Abstract: A food chilling apparatus for rapidly decreasing the temperature of liquid and semiliquid cooked foods. The food chilling apparatus having a stand portion, a base portion, and a pot portion. The stand portion having a motor, an attachment portion, and a vertical structural member. The base portion having a baseplate, an output shaft, and a cradle, wherein the pot portion is removably attached to the cradle. The food chilling apparatus further comprising a paddle.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for controlling a patient's body temperature and in particular for inducing therapeutic hypothermia. Various embodiments of the system are described. The system includes: a source of breathing gas, which may be in the form of a compressed breathing gas mixture; a heat exchanger or other heating and/or cooling device; and a breathing interface, such as a breathing mask or tracheal tube. Optionally, the system may include additional features, such as a mechanical respirator, a nebulizer for introducing medication into the breathing gas, a body temperature probe and a feedback controller. The system can use air or a specialized breathing gas mixture, such as He/O2 or SF/O2 to increase the heat transfer rate. In addition, the system may include an ice particle generator for introducing fine ice particles into the flow of breathing gas to further increase the heat transfer rate.

Abstract: A refrigerator may include an ice container, a discharge unit, which is provided at the ice container and has an outlet through which ice cubes are discharged, an ice discharging unit, which is provided in the ice container in a manner of rotatable in forward and reverse directions so as to selectively discharge ice cubes, which move thereinto by their own weight, in an uncrushed state or a crushed state, a first ice agglomeration blocking member, which is disposed over the ice discharging unit and is rotated by rotation of the ice discharging unit, and a second ice agglomeration blocking member, which is disposed over the ice discharging unit and is rotated by rotation of the first ice agglomeration blocking member, and which is coupled at a portion thereof to the first ice agglomeration blocking member and at another portion thereof to the ice container.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing flake ice from a liquid is proposed, which apparatus is equipped with a rotatably disposed evaporator roller, a shaft on the evaporator roller that transmits torque from a drive to the evaporator roller, at least two bearing bushings which are permanently disposed on the apparatus and in which the shaft is rotatably received and mounted, a scraper for stripping ice that has been formed from the liquid at the surface of the evaporator roller, a pan that is open at the top and receives the liquid to be frozen, wherein the pan is able to be inserted or slid in one piece onto the bearing bushings or onto additional coupling elements disposed on the shaft or onto the bearing bushings or directly onto the shaft, and is detachable therefrom.

Abstract: A machine for making extruded ice obtained by passing a mass of ice in granules through an extrusion die (20) arranged at the end of a main cooled drum (4). The latter at one end has a flange (10) upon which a ring (14) clamping the die is fastened. Thus, screws for fastening the die to the main drum are not required, so that operations for the machine maintenance and for replacing the die are considerably facilitated.

Abstract: Ice making portions of an ice making machine have a pair of ice making plates disposed vertically and an evaporation tube disposed between back faces of the ice making plates. A plurality of vertically extending projected rims are formed at predetermined intervals widthwise on a surface of each ice making plate to define a plurality of ice making regions. The ice making plates facing the ice making regions are provided with consecutive vertical steps of inclined portions inclined from a back side towards a front side as directed downwardly, and contact horizontal extensions of the evaporation tube at a vertically intermediate position on a back face of each inclined portion.

Abstract: There is disclosed a system comprising a method and an apparatus for making an air-containing mixture 7, where air 8 is introduced into a viscous mass of raw mixture 5 for forming the air-containing mixture, and where the introduction of air is performed in connection with introducing the mixture in a treating unit 13. In the system, the raw mixture will be pumped under pressure through a nozzle 18 for forming least one jet 19 which is sprayed through an air space 17 against the surface 21 of the mixture, so that air is entrained in the mixture and that the air-containing mixture formed thereby is subsequently introduced in the treatment unit.

Abstract: An upwardly helical flow path of mechanically refrigerated air inside a spiral freezer may be used to chill or freeze products.

