Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the field of beauty instruments, and a skin care assembly are disclosed. The skin care assembly provided in the present disclosure includes a first cover, an electrode, and a cold compress component. The electrode is fixed on the first cover to discharge for a skin. The first cover is defined with a first opening, and the cold compress component is received in the first opening to contact and cool the skin during the electrode discharging for the skin. The electrode may provide a beauty effect to the skin by generating micro-current and radio frequency, and the cold compress component provides a suitable environment temperature for the skin, thus the beauty effect is improved.

Abstract: Implantable materials may be used in an iatrogenic site. Applications include radioopaque materials for fiducial marking.

Abstract: An intra-cardiac mapping system is based on locating the ports through which blood flows in or out the heart chambers. For many procedures, such as ablation to cure atrial fibrillation, locating the pulmonary veins and the mitral valve accurately allows to perform a Maze procedure. The location of the ports and valves is based on using the convective cooling effect of the blood flow. The mapping can be performed by a catheter-deployed expandable net or a scanning catheter. The same net or catheter can also perform the ablation procedure.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a balloon adapted to be placed adjacent a calcified region of a body. The balloon is inflatable with a liquid. The apparatus further includes a shock wave generator within the balloon that produces shock waves that propagate through the liquid for impinging upon the calcified region adjacent the balloon. The shock wave generator includes a plurality of shock wave sources distributed within the balloon.

Abstract: A therapeutic apparatus is disclosed, comprising a signal generator configured for generating a therapeutic signal, a treatment head, multiple sets of electrodes arranged on the treatment head, a switch circuit connected between the signal generator and multiple sets of electrodes, and a control unit connected with the switch circuit, and by the control unit controlling on-off of the switch circuit, the signal generator is controlled to be connected with at least one set of electrodes to output the therapeutic signal. Through the therapeutic apparatus, energy can be controlled to be output only to the local area, so as it can be attached to the surface of the skin in the narrow space and treat the skin in the narrow space. When only part of the electrodes are connected with the signal generator, the output power of the signal generator can be concentrated on outputting the therapeutic signal.

Abstract: Systems, tools and methods are disclosed for the selective and rapid application of DC voltage to drive irreversible electroporation, with the system controller capable of being configured to apply voltages to independently selected subsets of electrodes and capable of generating at least one control signal to maintain the temperature near an electrode head within a desired range of values. Electrode clamp devices are also disclosed for generating electric fields to drive irreversible electroporation while modulating temperature to elevate the irreversible electroporation threshold utilizing a variety of means such as cooling fluid or solid state thermoelectric heat pumps.

Abstract: An instrument (14) is suitable for treatment of lung tumors and other tissues and a respective apparatus (15) detects the correct positioning of instrument (14) and its two electrodes (19, 20) in a suitable target tissue by observation of two parameters (G1, G2) and particularly their time-dependent change. If the change (V1, V2) of the two parameters (G1, G2) exceeds defined thresholds (S1, S2) respectively, a contact between the instrument and the tissue to be treated and thus also the positioning of the instrument in a desired position can be derived therefrom. This remarkably increases treatment safety.

Abstract: An electromagnetic receiving device configured to discriminately react predominantly to an external electric field directed along an axis of said device, comprising a high-permittivity dielectric rod as receiving element, wherein said dielectric rod is oriented along said axis and has a receiving end to be directed towards an object under study, and wherein the device is configured to be essentially resonant with a circularly cylindrical TM00 mode.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a novel approach to automatically detect the occurrence of evoked potentials, quantify the attributes of the signal and visualize the effect across a high number of spinal cord epidural stimulation parameters. This new method is designed to automate the current process for performing this task that has been accomplished manually by data analysts through observation of the raw EMG signals, which is laborious and time-consuming as well as being prone to human errors. The proposed method provides fast and accurate framework for activation detection and visualization of the results within five main algorithms.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controllable delivery of pressurized refrigerant to a medical device, such as a cryoablation catheter. In some examples, a delivery system includes a tank holding the pressurized refrigerant, an electrical heater arranged to heat the tank, and an electronic controller connected to regulate the heater based on input signals received from a plurality of sensors including a temperature sensor in thermal contact with the exterior surface of the tank and a pressure sensor for measuring pressure in the refrigerant-delivery line connecting the tank to the medical device. In operation, the electronic controller processes the input signals by comparing values of at least some of the input signals with respective threshold values and uses logic operations configured for combined processing of two or more of the input signals to decide when to switch the heater between an ON state and an OFF state.

