Abstract: A system and method for spinal fusion that can include: a spinal cage body that includes at least one defined graft window cavity; a plurality of electrodes exposed on the surface of the spinal cage body; control circuitry configured to drive the plurality of electrodes in a stimulation mode; wherein there is at least a targeted osteoinduction region and a targeted non-osteoinduction region that are immediately adjacent to the spinal cage body; and wherein the control circuitry includes configuration to excite the plurality of electrodes during the stimulation mode for generation of a current density in the targeted osteoinduction region and targeted non-osteoinduction region according to targeted levels of bone growth.

Abstract: A biologic composition responsive to inflammation has an allograft scaffold matrix for injection or implantation. The allograft scaffold matrix has donor quiescent and/or senescent cells. The donor quiescent and/or senescent cells react in response to signaling of inflammation from host cells or matrix. The reaction to signaling causes the donor quiescent and/or senescent cells to secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and secrete exosomes to initiate regeneration of the area of the inflammation. The biologic composition further has a cryoprotectant. The cryoprotectant is a polyampholyte, preferably the polyampholyte is an ?-poly-L-lysine. The cryoprotectant is not DMSO or glycerol based. The cryoprotectant is suitable for direct implantation without washing from the allograft scaffold matrix in either a diluted or non-diluted state.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for culturing a multicellular structure, such as an organoid. An exemplary system comprises a vessel, an electric/magnetic module, and a control circuit. The vessel may include a culture chamber to contain a multicellular structure. The electric/magnetic module may be configured to be located in the vessel, at a position in or adjacent the culture chamber. The control circuit may be configured to wirelessly power and/or operate the electric/magnetic module.

Abstract: Selective high-frequency spinal cord modulation for inhibiting pain with reduced side effects and associated systems and methods are disclosed. In particular embodiments, high-frequency modulation in the range of from about 1.5 KHz to about 50 KHz may be applied to the patient's spinal cord region from an epidural, cervical location to address at least one of high back pain, mid-back pain, low back pain, and leg pain without creating paresthesia in the patient.

Abstract: A Magnetic Pulse Therapy Device (MPTD) configured to deliver dynamically oriented magnetic flux using a fixed applicator. The device includes a segmented solenoid with independently controlled coils arranged circumferentially around a treatment zone. Energizing specific solenoid segments with opposite polarities creates points of opposition, while leaving gaps between opposing segments allows flux to escape. The escaping flux can be oriented up to 90° from the core's longitudinal flux direction within the solenoid. This controlled flux manipulation enhances therapeutic effectiveness compared to conventional bipolar core flux. The device is suitable for both clinical and home applications.

Abstract: For foot pain sufferers, especially those with peripheral neuropathy, this invention introduces a breakthrough device. Its key feature is a novel self-aligning applicator that simultaneously treats the entire foot and eliminates adjustments and sizing. A large enough and powerful enough treatment zone is possible by utilizing a segmented solenoid and by placing the foot directly into its coherent core flux. Dosages to the entire foot of 2,500 ??BT can be achieved within an hour. Extremely low voltages are used, and very little heat is produced, making the device suitable for in-home use.

Abstract: A real-time automated method to diagnose and/or detect stroke and engage the patient, care-takers, emergency medical system and stroke neurologists in the management of this condition includes the steps of continuously measuring natural limb activity, conveying the measurements to a cloud based real-time data processing system, identifying patient specific alert conditions, and determining solutions for acting upon needs of the patient. The system by which the method is implemented includes at least one body worn sensor continuously measuring natural limb activity and a patient worn data transmission device conveying the measurements to a cloud based real-time data processing system that identities patient specific alert conditions and determines solutions for acting upon needs of the patient.

Abstract: The present invention provides a single surgical method, procedure and/or system that creates open direct visual and/or physical access to an identified spinal treatment site that comprises both targeted vertebral and spinal levels to be treated, wherein the spinal levels comprise at least one dorsal root ganglion. A spinal treatment procedure may be performed generally in combination with implantation of a neuromodulation system that may comprise placement of electrical lead(s) on the at least one dorsal root ganglion, wherein each lead is in operative connection with a pulse generator that may also be implanted during the surgical method. Electrical stimulation may be generated with the pulse generator through the electrical leads to the at least one dorsal root ganglion during and/or after the closure of the identified spinal treatment site.