Abstract: In an apparatus and method for chilling or freezing objects, an interior surface of a rotating drum includes recesses formed between prominences extending inwardly from the interior surface. One or more liquid CO2 nozzles inject solid CO2 towards the interior surface. The injected snow replenishes a depth of solid CO2 in empty or partially empty recesses and/or provides a fresh layer of solid CO2 on top of the objects. Because the interior surface is made of polyethylene and the depth of solid CO2 is replenished in empty or partially empty recesses, the product/drum sticking problem experienced by conventional apparatuses and methods is reduced or avoided. Optionally, the CO2 snow is injected into empty or partially empty recesses by at least one first liquid CO2 nozzle and is deposited on top of the objects by at least one second liquid CO2 nozzle so that each opposing surface of the object is in direct contact with solid CO2.

Abstract: Provided is a refrigerator configured to improve the structure of an ice-making chamber provided to a refrigerator door, thereby efficiently supplying cool air into the ice-making chamber. The refrigerator includes a main body including a storage chamber, a refrigerator door rotatably coupled to the main body, an ice-making device provided to the refrigerator door and configured to make ice, an ice-making unit provided to the ice-making device and including a cool air introduction part, a freezing core vertically arranged in the ice-making unit and cooled by cool air, and an ice tray configured to receive at least one portion of the freezing core therein, wherein the cool air introduction part is provided on an upper side of the freezing core. Cool air is efficiently introduced into the ice-making chamber, thereby increasing the amount of ice made.

Abstract: An ice maker for a domestic appliance comprises an ice tray, a water feed line which can be used to fill the ice tray with water, a water filter which is arranged in the water feed line such that it can be replaced, and a monitoring unit for calculating a value which is representative of the degree of wear of the filter. The monitoring unit has means for changing the representative value by a first fixed step width each time the ice tray is filled.

Abstract: A recovery system for a frozen product dispenser accommodates automatic recovery and continued operation of the dispenser in response to the output torque of a beater bar and scraper assembly drive motor exceeding a selected upper limit due to transient conditions. A controller monitors the output torque of the drive motor and, upon sensing an output torque in excess of the selected upper limit, shuts off the drive motor and operates a refrigeration system to defrost a freeze barrel within which the beater bar and scraper assembly is rotated, for a time sufficient to defrost product in the barrel. The controller then turns on the drive motor, operates the refrigeration system to refreeze product in the barrel and continues to monitor the output torque of the drive motor. The foregoing operation is repeated several times, if and as necessary, before a system error is generated.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for an ice machine has the form of a cylinder. In some embodiments, the cylinder is made from an extrusion of a metal such as an aluminum alloy. The heat exchanger includes inner and outer cylindrical walls and one or more refrigeration passages positioned between the inner and outer walls. The inner and outer walls are separated from each other by connecting structures defining the refrigeration passages. The heat exchanger can be extruded as a rectangular panel and subsequently formed into a cylindrical form. Alternatively, the heat exchanger can be extruded as a cylinder, or as an arcuate cylindrical segment in which several of such segments are subsequently joined together (as by welding) into a cylinder. Ice machines that feature ice formation on both the inner and outer walls of the cylinder are also disclosed.

Abstract: An evaporator includes a cylindrical aluminum pipe, and two aluminum flanges which are fixed to both end surfaces of the aluminum pipe by screws. Screw holes into which screws are inserted can be formed in the wall of the aluminum pipe in a direction of the axis of the aluminum pipe simultaneously upon extrusion of the aluminum pipe. Communicating holes formed in the flanges communicate each set of two adjacent through holes among a plurality of the through holes formed in the wall of the aluminum pipe, thereby constructing one continuous coolant flow path inside the evaporator.

Abstract: Provided is a refreezable barrel for chilling a plurality of items. The refreezable barrel includes a cooler body defining an open end and a closed end portion. The cooler body defines a cavity extending from the open end towards the closed end portion. The cavity is configured to receive the plurality of items. A cooling element is disposed within the cooler body and is refreezable to mitigate temperature rise within the cooler body. The refreezable barrel also includes a cooler stand defining a recess configured to engage with the closed end portion of the cooler body.

Abstract: An ice making drum with an improved ice making performance includes a cylindrical drum body, rotational shafts, and shaft members respectively provided at the end faces of the drum body. The drum body has refrigerant flow passages which are each defined by an outer wall portion forming an outer surface, an internal wall portion set apart from the outer wall portion inwardly in a radial direction, and adjoining partition portions extending between the outer wall portion and the internal wall portion. The whole drum body is integrally formed of the same metallic material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and methods for producing and dispensing aerated and/or blended products, such as food products.

