation reactor.

Abstract: A process comprising: a) taking a sample from a continuous reactor process, b)measuring a content of a halide in the sample, and c) in response to the measured content of the halide, adjusting a flow of a halide containing additive comprising the halide to control the process. Also, an apparatus comprising: a) a reactor holding an ionic liquid catalyst and a reactant mixture, b) a means for measuring levels of a halide in an effluent from the reactor, and c) a control system that receives a signal in response to the measuring and communicates changes in an operating condition that influences the yield of a product in the reactant mixture.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of isomerising a charge comprising hydrocarbons containing between 5 and 8 carbon atoms per molecule. According to the invention, said charge is separated into at least two fractions: fraction A mostly comprising hydrocarbons containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms and fraction B mostly comprising hydrocarbons containing 7 or 8 carbon atoms. Subsequently, said fractions A and B are treated separately under specific conditions in different isomerisation reaction zones.

Abstract: A process for the isomerization of a feedstream comprising C5-C6 hydrocarbons where the process involves charging hydrogen and a feedstream comprising at least normal C5-C6 hydrocarbons into an isomerization zone and contacting said hydrogen and feedstream with an isomerization catalyst at isomerization conditions to increase the branching of the feedstream hydrocarbons and produce an isomerization effluent stream comprising at least normal pentane, normal hexane, methylbutane, dimethylbutane, and methylpentane has been discovered. The catalyst used is a solid acid catalyst comprising a support comprising a sulfated oxide or hydroxide of at least an element of Group IVB (IUPAC 4) of the Periodic Table, a first component selected from the group consisting of at least one lanthanide-series element, mixtures thereof, and yttrium, and a second component selected from the group of platinum-group metals and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new mesoporous inorganic solids in the form of primary and/or secondary inorganic particles of D10≧1 &mgr;m and D50≧3 &mgr;m, preferably from D10≧2 &mgr;m and D50≧10 &mgr;m the size of which can go up to 10 mm, wherein the microporous volume (pores of size less than or equal to 2 &mgr;m) represents at most 10% of the total porous volume up to 300 nm.

Abstract: A procedure for the alkylation of isobutane by olefinic hydrocarbons, in which a first hydrocarbon charge (3) rich in isobutane is put in contact with a second hydrocarbon charge rich in light olefins (2), under conditions that will provoke the alkylation of the isobutane by the light olefins, the effluents that emanate from the reaction area in a fractionation column (6) are treated in order to extract therefrom at least a first cut rich in alkylate (7), a second cut rich in normal butane (8) and a third cut rich in isobutane (9), said third cut (9) is then recycled at the entry of the alkylation reaction area. The second cut (8) rich in normal butane is purified (12) so as to lower its content in compounds with 5 or more carbon atoms to a value that is less than or equal to 5% by weight, the cut thus purified (14) is treated in an isomerization reactor (16) of normal butane to isobutane, this cut is then recycled (21) at the entry of the alkylation effluents fractionation column (6).

Abstract: Deactivation of an isomerization catalyst is inhibited by charging a hydrocarbon feed having a concentration of an organic aluminum halide compound to an isomerization zone operating under isomerization conditions and containing an isomerization catalyst.

Abstract: A superacid catalyst comprising: zirconium oxide on whose surface sulfate groups are present, in a quality corresponding to total coverage of the surface of the zirconium oxide by means of a monolayer of these sulfate groups, optionally containing a noble metal in a quantity ranging from 0.1 to 3% by weight, with a porosity ranging from 0.1 to 0.30 cm3/g, consisting of at least 70% of pores with a diameter ranging from 1 to 4 nm, prepared by a process which comprises: (a) hydrolyzing derivate of zirconium in a basic medium in the presence of a tetra-alkylammonium hydroxide (TAA), sulfuric acid and acetylacetone (AcAc); (b) drying the product of step (a) and calcining the dried material at a temperature ranging from 250 to 650° C. (c) optionally treating the product resulting from step (b) with an aqueous solution of a compound of a noble metal, and drying and calcining the treated product.