Abstract: For foot pain sufferers, especially those with peripheral neuropathy, this invention introduces a breakthrough device. Its key feature is a novel self-aligning applicator that simultaneously treats the entire foot and eliminates adjustments and sizing. A large enough and powerful enough treatment zone is possible by utilizing a segmented solenoid and by placing the foot directly into its coherent core flux. Dosages to the entire foot of 2,500 ??BT can be achieved within an hour. Extremely low voltages are used, and very little heat is produced, making the device suitable for in-home use.

Abstract: For foot pain sufferers, especially those with peripheral neuropathy, this invention introduces a breakthrough device. Its key feature is a novel self-aligning applicator that simultaneously treats the entire foot and eliminates adjustments and sizing. A large enough and powerful enough treatment zone is possible by utilizing a segmented solenoid and by placing the foot directly into its coherent core flux. Dosages to the entire foot of 2,500 ??BT can be achieved within an hour. Extremely low voltages are used and very little heat is produced, making the device suitable for in-home use.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided that includes a first electrode, configured to be implanted at a first anatomical site in a nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc of a subject, and a second electrode, configured to be implanted at a second anatomical site outside the nucleus pulposus of the disc. A control unit is configured to detect a pressure difference between the first and the second anatomical sites by detecting a streaming voltage between the first and the second electrodes, and, in response to the detected pressure difference, drive fluid between the nucleus pulposus and outside the nucleus pulposus by applying a treatment voltage between the first and the second electrodes. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an implantable device (1) comprising: —an ultrasonic unit (11) which includes an electric connection terminal, —a support plate (12) which includes a through-opening for the connection terminal to pass through, and —an attachment piece (13) which can cooperate with the connection terminal, the attachment piece (13) including a collar for pressing the support plate (12) against the ultrasonic unit (11) when the ultrasonic unit (11), the support plate (12) and the attachment piece (13) are joined.

Abstract: A system and method for electrical stimulation in an orthopedic implant that includes at least one implantable component with an implant body, a plurality of electrodes, and implant circuitry is effective to convert an external wireless power transmission to an electrical current and effective to control the plurality of electrodes; and at least one non-implant with a power source, and transmitter circuitry to generate the electromagnetic field that couples with the implant circuitry.

Abstract: Provided herein methods and systems for triggering osteogenesis and promoting osteointegration on dental implants.

Abstract: An interbody implant to be introduced into a variety of target sites for accelerating bone ossification, for example into a space between two adjacent vertebrae. The interbody implant includes a first bone contacting surface, a second bone contacting surface, a body defined between the first and second bone contacting surfaces, and a plurality of resonators. Mechanical waves, e.g., low intensity pulsed ultrasound waves, may be transmitted to the location of the implant, causing the resonators to resonate and accelerate bone ossification.

Abstract: A system for stimulating a sympathetic chain includes an electrode assembly that is configured to attach to a bone in proximity to a targeted portion of the sympathetic chain. The electrode assembly includes a cathode and an anode. The system also includes a power supply connected to the electrode assembly and configured to deliver power to the electrode assembly. The electrode assembly generates an electrical field between the cathode and the anode when power is delivered to the electrode assembly. The electrical field reaches the targeted portion of the sympathetic chain to provide electrical stimulation to the targeted portion of the sympathetic chain.

Abstract: An example of subject may deliver a therapy by delivering energy to tissue. The system may comprise a magnetic field system and an electric field system. The magnetic field system may be configured to provide a magnetic field in a first direction to the tissue. The magnetic field system may include at least one magnetic field source to produce the magnetic field. The magnetic field produced by the at least one magnetic field source may include a magnetic field produced by at least one of a permanent magnet, a temporary magnet or electric current flow through a conductor. The electric field system may be configured to provide an electric field in a second direction to the tissue. The electric field system may include at least one electric field source to provide the electric field and the second direction is non-parallel to the first direction.

Abstract: Selective high-frequency spinal cord modulation for inhibiting pain with reduced side effects and associated systems and methods are disclosed. In particular embodiments, high-frequency modulation in the range of from about 1.5 KHz to about 50 KHz may be applied to the patient's spinal cord region from an epidural, cervical location to address at least one of high back pain, mid-back pain, low back pain, and leg pain without creating paresthesia in the patient.

