Abstract: A standing motion assist device includes a support mechanism attached to a leg of a user to assist the user with motion, a sensor including first and/or second sensors that measure and output posture information and myoelectric potentials of the user, respectively, the sensor outputting measurement data including first measurement data measured after a sitting motion of the user sitting in a chair starts and second measurement data measured after the sitting motion ends, a memory that stores the measurement data, and a processor that controls the support mechanism. The processor detects the sitting motion and identifies the chair type based on the first measurement data, detects the start of a motion of the user standing from the chair based on the second measurement data, and outputs assist information corresponding to the identified chair type and used by the support mechanism to assist the user with standing.

Abstract: An injured musculoskeletal structure is mobilized relative to a juxtaposing support structure surface to isolate the injured musculoskeletal structure from forces transferred from adjoining musculoskeletal structures in order to alleviate pain, discomfort, inflammation, and further injury associated with such transferred forces.

Abstract: An exoskeleton (100) adapted to be coupled to a lower extremity of a person includes a thigh link (102), a shank link (104) and a knee joint (106) allowing flexion and extension between the thigh and shank links (102, 104). A torque generator (156) connected to the knee joint (106) includes a wrap spring (110) having a first end (112) coupled to the thigh link (102), and a second end (118) coupled to an electric actuator (116) capable of selectively positioning the second end (118) of the wrap spring (110). A controller (120) causes the electric actuator (116) to position the wrap spring (110) to provide a selective torque between the thigh and shank links (102, 104) based on a signal (212, 214, 216) produced by a sensor (164, 166, 168).

Abstract: A knee orthosis is provided. In described embodiments, the knee orthosis is designed to follow a natural movement of a wearer's knee along an asymmetric helicoidal axis of rotation. In some embodiments, the knee orthosis has hinges with shells having displacing geometric centers which do not coincide. In some embodiments, the knee orthosis is made of femoral and tibial hinges manufactured as single integral pieces. In some embodiments, the orthosis is configured to realign the wearer's knee in a frontal plane. Corresponding methods for designing and manufacturing a custom knee orthosis are also provided.

Abstract: An ankle brace which is positioned on an ankle of a person which incorporates a tensioning structure which permits full range of motion to the ankle joint but which prevents the ankle joint from moving past its normal range of motion to protect the ankle joint.

Abstract: An ankle brace which is positioned on an ankle of a person which incorporates a tensioning structure which permits full range of motion to the ankle joint but which prevents the ankle joint from moving past its normal range of motion to protect the ankle joint.

Abstract: A method, including subjecting a subcutaneous medical device containing a magnet to a magnetic field, thereby imparting a torque onto the magnet, and resisting the imparted torque via an external device that has a skin facing component extending in a direction away from a curvature of the body of the recipient at locations proximate a portion directly contacting skin directly above the implanted magnet.

Abstract: A method and device for outputting a torque of a walking assistance device is provided. The method and device may determine a degree of progress in a gait cycle based on data received through wireless communication, calculate a torque corresponding to the determined degree of progress, and output the torque to a driver of the walking assistance device. However, when the data received through wireless communication is not updated data, the method and device may determine reference data based on a reference pattern, and update the data using the determined reference data.

Abstract: An torque pattern adjustment apparatus including a display configured to display a first torque pattern corresponding to a gait cycle, and a generator configured to generate a second torque pattern by adjusting at least a portion of the first torque pattern in response to a reception of an input, and a torque pattern adjustment method using the same may be provided. The first torque pattern may be applied to a joint of a user.

Abstract: Hybrid orthotic devices configured to apply electrical stimulation to one or more body parts of a person are generally described. A hybrid orthotic device may comprise one or more sensors, one or more electrodes, and a controller configured to receive input signals from the one or more sensors and deliver output signals to the one or more electrodes. In certain cases, the controller may be configured to store one or more programs associated with functional activities (e.g., standing, sitting, and/or walking), and the programs may be configured to enable one or more body parts of the person to track a desired trajectory. In some embodiments, a program may implement a Robust Integral of the Sign of the Error (RISE) control method. The program may further implement control methods to compensate for electromechanical delay and/or muscle fatigue. In certain embodiments, a program may further implement neural network (NN)-based methods.