Abstract: A recovery system for a frozen product dispenser accommodates automatic recovery and continued operation of the dispenser in response to the output torque of a beater bar and scraper assembly drive motor exceeding a selected upper limit due to transient conditions. A controller monitors the output torque of the drive motor and, upon sensing an output torque in excess of the selected upper limit, shuts off the drive motor and operates a refrigeration system to defrost a freeze barrel within which the beater bar and scraper assembly is rotated, for a time sufficient to defrost product in the barrel. The controller then turns on the drive motor, operates the refrigeration system to refreeze product in the barrel and continues to monitor the output torque of the drive motor. The foregoing operation is repeated several times, if and as necessary, before a system error is generated.

Abstract: An ice-making device for a refrigerator, which is designed to separate ice through a simple process is provided. The ice-making device for a refrigerator includes an ice tray defining an ice-making space, an ice core member that is partly received in the ice-making space to make ice at an end thereof, a driving unit moving and rotating at least one of the ice tray and the ice core member, and a power transmission unit for transferring power from the driving unit to the ice core member. The ice on the ice core member starts being separated in a state where the ice is spaced apart from an outer surface of the ice tray.

Abstract: An ice-making device designed to make and separate ice from an ice tray through a simple process is provided. The ice-making device includes an ice tray defining an ice-making space, a freezing core that is partly received in the ice-making space to make ice at an end thereof, a driving unit moving and rotating the freezing core, and a power transmission unit for transferring power from the driving unit to the freezing core. The power transmission unit including a cam unit rotatably connected to the driving unit and a moving member that moves in vertical and rotational direction by a driving force of a motor transferred by the cam unit.

Abstract: In the case of an ice maker comprising a frame (15) and a tray (1), which is pivotable in the frame (15) about an axis and in which at least one compartment (4) is formed, a flexible line (12) connecting the tray (1) with the frame (15) extends in a curve about the pivot axis of the tray (1).

Abstract: An ice maker comprises a frame (15) and a tray (1) pivotable in the frame (15) about an axis. At least one compartment (4) is formed in the tray (1) and the tray (1) is provided with an electric heating device (13).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and an apparatus for producing a fluid ice, wherein the temperature, the thickness and the grain size of the fluid ice is controlled. This is done by mixing ice together with at least two liquid phases, and stirring the mix together, wherein the stirring is maintained until the desired grain size and the desired temperature of the fluid ice is obtained.

Abstract: An ice bank of an ice-making device for a refrigerator is disclosed, for smooth crush and discharge of ice, which includes a housing for storing ice made in an icemaker, and provided rotatably to apply the power to the stored ice at a rotation direction; an ice discharger having at least one hole through which the ice is discharge to the external; a crusher provided in the inside of the housing, the crusher guiding the stored ice to the hole of the ice discharge and crushing the ice as a predetermined size before discharging the ice to the hole according to a user's select; and rotating means for rotating the housing. Also, the crusher includes fixed crushing means fixed to the inside of the housing, and rotation crushing means rotated for being synchronized with the housing so as to crush the ice before discharging the ice to the external according to a user's select.

Abstract: A device and process for adjustably controlling the dimensions of an extruded food product cast into a sheet using, for example, a pressure manifold mounted on a casting belt, or a chill roll/gauge roller combination.

Abstract: Apparatus for dispensing a frozen or partially frozen food product has a freezing surface with a central axis and periphery, a motor for rotating the freezing surface about that axis, a turret spaced above the freezing surface for depositing a selected amount of liquid product mix on the freezing surface while it is rotating so that the liquid mix spreads out on the freezing surface and cools to form a flat, at least partially frozen product body and a product delivery assembly disposed between the turret and the freezing surface. That assembly includes a scraper supported above the freezing surface and having a working edge engaging the freezing surface while it is rotating to scrape the frozen product body into a ridge row of scraped product. A vertical forming cylinder positioned adjacent to the periphery of the freezing surface has a side window and a bottom opening.