Abstract: Examples herein describes a powered surgical end-effector that may include a controllable jaw configured to operate on a tissue, an updatable memory having stored therein a default actuation algorithm, and and a processor. The processor may be configured to operate in a first mode at a first time, wherein in the first mode the processor may be configured to operate an aspect of the controllable jaw according to the default actuation algorithm. The processor may receive data at a second time, after the first time, that may cause the processor to operate in a second mode, wherein in the second mode the processor may be configured to operate an aspect of the controllable jaw according to an alternative actuation algorithm.

Abstract: A magnetic field measuring device that measures a magnetic field distribution of a cyclotron, the magnetic field measuring device including a measurement unit that is disposed between a pair of magnetic poles of the cyclotron and measures the magnetic field distribution and a cable that is connected to the measurement unit, in which the cable reaches a side wall of the cyclotron from a center portion of the cyclotron by passing between the pair of magnetic poles.

Abstract: Systems, devices and methods are provided for transcutaneously delivering energy impulses to bodily tissues for therapeutic purposes, such as for enhancing the body's bone healing process in spinal fusion patients. A therapeutic stimulator system comprises a housing for an energy source and a signal generator. The system further includes one or more electrodes coupled to the signal generator. A processor is coupled to the housing and configured to determine usage levels of the signal generator and/or motion data of the housing. The system may include a mobile device that allows the patient to input user status data, such as pain levels, and compare the user status data with the usage levels and/or the motion data, thereby improving patient compliance with a prescribed therapy regimen.

Abstract: A system and method for electrical stimulation in an orthopedic implant that includes at least one implantable component with an implant body, a plurality of electrodes, and implant circuitry is effective to convert an external wireless power transmission to an electrical current and effective to control the plurality of electrodes; and at least one non-implant with a power source, and transmitter circuitry to generate the electromagnetic field that couples with the implant circuitry.

Abstract: A system for stimulating a sympathetic chain includes an electrode assembly that is configured to attach to a bone in proximity to a targeted portion of the sympathetic chain. The electrode assembly includes a cathode and an anode. The system also includes a power supply connected to the electrode assembly and configured to deliver power to the electrode assembly. The electrode assembly generates an electrical field between the cathode and the anode when power is delivered to the electrode assembly. The electrical field reaches the targeted portion of the sympathetic chain to provide electrical stimulation to the targeted portion of the sympathetic chain.

Abstract: An electrical stimulation anchor is configured to be electrically coupled to a power source, such as a transducer, that is external to the electrical stimulation anchor. The electrical stimulation anchor can include a bone anchor that is configured to be secured to a bone. The bone anchor can define a first electrode, a second electrode, and an isolating portion between the first electrode and the second electrode. The electrical stimulation anchor can further include a connection unit attached to the bone anchor. The connection unit can define a first contact member that electrically connects to the first electrode, and a second contact member electrically isolated from the first contact member. The second contact member can be electrically connected to the second electrode. The first and second contact members are configured to draw electrical current from the transducer so as to establish a voltage differential between the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: A method and system for bone regeneration is provided that includes an electrical stimulation system for the purpose of accelerating the process of bone healing. The electrical stimulation system includes a coil and a capacitor such that when the coil is powered a pulsed electromagnetic field is generated to accelerate healing. There are also implantable medical devices that include inserts such as an elbow insert. The elbow insert includes or is formed with a repeater coil and a device capacitor, such that when the coil is powered the device coil is powered and delivers a repeater pulsed electromagnetic filed to the surrounding bone. This inductive coupling provides for treatment by both the coil and the repeater coil to accelerate bone healing. The insert may be embodied so it can be used in connection with a plurality of different implantable medical devices.

Abstract: A neurostimulation system provides for capture verification and stimulation intensity adjustment to ensure effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation in modulating one or more target functions in a patient. In various embodiments, stimulation is applied to the vagus nerve, and evoked responses are detected to verify that the stimulation captures the vagus nerve and to adjust one or more stimulation parameters that control the stimulation intensity.