Abstract: An isomerization process for converting an isomerization feed stream containing alkanes having about 4 carbon atoms to about 10 carbon atoms per molecule and cycloalkanes having about 5 carbon atoms to about 10 carbon atoms per molecule to at least one product hydrocarbon isomer. The isomerization feed stream, which contains at least one feed hydrocarbon and hydrogen, is contacted in an isomerization zone at effective isomerization conditions with a catalyst where deactivation of such catalyst occurs in the isomerization zone. The isomerization process includes the presence of an additive in the isomerization feed stream. The concentration of the additive is sufficient to alleviate or diminish the deactivation of the catalyst and to maintain a substantially constant conversion of the at least one feed hydrocarbon to the at least one product hydrocarbon isomer at effective isomerization conditions.

Abstract: An adsorption arrangement in combination with a catalytic hydrocarbon conversion process suspends non-hydrocarbon materials that act to enhance the operation of the conversion zone by using an adsorption zone arrangement to keep the compounds in recirculation about the reaction zone and integrates the adsorption zone arrangement with a chiller to increase the recovery of C.sub.4 hydrocarbons. The process of this invention is particularly useful for the isomerization of hydrocarbons wherein the adsorption zone arrangement operates to maintain chloride compounds in the reaction zone and to prevent contamination of product streams with the chloride compounds while increasing the recovery of C.sub.4 hydrocarbons. This invention can be used in combination with traditional adsorptive methods of removing contaminant from feedstreams that enter reaction zones.

Abstract: A process for the isomerization of hydrocarbons using a chloride promoted catalyst wherein an adsorption zone arrangement operates to maintain chloride compounds in the reaction zone and to prevent contamination of product streams with chloride compounds removes normal paraffins from the desorbent stream to extend the capacity and life of a clinoptilolite molecular sieve. The invention preferably uses isoparaffins recovered from the isomerization zone as a desorbent. A gaseous fraction of the isomerization zone effluent can be recovered to provide a desorbent containing a low concentration of normal paraffins.

Abstract: In a process for isomerizing saturated C.sub.4- C.sub.10 hydrocarbons (preferably n-pentane) in the presence of a platinum/zeolite catalyst, wherein sulfur compounds are present in the feed as impurities and cause catalyst deactivating, at least one volatile chlorine compound (preferably tetrachloroethylene or carbon tetrachloride) is added to the feed in an amount sufficient to counteract the catalyst deactivation. A correlation between effective amounts of chloride additive(s) required to counteract the catalyst deactivating effect caused by specific sulfur compound(s) and a specific parameter of various sulfur compounds has been established. The water content in the isomerization feed is not to exceed about 60 ppm H.sub.2 O (based on the weight of the at least one feed hydrocarbons.

Abstract: An adsorption arrangement in combination with a catalytic hydrocarbon conversion process suspends non-hydrocarbon materials that act to enhance the operation of the conversion zone by using an adsorption zone arrangement to keep the compounds in recirculation about the reaction zone. The process of this invention is particularly useful for the isomerization of hydrocarbons wherein the adsorption zone arrangement operates to maintain chloride compounds in the reaction zone and to prevent contamination of product streams with the chloride compounds. This invention can be used in combination with traditional adsorptive methods of removing contaminant from feedstreams that enter reaction zones. The invention is also useful for sulfided catalysts where it is desirable to maintain sulfur within the reaction zone and keep sulfur contamination from entering product streams.

Abstract: An adsorption arrangement in combination with a catalytic hydrocarbon conversion process suspends non-hydrocarbon materials that act to enhance the operation of the conversion zone by using an adsorption zone arrangement to keep the compounds in recirculation about the reaction zone. The process of this invention is particularly useful for the isomerization of hydrocarbons wherein the adsorption zone arrangement operates to maintain chloride compounds in the reaction zone and to prevent contamination of product streams with the chloride compounds. This invention can be used in combination with traditional adsorptive methods of removing contaminant from feedstreams that enter reaction zones. The invention is also useful for sulfided catalysts where it is desirable to maintain sulfur within the reaction zone and keep sulfur contamination from entering product streams.