Abstract: An ankle-foot orthosis for a lower leg, ankle, and foot of a patient, the ankle-foot orthosis including: a foot plate; a calf-cuff member; and a strut member extending between the foot plate and the calf-cuff member, the strut member coupling to a posterior side of the foot plate and the calf-cuff member, the strut member being formed from layers of carbon fiber and at least one layer of a thermoplastic material.

Abstract: A force transmitting frame may have a length greater than a width. Stiffnesses of first and second end portions of the force transmitting frame may be greater than a stiffness of a central area of the force transmitting frame in a longitudinal direction of the force transmitting frame. The force transmitting frame may include: an inner frame configured to support one side of a user; and/or an outer frame of which first and second end portions are fixed to first and second end portions of the inner frame, and of which a central portion is not fixed to a central portion of the inner frame. The central portion of the outer frame may be configured to slide with respect to the central portion of the inner frame.

Abstract: A base for an orthopedic walking boot having a foot bed configured to support a plantar portion of a user's foot, a section extending from the foot bed configured to surround a portion of user's foot, and a connector assembly matable with each of a plurality of different types of support structures such that any one of the plurality of different types of support structures is selectively and permanently connectable to the base through the at least one connector assembly.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are directed to devices for manipulating a hand of a user to provide pronation or supination assistance. Embodiments include an anchor; a hand engagement member operatively attached to the anchor and configured to receive and engage the hand of the user; a force applicator containing a member portion and an anchor portion opposite the member portion, the force applicator attached to the hand engagement member proximate its member portion and attached to the anchor proximate its anchor portion; and a force application mechanism attached to the anchor and configured to cause a force to be applied to the force applicator causing the hand engagement member to manipulate the hand of the user to provide pronation or supination assistance. In some embodiments, the force application mechanism includes a non-incremental rotary mechanism. In some embodiments, a flexible tethering member attaches the anchor to the hand engagement member.

Abstract: A seat unit for a wearable sitting posture assisting device includes at least one sitting means designed to form an adjustable and/or self-adjusting seat surface to be used in at least one at least partly sitting posture and in a walking mode, and a frame means designed to receive a weight force of a person sitting on the sitting means that is mounted on the frame means, and to a wearable sitting posture assisting device with such a seat unit.

Abstract: A prosthesis socket for a prosthesis, which comprises a connecting member for a distal prosthesis device and an outer socket, which is made predominantly from a rigid material, and a proximal opening for receiving a residual limb and which is surrounded by an outer socket edge. The outer socket edge is made of a flexible and non-elastic material in a ventral region, the flexible and non-elastic material being adapted to the body shape of the wearer of the prosthesis socket.

Abstract: An orthopedic device for a lower limb of a human, includes: a front segment (2) suitable for receiving the sole of a forepart; and a rear segment (10) suitable for receiving the lower surface of the heel, wherein: the front segment and the rear segment consist of two separate parts, the front segment and the rear segment are connected by at least one resilient upper arch (8) which extends above the front segment and the rear segment, providing a recess for receiving the foot, and is suitable for maintaining the front segment and the rear segment in an inoperative position, such as to enable a relative movement of the front segment and the rear segment relative to one another, from the inoperative position, and to resiliently return the segments to the inoperative position thereof.

Abstract: An adjustable force exoskeleton hip joint system. The system includes a hip joint that includes a rotation axis, and a first member that is rotatable about the rotation axis. The first member has a lower body connection location configured to be coupled to a lower body link. The hip joint further includes a second member rotatable about the rotation axis and having an upper body connection location configured to be coupled to an upper body link. The system includes an adjustable force mechanism coupled to at least one member of the first member and the second member and configured to apply an adjustable force to the at least one member to hinder rotation of the upper body connection location with respect to the lower body connection location in a rotational direction.

Abstract: A foot pivoting device for correcting drop foot includes a belt that is configured to extend around a waist of a person, such that the belt is supported on the waist of the person. The device also comprises a strap that has a first end and a second end. The first end is couplable to the belt such that the strap is configured to extend along a front side of a leg of the person. A fastener is coupled to the second end of the strap. The fastener is configured to couple the second end of the strap to a shoe worn by the person proximate to a front end of the shoe. The front end of the shoe is pivoted upwardly when the leg of the person is pivoted forwardly at the hip.