Abstract: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation devices and magnetic stimulation devices are disclosed, along with methods of treating medical disorders using energy that is delivered noninvasively by such devices. The disorders comprise migraine and other primary headaches such as cluster headaches, including nasal or paranasal sinus symptoms that resemble an immune-mediated response (“sinus” headaches). The devices and methods may also be used to treat rhinitis, sinusitis, or rhinosinusitis, irrespective of whether those disorders are co-morbid with a headache. They may also be used to treat other disorders that may be co-morbid with migraine or cluster headaches, such as anxiety disorders. In preferred embodiments of the disclosed methods, one or both of the patient's vagus nerves are stimulated non-invasively. In other embodiments, parts of the sympathetic nervous system and/or the adrenal glands are stimulated.

Abstract: An adjustable knee brace for fitting a variety of leg sizes and adjustable to limit flexion or extension motion of a knee. The knee brace includes an adjustable length provided by a strut that telescopes within a receiver. A latch assembly mounted on the receiver selectively applies a frictional force to lock the strut member and the receiver against relative telescoping movement. An adjustable range of motion hinge is operatively associated with the telescoping strut. The hinge includes a hinge plate connected to the strut member and having a semi-circular peripheral edge defining a plurality of uniformly spaced apart keys. A range of motion stop is movably positionable relative to the semi-circular peripheral edge and includes a movable latch having teeth.

Abstract: A magnetic field measuring device with a holding body and a plurality of magnetoelectric cantilever sensors, each of which is designed to output one electrical voltage signal while it bends in the presence of a magnetic field, the cantilever sensors being non-positively connected or bonded to the holding body.

Abstract: A system and method for crowd-sourced environmental system control and building maintenance includes a server for providing selective access to building occupants and managers. Users are permitted to generate building reports in the form of (i) thermal reports using a thermal report module, and/or (ii) maintenance reports using a maintenance report module. The reports are each geo-located to locations within the building, and are then captured, stored, and aggregated at the server. The aggregated reports are sorted according to their geo-locations and comfort rules are used to (i) permit a manager at a client computer to access the server to respond, and/or (ii) automatically respond and assign a response status to particular reports. An inspection checklist interface is generated and populated to display a list of preventative maintenance tasks, each of the tasks being user-selectable to designate completion, with the updated status of the reports being stored at the server.

Abstract: A system for targeting landmarks on devices such as surgical implants is disclosed. The system can include a field generator for generating one or more magnetic fields, an orthopedic implant located within the magnetic fields, the implant having at least one landmark, a removable probe with a first magnetic sensor, a landmark identifier and a processor. The landmark identifier can contain a second sensor, or, alternatively, the field generator. The processor can utilize sensor data and, if desirable, field generator and other information, to generate and display the position and orientation of the sensor(s) in preferably six degrees of freedom, and thereby, to generate and display the position and orientation of the landmark(s). The system allows for blind targeting of one or more landmarks. The landmark identifier, field generator and/or drill motor may be disposed in an autoclavable housing.

Abstract: A semiconductor device comprises a plurality of circuit blocks, each of which performs an assigned operation, and performs a reset operation when recovering from a shutdown state of power supply, and a power control unit configured to control power supply to a power domain comprising at least one circuit block. The reset operation parameters of the plurality of circuit blocks as reset operation targets, for which power supply is resumed by the power control unit, are controlled so as to meet a power condition that makes the power dissipation of the semiconductor device by the reset operation not more than a predetermined power.

Abstract: A device for diagnosing a wound in a patient, the device comprising: at least two electrodes configured to be placed on the skin of the patient, wherein the at least two electrodes are placed in the vicinity of the wound; and at least one signal processor operatively coupled with the at least two electrodes, wherein the at least one signal processor is configured to: i) detect and record an endogenous alternating electrical signal in an area of the wound, ii) transform said endogenous alternating electrical signal into a voltage versus frequency spectrum using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm, and iii) diagnose the wound as a chronic wound if the voltage for a frequency between 65-200 Hz of the frequency spectrum is below 10?7.3±10% volts and as an acute wound if the voltage for a frequency between 65-200 Hz of the frequency spectrum is above 10?7.3±10% volts.