Abstract: An apparatus for creating ice pellets having a rotationally mounted drum, a cryogenic component for cooling the outer surface of the drum, a fluid droplet applicator for transferring droplets to the outer surface of the drum, and a particle removal blade for removing solidified particles from the drum surface. Methods are also disclosed for creating ice pellets including transferring fluid droplets to a rotating drum having an outer surface sufficiently cold to cause solidification of the droplets during a period of drum rotation. Upon solidification, the particles are removed and made available for subsequent use. Such subsequent use includes disposing the apparatus in a pressurized vessel, collecting the pellets, and feeding the same, under pressure, to the ambient environment.

Abstract: An apparatus for creating ice pellets having a rotationally mounted drum, a cryogenic component for cooling the outer surface of the drum, a fluid droplet applicator for transferring droplets to the outer surface of the drum, and a particle removal blade for removing solidified particles from the drum surface. Methods are also disclosed for creating ice pellets including transferring fluid droplets to a rotating drum having an outer surface sufficiently cold to cause solidification of the droplets during a period of drum rotation. Upon solidification, the particles are removed and made available for subsequent use. Such subsequent use includes disposing the apparatus in a pressurized vessel, collecting the pellets, and feeding the same, under pressure, to the ambient environment.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and apparatus for chilling food product, employing (A) cooling means comprising (1) a rotatable drum, (2) means in said drum for urging pieces through said drum, (3) cryogen dispensing means, and (4) means for rotating said drum; (B) feeding means which includes means for automatically sensing the mass flow rate at which said pieces are being fed into said inlet and for generating electrical signals corresponding to said rate; (C) electronic control means responsive to said signals and temperature inputs for preventing premature flow of cryogen and for automatically controlling the rate at which cryogen is fed so as to lower the temperature of said pieces to the desired exit temperature.

Abstract: A flake ice machine and a method for the monitoring of a flake ice machine are disclosed. On opening the water inlet valve a clock is started and, after a certain filling time, the water inlet valve is closed, even if a sensor (6) in the evaporator trough (2) has not detected reaching the maximum fill level.

Abstract: The invention relates to method and apparatus for the hyper-rapid freezing of liquid samples. The samples are converted into droplets or vapor and rapidly driven directly onto the surface of a solid or slushed refrigerant.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling a temperature of products in a rotating drum employs nozzles to deliver a heat transfer fluid in a more efficient manner. The heat transfer fluid nozzles which are positioned around the interior of the rotating drum deliver the heat transfer fluid to the product in the drum when the nozzles are positioned under the product and prevent delivery of the heat transfer fluid when the nozzles are not under the product. This improves the efficiency of the heat transfer system substantially over known systems in which the heat transfer fluid is delivered continuously and a large portion of the heat transfer fluid is exhausted from the rotating drum before contacting the product. The heat transfer system also provides a self cleaning system for the nozzles which deliver the heat transfer fluid to the drum.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus and method for continuously delivering ice particulates at high velocity onto a substrate for treating the surface of the substrate. The apparatus includes a refrigerated curved surface that is brought into contact with water to form a thin, substantially uniform, ice sheet on the surface. This ice sheet is of such thickness as to contain stresses so that the sheet is predisposed to fracture into particulates. A doctor-knife is mounted to intercept a leading edge of the ice sheet and to fragment the ice sheet to produce ice particulates. These ice particulates enter into at least one ice-receiving tube that extends substantially along the length of the doctor-knife. Once in the tube, the ice particulates are fluidized by a constant flow of air and are carried into a hose for delivery through an ice-blasting nozzle under pressure.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for molding and fast chilling food products, preferably confectionery products. The method involves sequentially depositing a solidifiable food substance into one or molds that are part of a plurality of molds radially attached to a chilled roller while the molds are in a substantially horizontal position. The chilled roller is then rotated to move the one or more molds filled with the food substance into contact with a conveyor belt sufficiently soon after the solidifiable food substance is deposited in the molds so as to avoid the exterior surface of the food substance from becoming distorted when the molds move away from the horizontal. The chilled roller at least partly solidifies the food substance in the molds. The at least partially solidified food substance is then separated from the molds onto the conveyor belt.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flake ice machine, comprising an evaporating cylinder (1) and an evaporating pan (2), wherein a sensor is provided to monitor the filling time of the evaporating pan (2), the production of ice and the water level of the water bath (3) available in the evaporating pan (2).