Abstract: An ablation probe includes an elongated needle portion comprising a distal end for positioning at a target tissue and a proximal end positioned away from the distal end and a guidance indicator positioned at the proximal end. The guidance indicator includes one or more markings or indicators to identify actual alignment of the probe relative to a preferred alignment.

Abstract: A thermal control unit for controlling a patient's temperature includes a fluid outlet for delivering temperature-controlled fluid to a patient, a fluid inlet for receiving the fluid back, a pump, a heat exchanger, a controller for controlling the heat exchanger, a patient temperature port for receiving patient temperature readings, a memory, and a user interface that displays various data regarding thermal therapy sessions applied to patients using the thermal control unit. In some embodiments, past statistical data from previous thermal therapy sessions is stored in the memory and the controller displays a comparison of a current parameter of the current thermal therapy session to the past statistical data. The controller may also or alternatively automatically select a particular type of screen to display based on a type of user of the thermal control unit. The controller may also or alternatively generate after-session thermal therapy reports.

Abstract: A flexible suction coagulator is adapted for use with an endoscope. The flexible suction coagulator includes an elongated tubular body, a coagulator adjacent a distal end of that tubular body, at least one suction port and a connection terminal at a proximal end of the tubular body.

Abstract: An ablation probe employs a triaxial construction with axial slots in an outer pair of tubular conductors separated by different dielectric materials to provide microwave power concentrated along a plane.

Abstract: A modular communications system having dynamically positionable non-metallic antenna elements is disclosed. The system includes an apparel item with a surface and a foam layer positioned therein. Landing pads are each uniquely positioned on the surface. Antenna elements are coupled to the landing pads; include a non-metallic conductive composition and a unique operational frequency. A hub is positioned on the surface and coupled to each landing pad. Communications devices are demountably affixed to the surface; coupled to the hub; and each include a unique operational frequency. The hub couples each communications devices to a unique landing pad. The foam layer is lined with a conductive material that reflects RF radiation that emanates from the plurality of non-metallic antenna elements. The system achieves an omnidirectional RF radiation pattern when utilizing the plurality of antenna elements and an altered RF radiation pattern when utilizing a subset of the plurality of antenna elements.

Abstract: An electrosurgical instrument having a radiating tip with enhanced flexibility. In a first aspect, this is achieved by shaping the dielectric material in the radiating tip to facilitate bending of the radiating tip. In a second aspect, this is achieved by forming a dielectric body and outer sheath of the radiating tip as separate parts, to enable movement and flexure between the parts. By improving the flexibility of the radiating tip, manoeuvrability of the electrosurgical instrument may be improved.

Abstract: A catheter tip may be a fabricated as a planar flexible circuit, e.g., via lithography, as having a first planar segment and a second planar segment that includes various electrodes on different sectors that are insulated from each other. The tip may be deformed to have a non-planar configuration, e.g., cylindrical, and then assembled onto a catheter. The catheter may be used to monitor ECG signals and temperature and to precisely deliver ablative energy to tissues via the various electrodes. ECG signals and temperature may be monitored for one sector while ablation energy is being delivered to another sector.

Abstract: An endovascular device may include (a) a proximal end, configured for communicating a pressure signal to a receiver; (b) a distal end comprising a pressure sensor that is based on (i) a piezoelectric polymer layer; and (ii) first and second electrodes, electrically insulated from each other, each contacting the piezoelectric polymer layer, wherein the pressure sensor derives the pressure signal from the first and second electrodes; and (c) a device body, which provides one or more conductors to carry the pressure signal from the distal end to the proximal end.