Abstract: In one embodiment, C.sub.4 -C.sub.10 alkanes and/or C.sub.5 -C.sub.10 cycloalkanes are isomerized in the presence of a catalyst which has been prepared by heating AlCl.sub.3, at least one aluminum sulfate-containing support material and at least one chlorinated hydrocarbon (preferably CCl.sub.4) at about 40.degree.-90.degree. C., followed by separating the formed solid from the chlorinated hydrocarbon.In another embodiment, C.sub.5 -C.sub.10 cycloalkane(s) are isomerized in the presence of a catalyst which has been prepared by heating AlCl.sub.3, at least one sulfur-containing acid (H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and/or ClSO.sub.3 H and/or FSO.sub.3 H and/or CF.sub.3 SO.sub.3 H) and at least one chlorinated hydrocarbon (preferably CCl.sub.4) at about 40.degree.-90.degree. C., followed by separating the formed solid from the chlorinated hydrocarbon.

Abstract: Upon a pressure vessel reactor, lower alkanes such as methane and propane subjected to temperatures of up to 800 K and pressures up to 70,000 psi (467 MPa), isomerize even in the absence of catalyst to produce a variety of alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons containing up to twelve carbon atoms.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin isomerization under strong acid conditions in which an adamantyl carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid is used to substantially increase the reaction rate of the isomerization.

Abstract: A process is described for paraffin isomerization under strong acid conditions in which in aminoalkyladamantane is used to substantially increase the reaction rate of the isomerization.

Abstract: A process is described for non-cyclic paraffin isomerization under strong acid conditions in which an adamantane hydrocarbon is used to substantially increase the reaction rate of the isomerization.

Abstract: Novel acid systems are disclosed which are characterized as being capable of stabilizing high concentrations of tertiary cations, e.g., t-butyl cation, and further characterized as capable of forming carbonium ion salts containing both dimeric and monomeric anions. The ions undergo hydride and halide exchange with other alkanes and halides. The hydride transfer reaction renders them useful in isomerization and alkylation reactions.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are converted by contacting them at hydrocarbon conversion conditions with a novel sulfided and attenuated superactive multimetallic catalytic composite comprising a sulfided combination of a catalytically effective amount of a pyrolyzed rhenium carbonyl component with a porous carrier material containing a uniform dispersion of catalytically effective amounts of a platinum group component, which is maintained in the elemental metallic state during the incorporation of the rhenium carbonyl component, and of a zinc component. A specific example of the type of hydrocarbon conversion process disclosed herein is a process for the catalytic reforming of a low octane gasoline fraction wherein the gasoline fraction and a hydrogen stream are contacted with the subject sulfided and attenuated superactive multimetallic catalytic composite at reforming conditions.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are converted by contacting them at hydrocarbon conversion conditions with a novel attenuated superactive multimetallic catalytic composite comprising a combination of a catalytically effective amount of a pyrolyzed rhenium carbonyl component with a porous carrier material containing a uniform dispersion of a catalytically effective amount of a platinum group component, which is maintained in the elemental metallic state, and of a silver component. In a highly preferred embodiment, this novel catalytic composite also contains a catalytically effective amount of a halogen component. A specific example of the type of hydrocarbon conversion process disclosed herein is a process for the catalytic reforming of a low octane gasoline fraction wherein the gasoline fraction and a hydrogen stream are contacted with this attenuated superactive multimetallic catalytic composite at reforming conditions.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are converted by contacting them at hydrocarbon conversion conditions with a novel attenuated superactive multimetallic catalytic composite comprising a combination of a catalytically effective amount of a pyrolyzed rhenium carbonyl component with a porous carrier material containing a uniform dispersion of a catalytically effective amount of a platinum group component, which is maintained in the elemental metallic state during the incorporation of the rhenium carbonyl component, and of a zirconium component. In a highly preferred embodiment, this novel catalytic composite also contains a catalytically effective amount of a halogen component. The platinum group component, pyrolyzed rhenium carbonyl component, zirconium component and optional halogen component are preferably present in the multimetallic catalytic composite in amounts, calculated on an elemental basis, corresponding to about 0.01 to about 2 wt. % platinum group metal, about 0.01 to about 5 wt. % rhenium, about 0.

Abstract: A process is described for non-cyclic paraffin isomerization under strong acid conditions in which an adamantane hydrocarbon is used to substantially increase the reaction rate of the isomerization.