Abstract: An automatic ice maker for saving an ice making time. The automatic ice maker has a U-shaped resonator filled up with an inertia gas, a pair of ice trays attached to both ends of the U-shaped resonator in a reverse direction to each other, a pair of speakers attached to both ends of the U-shaped resonator for compressing and expanding parcels of the inertia gas by applying an acoustic pressure to the U-shaped resonator thereby varying a temperature distribution in the U-shaped resonator, a pair of heat exchangers for transferring an inner temperature of the U-shaped resonator to the ice trays, a reversible motor for driving the U-shaped resonator in a forward or a reverse direction at an angle of 180 degrees, and an electric control unit for sequentially operating the speakers and the reversible motor. The automatic ice maker can be adopted to a refrigerator or other refrigeration system. By the automatic ice maker, the ice making time can be saved and the productivity in making the ice increases.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus and method for continuously delivering ice particulates at high velocity onto a substrate for treating the surface of the substrate. The apparatus includes a refrigerated curved surface that is brought into contact with water to form a thin, substantially uniform, ice sheet on the surface. This ice sheet is of such thickness as to contain stresses so that the sheet is predisposed to fracture into particulates. A doctor-knife is mounted to intercept a leading edge of the ice sheet and to fragment the ice sheet to produce ice particulates. These ice particulates enter into at least one ice-receiving tube that extends substantially along the length of the doctor-knife. Once in the tube, the ice particulates are fluidized by a constant flow of air and are carried into a hose for delivery through an ice-blasting nozzle under pressure.

Abstract: An ice blasting cleaning system including an ice maker that creates ice particles, a hopper into which the ice particles enter, at least one mist nozzle that introduces a mist of water and air into the hopper, and a blasting gun that receives the ice particles and propels them toward the surface to be cleaned. In one embodiment, the ice maker includes a sizer that determines the size of the ice flakes produced. An ice blasting cleaning method includes the steps of creating ice particles that enter a hopper in which they are sprayed with mist and propelling the ice particles toward the surface to be cleaned.

Abstract: A machine for making crushed-ice drinks comprising: a crushed-ice drink containment tank, which is provided at the front with a pouring tap adapted to control an outlet for the crushed-ice drink which is located proximate to the bottom of the tank; a hollow cylinder, which lies inside the tank and is cooled by a refrigeration unit; and a screw feeder, which is arranged concentrically outside the hollow cylinder and is connected to motor elements in order to activate, by rotating, the heat exchange between the crushed-ice drink and the outer surface of the cylinder, a mixing element being rotatably supported above the hollow cylinder, inside the tank, and being adapted to be rotated in order to maintain a uniform density of the crushed-ice drink.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods, apparatus and solutions for cryopreserving microscopic biological materials for biologically extended periods of time. The method comprises treating a suspension of biological material, in an appropriate buffer, with a cryoprotectant or combination of cryoprotectants which raises the glass transition temperature range of the sample. One or more dry protectants may be added to the cryosolution. The cryosolution is then nebulized and rapidly cooled with novel apparatus, dried by molecular distillation, stored and then rehydrated in a buffer prior to its use. The solutions comprise novel mixtures of cryoprotectants.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing and dispensing an aerated product comprises a mixer which has a first inlet for receiving a fluid, a second inlet for receiving a gas, and an outlet. A relatively long continuous turbulence passage of relatively small cross section has one end positioned to receive the effluent from the mixer outlet and its other end spaced from the mixer outlet so that the effluent is subjected to confined turbulent mixing in the turbulence passage until the fluid product is discharged from the passage other end. If that product is to be cooled, the turbulence passage leads to a cooling area which cools and at least partially freezes the fluid product issuing from that passage. A method of producing the product is also disclosed. The invention has particular application to the making and dispensing of frozen yogurt and ice cream and allows for the service of individualized fresh portions in a variety of flavors and with little required cleaning.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for changing or maintaining the shape of a food product during freezing using a roller assembly containing at least two rollers forming a sinusoidal pathway in which the food product is submerged in a liquid cryogen as the shape-forming operation is completed.