Abstract: An ankle support is disclosed and described. The ankle support can include a sleeve that can have a non-stretchable bottom portion to extend under a bottom of a foot. In addition, the sleeve can have side portions extending from the bottom portion to at least an ankle joint. The ankle support can also include non-stretchable support straps connected to the bottom portion, and free ends extending therefrom. In addition, the ankle support can have removable coupling features for the free ends of the support straps located on the side portions. The support straps can cross on a top side of the foot. Along with the bottom portion, the support straps can form a non-stretchable support structure for minimizing movement of the subtalar joint of the ankle.

Abstract: A foot and ankle support system using one or more pressure-flexed support bars made of resilient material, each of which can be adjustably positioned and removably attached to selected positions along the medial, lateral, or posterior heel sides of an article of footwear. One end of the support bar is affixed to the base portion of the article of footwear and the other end is affixed to the collar or ankle portion causing the resilient support bar to flex into a bow-like position. Each support bar stores energy and returns resistance when engaged by various directional movements of the foot during walking, running, sports activities or rehabilitation. A plurality of pressure-flexed support bars work in tandem to provide additional support and control of foot inversion and eversion, pronation and supination. An alternative embodiment uses a pressure-flexed bladder type support bar filled with air, gas, liquid gel or other material.

Abstract: A walking assistance apparatus for preventing offset occurring in between a rotating axis of a hip joint of a user and a rotating shaft of the walking assistance apparatus may be provided. The walking assistance apparatus includes a waist fixing apparatus configured to be fixed to a waist of a user, a connecting guide mounted at the waist fixing apparatus and configured to slide in an extension direction of the waist fixing apparatus and rotate on a rotating shaft extending in a vertical direction perpendicular to the extension direction, a rail unit mounted at one side of the connecting guide, the rail unit extending in a vertical direction, and a hip joint configured to slide along the rail unit.

Abstract: Ankle-foot orthotics are used by many people suffering from foot drop. Some are applied to the foot and then inserted into standard footwear. They present many disadvantages. Alternatively, the orthotic is external causing extra attention to the orthotic. Disclosed herein is an ankle-foot orthotic (AFO) that is integrated into a boot. The AFO is less obvious and the boot material is in contact with the wearer's foot rather than the orthotic itself. A calf plate hinged with a sole plate are inserted into the shoe, as well as a member in tension biasing the foot toward dorsiflexion.

Abstract: An exoskeletal orthosis includes a proximal cuff includes a hinge along an upper edge of the cuff; an ankle section/footplate; and at least one posterior strut connecting the proximal cuff to the ankle section and foot plate.

Abstract: A wearable action assisting device includes an optional control unit for generating a first instruction signal for generating power depending on a biological potential signal in a drive source, an autonomic control unit for generating a second instruction signal for generating power depending on a phase of a task of the wearer in the drive source, a generation unit for generating a drive current of the drive source based on the first and second instruction signals, a display unit having a screen displaying thereon a coordinate axis corresponding to a strength of the power, a detection unit for detecting the coordinate of a designated position in the screen, and a setting unit for extracting parameters corresponding to the detected coordinate from a table defining a correspondence between a coordinate in the screen and parameters of the signal processing, and for setting the extracted parameters in the optional control unit.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are techniques for joint performance monitoring and diagnosis. A joint monitoring system includes a plurality of event detection sensors configured to be mounted on a wearer of the joint monitoring system, and a plurality of position tracking sensors configured to be mounted on the wearer. The plurality of event detection sensors is configured to generate detection signals for detecting an event in a joint region. The joint region includes a region within a body of the wearer and within a threshold distance of a joint. The detection signals from the plurality of event detection sensors includes information for determining a location of the event. The plurality of position tracking sensors is configured to record position information of one or more body parts associated with the joint in response to the detected event.

Abstract: Composite fiber reinforced orthoses are described with respect to fiber orientation of layers making up the laminate and with respect to load to strength ratios, safety zones, loading zones and relationships between these zones. Orthoses involved are such as ankle-foot orthoses, which include the subset of knee ankle-foot orthoses.

Abstract: Laminate orthoses, preferably fiber-reinforced laminate orthoses, and preferably ankle-foot orthoses, are described. The shape, relative orientation, and positioning of layers comprising the orthoses may be configured and assembled in embodiments to manage the distribution of external static and dynamic loads through and within the orthosis. Peak stresses and strains developed in the orthosis from external static or dynamic loading may be managed such that they may be greater in certain areas and lesser in other areas. Layers of material comprising an orthosis may have unique and/or nonuniform shapes with cutouts, nonuniform or ply drop offs, and tapering. These irregular configurations may serve to focus, increase, decrease, or otherwise manage internal stresses developed from external static and dynamic loading at various target areas of an orthosis.