Abstract: Radiometric systems may comprise a radiometer, an antenna and a processor communicatively coupled together. The processor may provide a contact-focused output based on filtering or other processing of a raw radiometric output signal. The contact-focused output may facilitate determination of whether contact has been achieved and/or assessment of contact. A miniaturized reflectometer may be configured to determine an amount of reflected power from the antenna. The processor may be configured to determine a reflection coefficient of the reflected power determined by the reflectometer and to identify tissue type based on the reflection coefficient. Systems and methods for facilitating deeper temperature measurements of a radiometer are described.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of controlling a modular battery powered handheld surgical instrument. The surgical instrument including a battery, a user input sensor, a controller, a radio frequency (RF) drive circuit, an ultrasonic transducer, ultrasonic transducer drive circuit, and an end effector. The end effector including an electrode electrically coupled to RF drive circuit, an ultrasonic blade acoustically coupled to the ultrasonic transducer, and a sensor to measure tissue parameters. The method includes applying an RF current drive signal to the electrode by the RF drive circuit; applying an ultrasonic drive signal to the ultrasonic transducer by the ultrasonic transducer drive circuit to acoustically excite the ultrasonic blade; controlling intensity, wave shape, and/or frequency of the RF current drive signal and the ultrasonic drive signal on a sensed measure of a tissue or user parameter.

Abstract: Wearable devices are described herein including a housing and a mount configured to mount a contact surface of the housing to an external surface of a wearer. The wearable devices further include a coil disposed in the housing proximate to the contact surface and at least one sensor disposed on the contact surface and configured to detect one or more properties of the body of the wearer. The wearable devices are powered by a rechargeable battery disposed within the wearable devices. The wearable devices additionally include a recharger disposed within the wearable devices and configured to recharge the rechargeable battery using electromagnetic energy received by the coil. The sensor is disposed within a central portion of the contact surface enclosed by the coil.

Abstract: Microwave catheter apparatuses, systems, and methods for achieving renal neuromodulation by intravascular access are disclosed herein. One aspect of the present application, for example, is directed to apparatuses, systems, and methods that incorporate a catheter treatment device comprising an elongated shaft. The elongated shaft is sized and configured to deliver a microwave transmission element to a renal artery via an intravascular path. Renal neuromodulation may be achieved via dielectric heating in the presence of microwave irradiation that modulates neural fibers that contribute to renal function or alters vascular structures that feed or perfuse the neural fibers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to comprehensive systems, devices and methods for delivering energy to tissue for a wide variety of applications, including medical procedures (e.g., tissue ablation, resection, cautery, vascular thrombosis, treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and dysrhythmias, electrosurgery, tissue harvest, etc.). In certain embodiments, systems, devices, and methods are provided for treating a tissue region (e.g., a tumor) through application of energy.

Abstract: A system and method for a quantitative evaluation of a breast health of a pregnant and lactating woman for clinical management of a breast feeding by performing (i) receiving a thermal image of a breast region of the pregnant and lactating woman, (ii) automatically determine network structures associated with ductal or vascular thermal patterns of the pregnant and lactating woman by analysing the thermal images of the pregnant and lactating woman, (iii) estimate quantitative parameters corresponding to the network structures associated with the ductal or vascular thermal patterns using the machine learning model and (iv) generate a breast health report with the estimated quantitative parameters and the schematics of vascular network to enable clinical management of breastfeeding.

Abstract: A circuit system includes a user interface, voltage source, and a terminal bank connected to the voltage source. The circuit can be used in a powered catheter system where the catheter includes a structural reinforcement layer such as a braid comprised of one or more wires. The reinforcement layer can be used to convey a current or signal in a powered catheter. The catheter may utilize a hypotube element which provides integrated sensors in order to power and control multiple systems in the powered catheter.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a shaft, the shaft including a plurality of stepped sections along the length of the shaft. The apparatus further includes a plurality of electrodes disposed along the length of the shaft, each electrode characterized by a geometric aspect ratio of the length of the electrode to the outer diameter of the electrode. Each electrode is located at a different stepped section of the plurality of stepped sections of the shaft and includes a set of leads. Each lead of the set of leads is configured to attain an electrical voltage potential of at least about 1 kV. The geometric aspect ratio of at least one electrode of the plurality of electrodes is in the range between about 3 and about 20.