Abstract: A fluidized particle production system includes a solidifying unit having a forming surface for supporting a solidified layer of a medium, e.g. ice and a treatment apparatus for removing the solidified medium from the solidifying surface and sizing the removed solidified medium into particles of desired dimensions. The treatment apparatus comprising a sizing device co-operating and moving with the solidifying surface for effecting therebetween the sizing of the particles. A housing encloses the solidifying unit and the treatment apparatus and a sweep fluid outlet is positioned to discharge sweep fluid towards the sizing device for fluidizing the particles and transporting the fluidized particles through an outlet duct from the housing.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing and dispensing an aerated product comprises a mixer which has a first inlet for receiving a fluid, a second inlet for receiving a gas, and an outlet. A relatively long continuous turbulence passage of relatively small cross section has one end positioned to receive the effluent from the mixer outlet and its other end spaced from the mixer outlet so that the effluent is subjected to confined turbulent mixing in the turbulence passage until the fluid product is discharged from the passage other end. If that product is to be cooled, the turbulence passage leads to a cooling area which cools and at least partially freezes the fluid product issuing from that passage. A method of producing the product is also disclosed. The invention has particular application to the making and dispensing of frozen yogurt and ice cream and allows for the service of individualized fresh portions in a variety of flavors and with little required cleaning.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is provided for initially freezing a first exterior surface of a product such as a food product. The product is then supported on a perforated conveyor belt with the frozen first exterior surface in contact with the conveyor belt. The product is then further frozen and processed. Because the frozen surface of the product is hard, it does not conform to the surface contours of the belt and the unmarred visual appearance of the product is maintained. In addition, the frozen surface of the product is more easily removed from the belt after complete freezing and damage to the product is less likely to occur during removal of the belt.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing and dispensing an aerated product comprises a mixer which has a first inlet for receiving a fluid to be atomized, a second inlet for receiving a gas, and an outlet. A relatively long continuous turbulence passage of relatively small cross section has one end positioned to receive the effluent from the mixer outlet and its other end spaced from the mixer outlet so that the effluent is subjected to confined turbulent mixing in the turbulence passage until that fluid is discharged from the passage other end. If the aerated product is to be cooled, the turbulence passage leads to a cooling area which cools and at least partially freezes the fluid issuing from that passage. A method of producing the product is also disclosed. The invention has particular application to the making and dispensing of frozen yogurt and ice cream and allows for the service of individualized fresh portions in a variety of flavors and with little required cleaning.

Abstract: An ice scraping system including a scraper blade driven by a pneumatic cylinder coupled to an electropneumatic controller Distance of the blade from the surface being scraped is continuously monitored by a command controller which specifies different electrical command signals for the electropneumatic control device.

Abstract: A drum contact freezer system which reduces or eliminates a stagnant layer of refrigerant on an interior surface of the drum freezers is provided. A boiling refrigerant is sprayed into the interior of the drum freezers to scrub an interior surface thereof having the stagnant layer. This scrubbing reduces or eliminates the stagnant layer and thus provides an enhanced rate of heat transfer. The boiling refrigerant is preferably in a temperature range of approximately -100.degree. F. to -40.degree. F. at or near atmospheric pressure. Additionally, the boiling refrigerant may be circulated within the drum freezers by providing troughs on the interior surface thereof to help lift the boiling refrigerant and prolong contact between the boiling refrigerant and the interior surface of the drum freezers to provide a further enhanced rate of heat transfer.

Abstract: A pelletizer for making pellets from a liquid or semi-liquid food product has two molding rolls between which the food product is formed into pellets. The rolls have teeth of complementary shape, and the teeth of at least one roll have axially spaced apart recesses. The rolls are cooled with a refrigerant during the molding operation. By the means of the pelletizer, frozen pellets are made from a liquid or semi-liquid food product which, prior to molding, is refrigerated into moldable consistency before being supplied to the nip between the two cooperating molding rolls which are cooled during the molding operation so as to form surface-frozen pellets which are thereafter subjected to final freezing.

Abstract: A freeze wheel is provided with an outer skin on which a food or other type product is placed to be frozen. A chamber is formed adjacent the outer skin and a plurality of nozzles project into the chamber for directing a refrigerant onto the inner surface of the skin. The refrigerant flow is controlled to provide a uniform flow pattern along the inner surface to strip away a boundary layer of fluid and maximize heat transfer across the outer skin. The nozzles are arranged in a series of concentric rings with the nozzles in alternate rows lying in common radial planes. An interior portion of the wheel is closed off by one or more doors which may be opened to allow cleaning of the wheel.