Abstract: A mobility system includes a wheeled base, an exoskeleton assembly, and a docking assembly arranged to support the exoskeleton assembly on the wheeled base. The exoskeleton assembly has an upper torso portion, upper leg portions pivotal relative to the torso portion and lower leg portions pivotal relative to respective ones of the upper leg portions. The docking assembly is operable to couple the exoskeleton assembly to the wheeled base in a sitting position. The seating surface in the sitting position and the position control motors for operating the exoskeleton from sitting to standing are all separable from the wheeled base together with the exoskeleton assembly. Alternatively, extensible links may dock the standing exoskeleton to the wheeled base so that the base can trail the exoskeleton through a walking motion.

Abstract: An orthopedic system includes an orthopedic device defining a posterior aspect, an anterior aspect opposite the posterior aspect, and a structure at least in part defining a receiving space arranged to receive an activity tracking device. An activity tracking device is positionable and securable in the receiving space of the orthopedic device. The activity tracking device is arranged to generate information associated with activity level or compliance of a patient wearing the orthopedic device during treatment.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates, according to some embodiments, to a device and/or system (e.g., redistributing weight away from a subject's foot), which may comprise (a) a platform, (b) at least one vertical support fixed to the platform and extending upwardly from the platform, and (c) at least one cuff (i) configured to surround and releasably grip at least a portion of a subject's leg other than the foot and (ii) mounted (e.g., adjustably) to the at least one vertical support at a vertical position along the at least one vertical support sufficient to suspend a subject's foot in a non-weight-bearing position above the platform during ambulation, wherein the platform, the at least one vertical support, and the at least one cuff together are configured to bear at least the subject's full weight.

Abstract: A corrective device for the positioning of a foot is an apparatus used to treat foot drop. The apparatus includes a spring, a bone anchor assembly, and a tendon anchor assembly. The spring is used to prevent the foot from drooping downward. The spring includes a coil, a first spring coupler, and a second spring coupler. The first spring coupler is used to connect the coil to the bone anchor assembly. The bone anchor assembly anchors the apparatus to a human tibia. The second spring coupler is used to connect the coil to the tendon anchor assembly. The tendon anchor assembly is used to anchor the apparatus to one or more tendons in the foot. Because the coil is anchored above and below the ankle, rotations about the ankle may be limited by the coil.

Abstract: A walking assist device including a waist assembly and at least one leg assembly connected to the waist assembly is provided. The leg assembly includes a thigh stand, a shank stand, a sole, a hip joint, a knee joint and an ankle joint. The hip joint is pivoted to the thigh. The knee joint is pivoted to the thigh stand and connected to the shank stand. The ankle joint includes at least a flexible plate and an elastic member. The flexible plate includes a first end and a second end opposite to each other. The first end is pivoted to the shank stand directly or indirectly, the second end is connected to the sole, and the elastic member presses the first end of the flexible plate.

Abstract: Articles of apparel include: (a) a garment structure having one or more fabric elements structured and arranged to provide a close fit to at least one predetermined portion of a body (e.g., area(s) of the body for which enhanced position sensing and/or feedback are desired, such as the lower back, the arch of the foot, etc.); and (b) a body position feedback system engaged with or integrally formed as part of the garment structure. The body position feedback system may apply higher tensile or constricting forces to selected portions of the wearer's body, which can help stimulate or interact with nerves and deep tissue receptors located in various portions of the body. The increased forces at selected locations of the body give the wearer sensory feedback regarding the position or orientation of these parts of the body and can improve or accelerate development of “muscle memory.

Abstract: A lower extremity exoskeleton, configurable to be coupled to a person, includes: leg supports configurable to be coupled to the person's lower limbs and designed to rest on the ground during stance phases, with each leg support having a thigh link and a shank link; two knee joints, each configured to allow flexion and extension between respective shank and thigh links; an exoskeleton trunk configurable to be coupled to the person's upper body, rotatably connectable to the thigh links of the leg supports, allowing for the flexion and extension between the leg supports and the exoskeleton trunk; two hip actuators configured to create torques between the exoskeleton trunk and the leg supports; and at least one power unit capable of providing power to the hip actuators. In use, power is supplied to the hip actuators in an amount to reduce the energy consumed by a user during a walking cycle.