Abstract: A detecting device for detecting biological particles includes an optical system including an excitation light source, a filter and spectroscope group, a photomultiplier tube, and a charge-coupled device. The excitation light source illuminates the biological particles on a detecting carrier of the detecting device. A kind of target biological particles in the biological particles is excited to generate an emission light. The emission light enters the filter and spectroscope group to be separated into a first detecting light and a second detecting light. After the photomultiplier tube receives the first detecting light, the photomultiplier tube transmits a regional positioning signal to a processor of the detecting device. After the charge-coupled device receives the second detecting light, the charge-coupled device transmits an image signal to the processor. The processor obtains a precise location of the target biological particles based on the regional positioning signal and the image signal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and devices for delivering energy to tissue for a wide variety of applications, including medical procedures (e.g., tissue ablation, resection, cautery, vascular thrombosis, treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and dysrhythmias, electrosurgery, tissue harvest, etc.). In particular, the present invention relates to systems and devices for the delivery of energy with a linear array of antenna components having optimized energy delivery characteristics. In certain embodiments, methods are provided for treating a tissue region (e.g., a tumor) through application of energy with the systems and devices of the present invention.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide an electrosurgical system for treating biological tissue. The system comprises: an electrosurgical generator configured to supply pulsed microwave energy; and an electrosurgical instrument. The electrosurgical instrument comprises a flexible coaxial cable arranged to convey the pulsed microwave energy; and a radiating tip portion connected at a distal end of the coaxial cable and configured to receive the pulsed microwave energy. The radiating tip portion has a maximum outer diameter that is 1.0 mm or less, and wherein the maximum outer diameter of the radiating tip portion is smaller than an outer diameter of the coaxial cable. Also, the radiating tip portion comprises: a proximal coaxial transmission line for conveying the pulsed microwave energy; and a distal needle tip mounted at a distal end of the proximal coaxial transmission line, the distal needle tip being arranged to deliver the pulsed microwave energy into biological tissue.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a system and method for detecting biological material on surfaces after decontamination with UV-C and with high sensitivity and having low detection limits while providing rapid and efficient response to accommodate high turnover. Embodiments of the present invention monitor the disinfection process by detecting changes in the electrical properties of surface-confined biological thin films photodegraded with UV-C radiation using microwaves (MW). MW sensing provides noninvasive, real-time detection of the electromagnetic properties of biological materials via concentrated electromagnetic fields, for which advantages include wide bandwidth, small size, and cost-effective fabrication.

Abstract: An electrosurgical instrument having a radiating tip portion capable performing tissue ablation using microwave energy and electroporation (e.g. non-thermal irreversible electroporation) in a minimally invasive manner. The electrosurgical instrument may be used to perform microwave ablation and electroporation separately (e.g. sequentially) or simultaneously. The radiating tip portion may be dimensioned to be suitable for insertion into a pancreas via a surgical scoping device, to provide a rapid and accurate alternative to known RF ablation techniques. By enabling tumours within the pancreas to be treated using a minimally invasive procedure, it may be a viable option to use ablation and/or electroporation treatment for both curative as well as palliative reasons.

Abstract: The present invention is generally a radio frequency apparatus for warming fluids such as IV fluids. In exemplary embodiments, a uniform warming of fluids is achieved by exposing a fluid-carrying tube to Radio Frequency (RF) energy. The RF energy may be supplied by an RF generator, which is coupled to a waveguide. The waveguide typically includes an inlet into which a fluid tube may be introduced. Inside the waveguide, a pathway may be formed wherein the fluid tube may rest in a predetermined position. In exemplary embodiments, the pathway guides the positioning of the tube along a transmission-line length of the waveguide, in a manner such that the tube gradually approaches an electromagnetic field inside the waveguide and exits at a second terminal end of the waveguide. Having absorbed energy supplied from the RF generator, the fluid inside the tube exits the apparatus warmed to a desired temperature.

Abstract: A catheter adapted or high density mapping and/or ablation of tissue surface has a distal electrode array with offset spine loops, each spine loop having at least a pair of linear portions and a distal portion connecting the pair of linear portions, and one or more electrodes on each linear portion. The linear portions of the plurality of offset spine loops are arranged in-plane a single common plane, and the distal portions of the plurality of offset spine loops are arranged off-plane from the single common plane.