Abstract: A medical device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a control module, and an energy storage device. The first substrate includes at least one of a first semiconductor material and a first insulating material. The second substrate includes at least one of a second semiconductor material and a second insulating material. The second substrate is bonded to the first substrate such that the first and second substrates define an enclosed cavity between the first and second substrates. The control module is disposed within the enclosed cavity. The control module is configured to at least one of determine a physiological parameter of a patient and deliver electrical stimulation to the patient. The energy storage device is disposed within the cavity and is configured to supply power to the control module.

Abstract: A leadless intra-cardiac medical device is configured to be implanted entirely within a heart of a patient. The device includes an intra-cardiac extension and a housing. The intra-cardiac extension includes a loop body having at least one loop segment retaining at least one coil group that is configured to one or both of receive and transmit radio frequency (RF) energy, wherein the loop body is configured to extend into a first chamber of the heart. The housing is in electrical communication within the loop body, and includes a transceiver, control logic and an energy source. The housing is configured to be securely attached to an interior wall portion of a second chamber of the heart, wherein the transceiver is configured to communicate with an external device through the RF energy.

Abstract: A technique for measuring thoracic vertebral bone density (BMD) and coronary calcium score (CCS). Representatively, BMD was measured and averaged at three consecutive thoracic spines (3T) starting from the left main coronary artery caudally and averaging the results of the measurements at the first, second and third spine regions to obtain a thoracic trabecular bone mineral density measurement. The “reference”, as the 3T BMD value of 30 year old and the piBMD (predicted individual BMD (piBMD) were developed. Based on the “reference”, and piBMD, T and Z score of 3T formula were derived in both genders. The new calibration phantom of TQCT and LQCT was designed. The ratios of CTHU/mg/cc were obtained with varying scanners, which were used to translate the CTHU to density units (mg/cc) in BMD and CCS mass measurement. A processor capable of quantitating both BMD and CCS burden was designed. In image without a calibration phantom, formulas were created to quantitate BMD with a high precision.

Abstract: A video processing unit configured to convert a video image to stimulation patterns for stimulating neural tissue in a subject's eye and comprising a power button, wherein the video processing unit is configured to be powered on after a first time interval upon activation of a power button, wherein the video processing unit is configured to be powered off after a second time interval upon activation of a power button.

Abstract: Devices and methods for preventing knee sprain injuries. To protect the knee joint from knee sprain injuries, the device comprises a sensing part configured to sense data associated with knee motion; an analyzing part configured to analyze the knee motion data to determine a knee articulation; and a stimulating part configured to stimulate one or more lower limb muscles to initiate an earlier muscle reaction than would naturally occur in response to the determined knee joint articulation. The determined knee joint articulation may include knee joint articulation or a particular type of articulation such as a knee sprain movement associated with knee sprain. The methods involve sensing data associated with knee joint motion, analyzing the data to determine a knee joint articulation; and stimulating one or more lower limb muscles to initiate an early muscle reaction within the determined knee joint articulation.

Abstract: Methods and devices are provided for OA treatment of an affected area or joint. In one embodiment, the method may involve identifying a treatment site of the joint, and providing at least one transducer module at the treatment site. The at least one transducer module may be in operative communication with a signal generator module, and may include transducer(s) for delivering stimulative signals (e.g., electromagnetic signals and/or ultrasound signals). The method may also involve stimulating (a) bone remodeling, (b) bone cells and associated precursors, and/or (c) pericytes with the stimulative signals delivered to the treatment site.

Abstract: An implantable tissue growth stimulator is disclosed. The implantable tissue growth stimulator includes electronic circuitry to alter the voltage output by the stimulator. The implantable tissue growth stimulator may he controlled from an external device via wireless communication. The implantable tissue growth stimulator may be configured for use with an implants in particular, the implantable tissue growth stimulator may be incorporated into an orthopedic device such as a hip prosthesis. The implantable tissue growth stimulator may be used to stimulate bone growth.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions of matter suitable for the prevention of and/or treatment of a spinal disorder and/or spinal pain, e.g., caused by and/or associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, and methods of treatment of a spinal disorder and/or spinal pain. For example, the compositions of the present invention comprise a modulator of growth differentiation factor (GDF)-6 signaling sufficient to reduce or prevent or delay IVD degeneration and/or to enhance or induce IVD regeneration. The present invention also provides medical devices comprising such compositions, and methods of treatment making use of such compositions.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a surgical instrument is provided that may comprise an end effector for performing a surgical procedure on tissue, for example. The end effector may comprise a pair of jaws, a closure beam, and a cutting member. The closure beam and the cutting member may be releasably coupled together by an interlocking member such that movement of the cutting member may cause the closure beam to also move relative to the jaws and cause the jaws to close and grip tissue, for example. The interlocking member may then unlock, allowing the cutting member to move through the gripped tissue and relative to the closure beam. Additionally, the cutting member and closure beam may be operated by a single trigger, which may be configured to provide haptic feedback to a user at various stages. Further, the jaws may be electrically energized to deliver energy and/or seal the gripped tissue.