Abstract: According to various embodiments of this disclosure, an orthopedic rehabilitation device includes a splint, a sole coupled with the splint, and a protective covering. The splint is configured to engage a lower portion of an individual's leg that extends above the individual's ankle. The splint includes at least a first rigid support member that prevents flexing of the lower portion and at least partially immobilizes the individual's ankle. The sole is configured to receive the individual's foot. The sole includes at least a second rigid support member that prevents flexing of the individual's foot. The protective covering is configured to receive the individual's forefoot. The protective covering includes a rigid mesh or solid layer that protects the individual's forefoot from an external force, such as a falling object or any other impact encountered in a work, athletic, training, combat, or other environment where protective apparel is required or recommended.

Abstract: A device for performing a surgical procedure on a knee includes an adjustable femoral portion, a tibial portion and at least one sensor coupled with the femoral and/or tibial portions to sense pressure exerted by the femoral and tibial portions against one another. The femoral portion is adapted for removably coupling with a distal end of a femur to adjust tension in soft tissue adjacent the knee and has at least one positioning feature adapted to move relative to the distal end of the femur as the femoral portion is adjusted, thus helping position a femoral prosthetic on the distal end of the femur. The sensor(s) may be adapted to sense pressure at medial and lateral sides of the knee, and relative pressures may be displayed as data on a visual display. Adjustments to the femoral member may be made to balance pressure at flexion and extension of the knee.

Abstract: An ankle strengthening exercise device is disclosed. The device is intuitive and simple to use by a patient even without professional medical supervision since the device indicates a specific movement of a foot by pivoting an ankle of the patient. In particular, the device may have an extension member that can be positioned on a frame of the device. The foot of the patient may engage the device. An elastic member may be secured to the extension member and the foot. The direction of the elastic member indicates the direction the foot of the patient should move by pivoting his or her ankle to specifically work or strengthen and exercise a particular ankle muscle of the patient.

Abstract: A device for powering an implant within a body of a subject from a location external to the subject, wherein the implant requires a threshold rate of power increase in order to operate in at least one mode, may include an antenna configured to wirelessly transmit energy to the implant. The device may also include a power storage unit configured to store energy from a power source incapable of delivering the threshold rate of power increase to enable the implant unit to operate in the at least one mode and a power release unit configured to release a pulse of energy from the power storage unit to the antenna after the power storage unit collects an amount of energy sufficient to enable the implant unit to operate in the at least one mode.

Abstract: A support shell arrangement (20) is provided for arranging on a lower leg, having a foot part (23) and a calf part (21). The calf part includes two calf struts (29, 30) disposed at the side of an entry opening (32) of the calf part, extending in the longitudinal axis of the calf part, and a heel strut connected to the calf struts in a strut connection and extending toward a heel part of the foot part. A support bow arrangement (24) has two bow struts (34, 35) extending in a U-shape about a sole area, the free strut ends thereof being pivotally connected in pairs in a common pivot joint (43, 44) on a joint axis corresponding to the ankle joint and connected to a calf strut, and connected to each other in a V-shape by a common support basis (36). The support base is pivotally connected to the heel strut of the calf part at the heel side end thereof.

Abstract: Described herein are systems and devices for providing an orthopedic walking brace having a housing and a sole with a curved distal surface. The housing is configured to encompass and immobilize a patient's ankle against flexion. The distal surface of the sole has a posterior region, a mid region, and an anterior region. The posterior region is configured to lie under a heel portion of the patient's foot, and the mid region is configured to lie under a center portion of the patient's foot. The anterior region is configured to lie under an anterior metatarsal and toe portion of the patient's foot, and has an Anterior-Posterior curvature that increases from a posterior side of the anterior region toward a middle portion of the anterior region and decreases from the middle portion toward an anterior side of the anterior region.