Abstract: In biological tissues, exposure to electromagnetic fields usually induces actuation and vibration of the underlying molecules which, from the perspective of the electromagnetic device, manifests as power absorption. It has been shown that increased power absorption of a low-power RF source can have positive enhancement in therapeutic, medical, and scientific procedures. However, often the enhanced power absorption is limited due to the electromagnetic properties of the tissue being treated. This invention introduces a method to modify the native electromagnetic properties of a targeted biological tissue to increase and enhance the electromagnetic power absorption within and increase treatment efficacy.

Abstract: Systems, including methods and apparatus, for growing viable monoclonal colonies, identifying them as monoclonal after their viability has been demonstrated, and picking and placing them into a target environment. The methods may include plating cells at low density in a well, capturing at a first time shortly after plating a series of vertically spaced-apart images of the well showing locations of the cells, capturing at a second, later time images of the same well showing locations of candidate cell colonies, determining a likelihood that the candidate colonies are monoclonal based on information in the first set of images, and, based on the likelihood, picking candidate colonies using a picking head for transfer to a target environment.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to improved medical devices, systems, and methods. In many embodiments, devices, systems, and methods for locating and treating a target nerve with integrated cold therapy and electrical stimulation systems are provided. For example, nerve stimulation and cryoneurolysis may be delivered concurrently or alternately with the cryo-stimulation device. In some embodiments, the device may be operated by a single operator or clinician. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure may improve nerve targeting during cryoneurolysis procedures. Improvements in nerve localization and targeting may increase treatment accuracy, physician confidence in needle placement during treatment, and clinical efficacy and safety. In turn, such improvements may decrease overall treatment times, the number of repeat treatments, and the re-treatment rate.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to devices, systems and methods providing evaluation and feedback to an operator of a device providing neuromodulation treatment, such as modulation of renal nerves of a human patient. In one embodiment, for example, a system monitors parameters or values generated before treatment. Feedback provided to an operator is based on the monitored values and relates to an assessment of various electrical properties associated with an electrode carried by a catheter. The electrode measures an electrical property of biological material making contact with the electrode while deploying the electrode, the electrical property being dependent on a ratio of a wall-interface area to a fluid-interface area.

Abstract: An electrosurgical device (10) operable to deliver microwave energy to cause targeted tissue ablation is provided. The electrosurgical device (10) comprises an antenna (26), a reflector (30), and a dielectric material (34) disposed therebetween. The selection of the dielectric material (30) and the relative positioning of the antenna (26) and the reflector (30) provide impedance matching between the antenna (26) and a transmission line (12) so as to minimize heating along the length of the device (10) during use.

Abstract: An electrode assembly includes an electrode pair including a first electrode and a second electrode configured to be selectively energized for delivery of electroporation therapy. The electrode assembly also includes an expandable isolation member disposed axially between the first electrode and the second electrode. One of the first electrode and the second electrode is positioned proximally of a proximal end of the expandable isolation member and the other of the first electrode and the second electrode is positioned distal to a distal end of the expandable isolation member. The expandable isolation member is configurable between a collapsed configuration and an expanded configuration. The expandable isolation member includes a circumferential sealing surface configured for sealing engagement with tissue of a patient such that the expandable isolation member inhibits fluid and electrical communication between the first electrode and the second electrode when engaged with the tissue.

Abstract: A system includes an expandable distal end of a catheter and a processor. The expandable distal end has multiple electrodes that are configured to be placed in contact with a tissue in an organ and to apply ablative power to tissue. The processor is configured to, during application of the ablative power, determine whether a physical contact between the electrodes and tissue meets a predefined contact quality, and, if the physical contact of an electrode among the electrodes with the tissue does not meet the predefined contact quality, re-use the electrode for electrophysiological (EP) sensing.

Abstract: An electrosurgical instrument for delivering both microwave and radiofrequency (RF) energy in which a pair of longitudinally spaced electrodes are combined with an intermediate tuning element to enable both effective bipolar RF ablation and/or coagulation and microwave ablation with a field shape that is constrained around the instrument tip. The instrument comprises a radiating tip disposed at a distal end of a coaxial cable. The tip has a distal electrode and a proximal electrode disposed on a surface of a dielectric body and physically separated by an intermediate portion of the dielectric body. A tuning element is mounted in the intermediate portion.