Abstract: Bioelectric implants are provided in three distinct embodiments, namely a bone/tissue anchor, a suture construction, and a plate. The bioelectric implants function in dual capacities as both fixation devices, and as galvanic cells for the production of electrical energy used for therapeutic purposes in tissue regeneration and healing. The bioelectric anchor may take the general form of a screw or pin having a hollow interior or cavity that extends through the body of the anchor. A coating can be applied to the cavity to form the anode portion of the galvanic cell. The outer surface of the anchor serves as a cathode. Bodily fluids and tissue act as an electrolyte to facilitate the chemical reactions necessary for the galvanic cell. For the suture construction, one or more strands of material are the cathode, and one or more strands of peripheral surrounding material act as the anode. Bodily fluids/tissue in contact with the suture act as an electrolyte.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system and method of applying a therapeutic electrical field to a bone region of a human being in order to promote healing and growth that that bone region. The present invention also provides a system that produces a combined magnetic field (CMF) that is precisely located and controlled across the entire treatment area requiring bone growth stimulation by utilizing bone dimensional input parameters to automatically calculate and drive the appropriate output therapy single through a single coil.

Abstract: A hearing aid includes a magnetostrictive electroactive (ME) sensor that generates an electrical signal in response to a magnetic field or a mechanical pressure. In various embodiments, the ME sensor is used for cordless charging of a rechargeable battery in the hearing aid by generating an electrical signal in response to a magnetic field generated for power transfer, magnetic sound signal reception, and/or detection of user commands by sensing a magnetic field or a pressure applied to the hearing aid.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating tissue of a patient with an implantable material comprising a plurality of electrodes for providing controlled microcurrent stimulation.

Abstract: A system includes a communications device integrally incorporated into a remotely deployed medical device to monitor the operative status and use of the device. A home-based medical device will communicate directly through an integrated communications device to provide informational data to a Cloud server or professional caregiver without requiring input or activity by the patient. A remotely deployed medical device, such as a defibrillator, will provide periodic reports regarding the operational status, including remaining battery life, of the deployed device, thus allowing a service technician to provide maintenance service only when service is needed.

Abstract: A non-invasive bone growth stimulation system and method of use are disclosed. The non-invasive bone growth stimulation system generates a substantially constant AC current signal that is delivered to a body to treat bone fractures. The substantially constant AC current is derived from a square wave that is converted to a sinusoidal signal with at least one low pass filter to effectively produce the constant AC current at the fundamental frequency of the square wave.

Abstract: According to one aspect, a stimulation system is provided for electrically stimulating a predetermined site to treat a fragile bone disorder or condition. The system includes an electrical stimulation lead adapted for implantation into a subcutaneous area in communication with a predetermined site, wherein the site is neuronal tissue that is associated with C2/C3 dermatome area. The stimulation lead includes one or more stimulation electrodes adapted to be positioned in the predetermined site. The system also includes a stimulation source that generates the stimulation pulses for transmission to the one or more stimulation electrodes of the stimulation lead to deliver the stimulation pulses to the predetermined site to treat a fragile bone disorder or condition.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed to stimulate tissue to treat medical conditions involving tissues such as the bone, spine, stomach, nerves, brain and the cochlea. The disclosed invention uses electrical stimulation of the tissue, where vibrational (or acoustic) energy from a source is received by an implanted device and converted to electrical energy and the converted electrical energy is used by implanted electrodes to stimulate the pre-determined tissue sites. The vibrational energy is generated by a controller-transmitter, which could be either implanted or located externally. The vibrational energy is received by a receiver-stimulator, which could be located at or close to the stimulation site.