Abstract: An orthotic joint stabilizing assembly includes an assembly hinge; a first support and a second support carried by and pivotal with respect to each other about the assembly hinge; a hinge tension adjusting assembly including an eccentric tension adjusting cam carried by the assembly hinge, the tension adjusting cam adjustable between a plurality of tensioning positions; and a cam adjustment knob carried by the tension adjusting cam, the cam adjustment knob selectively engageable and disengageable with respect to the tension adjusting cam and operable to selectively lock the tension adjusting cam in a selected one of the plurality of tensioning positions. A hinge tensioning spring is carried by the first support and the second support and engages the tension adjusting cam of the hinge tension adjusting assembly. The hinge tensioning spring applies tension to the assembly hinge.

Abstract: An ankle foot orthosis includes a leg member, a foot member, and a drive member. The drive assembly includes a link member which may be hingedly secured to the foot member at a hinge location adjacent to the posterior end of the foot member. The drive assembly may be operable to selectively impart pivotal movement between the foot member and the link member about a first pivot axis, and pivotal movement between the foot member and the leg member about a second pivot axis at the hinge location. The leg member and the foot member strut may be selectively movable in a medial-lateral direction relative to a base of the foot member and the drive assembly. The inferior-superior location of the second pivot axis may be selectively adjustable for substantially aligning the second pivot axis with an axis of rotation of an ankle joint of the wearer.

Abstract: A foot brace is configured to be worn beneath a patient's ankle while meeting therapeutic goals of the patient. The foot brace includes a supportive shell made to a model of a patient's foot and possessing a medial counter, a lateral counter and an Achilles groove, which are formed to place pressure on sides of a patient's foot to meet the therapeutic goals of the patient. The shell is attached to a lining, a portion of which is mechanically coupled to a midfoot instep closure. The midfoot instep closure can place pressure on the foot of a patient to meet the therapeutic goals of a patient. The shell is attached to a rearfoot extrinsic post. The heel post pressure on the heel of a patient to meet the therapeutic goals of a patient.

Abstract: An exoskeletal orthosis includes a proximal cuff comprising a hinge along an upper edge of the cuff; an ankle section/footplate; and at least one posterior strut connecting the proximal cuff to the ankle section and foot plate.

Abstract: The invention relates to an orthopedic interface (1) comprising a planar 3D textile (2) having a top (22) and a bottom (21), which are held at a distance from each other by supporting threads (24) and are connected to each other, wherein the bottom (21) of the spaced knitted fabric (2) is configured for resting on the skin of an interface user. The side of the bottom (21) facing the skin is provided with an adhesive coating (23) at least in some regions.

Abstract: A walker having height adjustment, and a method of use thereof, generally includes a base. Length adjustable strut assemblies are provided to allow the walker to be converted between a fully extended configuration, a high top walker configuration, and a fully retracted, low top walker configuration, as well as to numerous configurations having incremental heights between the fully extended and the fully retracted configurations. Thus, a modular support is provided that can be used to provide different levels of immobilization and can be used for various therapeutic purposes, can accommodate different patient leg lengths with one device, and allows practitioners to carry a reduced inventory.

Abstract: A device for powering an implant within a body of a subject from a location external to the subject, wherein the implant requires a threshold rate of power increase in order to operate in at least one mode, may include an antenna configured to wirelessly transmit energy to the implant. The device may also include a power storage unit configured to store energy from a power source incapable of delivering the threshold rate of power increase to enable the implant unit to operate in the at least one mode and a power release unit configured to release a pulse of energy from the power storage unit to the antenna after the power storage unit collects an amount of energy sufficient to enable the implant unit to operate in the at least one mode.

Abstract: A system for stretching the piriformis muscle may comprise a thigh strap, calf strap and handle assembly. One or two handles may be presented. The system may be attached to the thigh and calf of a first leg. While the knee of the first leg is bent, the ankle of the second leg my rest upon the thigh strap attached to the first leg. A handle may be pulled to urge the piriformis muscle into a more elongated position.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system including a good comprising a sensor in contact with human tissues of a patient and configured to obtain a power dissipation reading of the human tissues. The good also includes a storage medium for tangibly storing thereon a program for execution by a processor. The system also includes a control unit in communication with the good to form an electrical muscular stimulation (EMS) system that uses feedback in a closed loop manner to self tune electrical properties of the output. The control unit is configured to instruct the sensor to (a) apply a sense pulse to the human tissues, (b) measure power dissipation of the sense pulse, (c) adjust a stimulation pulse based on the measured power dissipation, (d) apply the stimulation pulse to the human tissues based on the power dissipation and based on the program in order to maintain constant power output across each pulse, and (e) repeat steps (a)-(d).