Abstract: An intrauterine device includes a central support member, first and second internal flexures and first and second external flexures. The first and second internal flexures each include a first section having a first stiffness, a second section having a second stiffness, and third section having a third stiffness, wherein the second stiffness is more flexible than the first and third stiffness and wherein the first section of each internal flexure is coupled to the central support member. The first and second external flexures are coupled to the central support member and coupled to the third sections of the first and second internal flexures, the first and second external flexures in combination with the first and second internal flexures being configured to extend from a collapsed position parallel to the central support member to a deployed position flexing away from the central support member.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a magnetic therapy device. The therapy device includes a body having a holding portion and a mounting portion. The holding portion is adapted to be held by a user for maneuvering the therapy device to access a treatment area on a skin of the user and the mounting portion is attached the holding portion. Further, the therapy device has at least one hollow pin mounted to the mounting portion. The at least one hollow pin encloses at least one magnet, with the magnetic field of the magnet extending outside of the hollow pin to impart magnetic flux onto a treatment area of a patient.

Abstract: A handpiece tip for refrigerant injection of an RF high frequency device for skin treatment including a refrigerant injection nozzle configured to inject a refrigerant for local anesthesia in a plane direction is disclosed. Also disclosed is a handpiece tip for refrigerant injection of an RF high frequency device configured such that a needle is inserted into a projecting piece of the skin, which is projected as the result of being suctioned by a skin adsorption contact unit, whereby the needle is located in a place at a position desired by an operator.

Abstract: Thermal therapy systems, devices, and methods of using the same disclosed. A localized hypothermia of the pancreas with a delivery and placement procedure in the stomach of a patient comprising a cooling balloon system is disclosed that can be used for the treatment of pancreatitis in a patient. The cooling balloon system can have mechanisms for affecting the pancreas without impacting or inducing hypothermia in the patient in a systemic fashion. The localized hypothermia system can have a simplified delivery system and can be intended to reduce patient discomfort while reducing the metabolic activity of the inflamed pancreas of the patient.

Abstract: An electro-anatomic mapping system is configured, in accordance with a preferred embodiment (and not limited thereto) to: (A) receive a first reference response signal from a first medical device, in which the first reference response signal is configured to be utilized by the electro-anatomic mapping system for formation of a first medical image; and (B) receive a second reference response signal from the first medical device, in which the second reference response signal is configured to be utilized by the electro-anatomic mapping system for forming a second medical image, and in which the second medical image, in use, depicts image noise interference resulting from activation of a second medical device.

Abstract: An antenna device includes: a ground plate made of a conductor with a flat plate shape; an opposing conductive plate made of another conductor with a flat plate shape, arranged to space apart from the ground plate by a predetermined distance, and having a power supply point electrically connected to a power supply line; a short-circuit portion electrically connecting the opposing conductive plate and the ground plate; and a radio wave shield body for shielding a propagation of an electric field, which is arranged on an upper side of the opposing conductive plate and is made of a conductor or a dielectric material. Parallel resonance at a predetermined target frequency is generated by an inductance provided in the short-circuit portion and a capacitance between the ground plate and the opposing conductive plate.

Abstract: Heat and heat based treatments that may be used to modulate, inhibit and/or prevent one or more of the processes that contribute to certain vascular and/or arterial complications.

Abstract: Microwave catheter apparatuses, systems, and methods for achieving renal neuromodulation by intravascular access are disclosed herein. One aspect of the present application, for example, is directed to apparatuses, systems, and methods that incorporate a catheter treatment device comprising an elongated shaft. The elongated shaft is sized and configured to deliver a microwave transmission element to a renal artery via an intravascular path. Renal neuromodulation may be achieved via dielectric heating in the presence of microwave irradiation that modulates neural fibers that contribute to renal function or alters vascular structures that feed or perfuse the neural fibers.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for degassing fluid prior to applying fluid to a treatment site during ablation therapy are provided. In one embodiment, an ablation system can include an elongate body, an ablation element, a heating assembly, and a fluid source. Fluid in the fluid source can be at least partially degassed prior to being provided as part of the system, or, in some embodiments, a degassing apparatus can be provided that can be configured to degas fluid within the system prior to applying the fluid to the treatment site. The degassing apparatus can include one or more gas-permeable and fluid-impermeable tubes disposed therein, which can allow gas to be removed from fluid passing through the apparatus. Other exemplary devices, systems, and methods are also provided.